Suchergebnisse

Far from representing an anachronism, common pastures are a valuable resource for many European village communities. Generally, these pastures are located in natural areas of high environmental value, and therefore many stakeholders are involved in their management: e.g. user communities, government agencies, NGOs. Experience has shown that collaboration among these stakeholders can be very useful, as this enables synthesis of different ways of analyzing the resource. Specifically, a valuable type of knowledge that user communities can supply is their governance history, which includes a set of management strategies designed by different generations. However, compiling this knowledge can be problematic, because, over time, user communities have usually lost a part of it. In this paper we show the benefits of using historical archive sources to compile the governance history of village communities that have used common pastures for long time periods. In addition, we provide a novel methodology that facilitates the analysis of these sources in participatory planning. ; Lejos de representar un arcaísmo o una rémora del pasado, los pastos comunales constituyen un recurso útil y valorado en muchos pueblos de España y de Europa. Generalmente, estos pastos se localizan en espacios naturales de alto valor paisajístico y medioambiental y, por lo tanto, en su gestión, además de los propios usuarios, es frecuente que se impliquen otros actores (administración regional, grupos conservacionista s y de desarrollo rural, etc.). La experiencia ha demostrado que cuando estos actores colaboran entre sí los beneficios suelen ser numerosos, pues ello permite, por ejemplo, sumar diferentes formas de interpretar y analizar el recurso. En concreto, un conocimiento de interés que pueden aportar los grupos de usuarios es su historia de gobernanza, que comprende criterios de gestión diseñados por distintas generaciones. Sin embargo, acudir a este conocimiento puede resultar problemático, ya que, con el transcurrir de los años, es habitual que los usuarios hayan perdido una parte importante del mismo. El objetivo de este artículo es demostrar lo conveniente de hacer uso del archivo histórico para compilar la historia de gobernanza de usuarios de pastos comunales. Asimismo, se detalla una propuesta metodológica que facilita el análisis de este tipo de fuentes en el marco de la planificación participativa.

The negative impact of EU biofuel policy on the agricultural markets, carbon emissions and global land use has been evidenced through many studies. Besides the often affirmed negative implications, the paper suggests that in countries targeted by land investments for biofuel production, there are further implications for the social structure of their societies i.e., for the institutionalized relationships among the individuals living in those societies. More specifically, the paper suggests that there are implications for those relationships that command the conducting of collective action for reaching a common good, such as the successful management of a common-pool resource (CPR). For this purpose, the paper chooses to focus on the community-based management of the pastures in Ethiopia. The paper analyzes the changes that the traditional institutions for pasture management in Ethiopia are experiencing by applying Elinor Ostrom's design principles, while trying to determine whether and how the increased demand for biofuels affects these changes. The paper concludes that the increased areas under biofuels, by affecting the size and functionality of the pastures, provokes the formation of clearly defined boundaries of these resources and of their appropriators and causes inconsistencies between the rules that govern this resource and the local conditions. The increased demand for biofuels also incentivises governmental actions that further threaten the rights of the pastoralists to manage their resources. The justification of the paper is to add value to EU policies that attempt to mitigate negative impacts of the biofuel policy, so the paper ends with recommendations in this direction.

Ponencia presentada a la 51 Reunión Científica de la SEEP celebrada en la Escuela Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos de la Universidad Pública de Navarra entre el 14 y el 18 de mayo de 2012. ; Se presentan las bases metodológicas y los primeros resultados de un Plan de Gestión de Pastos Comunales desarrollado en el municipio de Rionansa (Cantabria). El Plan integra diversas fuentes de datos: una cartografía detallada a escala 1/10 000 de las principales comunidades vegetales de interés pastoral, datos de la administración pública sobre movimientos de ganado y superficies, encuestas a los ganaderos sobre el sistema de manejo empleado, resultados de un modelo informático de simulación para identificar espacial y temporalmente los niveles de utilización del pasto y los rendimientos animales y, finalmente, el empleo de un enfoque participativo involucrando en la planificación a los actores locales. Se pretende que esta metodología se constituya como un referente para la gestión de los pastos comunales. ; We present the methodological background and the first results of a Management Plan of Common Grazing Land in the municipality of Rionansa (Cantabria). The Plan integrates different sources of information: a pastoral vegetation map scale 1:10.000, government databases on: livestock movements and areas, surveys to farmers on their livestock management, a grazing simulation model to quantify spatially and temporally forage utilization and livestock performance, and a participatory approach with farmers. It is intended that this methodology constitutes a reference for the management of common grazing land in mountainous areas.

In comparison to many Western European countries, in Romania the use of common pastures remains widespread and is strongly linked to the predominance of subsistence and semi-subsistence farming in much of the country. The majority of permanent pasture in the country is under state or community ownership, and these areas are of high natural and cultural, as well as economic importance for Romania. Whilst traditional governance systems of the commons are still partly intact, or at least within living memory here, new institutions are forming in response to substantial changes in agriculture and rural life that have been occurring, particularly since Romania's accession to the EU in 2007. We describe the changing role of common pastures for local communities in the case study region of Târnava Mare in Southern Transylvania, Romania. The number of active users here is decreasing, and those who have more animals are increasingly grazing their animals on long-term leased or private land, thus effectively no longer participating in the commons. This is encouraged by the current system of relatively low prices for agricultural products and EU agricultural support payments, which for smallholders and larger farmers alike are now a major factor in the financial viability of farming in Romania. The future of the commons in the study region will hinge on the success of the communities to self-organise and take advantage of the opportunities presented by the changing rural context of pastoral commons use. ; peerReviewed

In comparison to many Western European countries, in Romania the use of common pastures remains widespread and is strongly linked to the predominance of subsistence and semi-subsistence farming in much of the country. The majority of permanent pasture in the country is under state or community ownership, and these areas are of high natural and cultural, as well as economic importance for Romania. Whilst traditional governance systems of the commons are still partly intact, or at least within living memory here, new institutions are forming in response to substantial changes in agriculture and rural life that have been occurring, particularly since Romania's accession to the EU in 2007. We describe the changing role of common pastures for local communities in the case study region of Târnava Mare in Southern Transylvania, Romania. The number of active users here is decreasing, and those who have more animals are increasingly grazing their animals on long-term leased or private land, thus effectively no longer participating in the commons. This is encouraged by the current system of relatively low prices for agricultural products and EU agricultural support payments, which for smallholders and larger farmers alike are now a major factor in the financial viability of farming in Romania. The future of the commons in the study region will hinge on the success of the communities to self-organise and take advantage of the opportunities presented by the changing rural context of pastoral commons use.

List of figures -- Acknowledgements -- Prologue -- Introduction -- Tradition -- Common pasture -- Arable laid out in open fields -- Transformation -- Explaining continuities and transformations -- Continuities in common pasture and open-field systems under narrow CPRS -- Transformation into open-field systems under wide CPRS -- Epilogue -- Bibliography -- Index --

Re-examined is the issue of overpopulation as it was expressed by G. Hardin in his essay, 'The Tragedy of the Commons' (Science, 1968, 162, 1243-1248). Hardin argued that overpopulation occurs because parents do not pay the full costs of the children they bear. The welfare state pays the remaining costs. He saw this situation as analogous to several herdsmen using a common property pasture where all the benefits to a herdsmen of adding an animal to the pasture accrue to him while the costs are shared among all users. This perverse incentive structure leads rational people to destroy the common pasture & couples to contribute to overpopulation. A game theoretic approach is used to show that the two situations are not analogous. The common pasture is analogous to a Prisoner's Dilemma Game & does lead rational individuals to choose a suboptimal social outcome. The population situation is, however, quite different. Society is composed of two types of players-the fecund & the nonfecund. The choices of the fecund can create negative externalities to the nonfecund, but the reverse is not true. For this reason, if the net social costs of the current fertility rate are actually greater than the net social benefits, the nonfecund will be willing to bribe the fecund to reduce their fertility rate. The ability to achieve this transfer is hindered by several problems: (1) the accurate identification of who is fecund & who is not, (2) the heterogeneity of both groups makes collaboration difficult & transfer costs high, & (3) each nonfecund individual would prefer not to pay his share of the transfer to the fecund. Each of these three problems can be overcome by institutions for collective choice such as the existing government in the US; &, in fact, the government is currently working to do so. 2 Figures. AA.

Thesis (Doctoral)--Izmir Institute of Technology, City Planning, Izmir, 2018 ; Full text release delayed at author's request until 2019.01.23 ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 191-202) ; Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and English ; The main research interest of this study is to determine the conflicts on the pastures, which are defined as the rural-ecological commons that are important for biodiversity and ecological sustainability. The study focuses on the transformative impacts of enclosure and commodification processes on the pastures. Pastures are crucial entities especially within the four dimensions, rich biodiversity of flora and fauna, rural development, erosion prevention, and rural traditions. Case study areas are located at three districts of İzmir are examined within the context of the conflicts on the pastures in relation with the recent legal regulations, determination, delimitation and allocation processes, malpractices, climate change and the civil responses. The data gathered from the snowball interviews, in-depth interviews with professionals and village headmen, personal observations, commission reports and media analysis are evaluated by the content analysis to determine the main conflicts to generate the pasture dimensions for the eDPSIR causal network model. DPSIR is a facilitative organization tool, which aims to understand the cause and effect relationships in the environmental and social issues to eliminate the socio-environmental conflicts and to simplify the data transmission for better communication with the decision-makers, which also has a potential to be used during the EIA and SIA report processes. In this study, a pasture dimension set within an eDPSIR causal analysis model is constituted for re-positioning and re-evaluating pastures in the planning and design literatures, and the verification of the data enhanced by the methodological triangulation. The exploratory case study method is the research design strategy of the study. Outcomes of the study reveals the main land use conflicts on the pastures and the triggering drivers, pressures, states, impacts and the recommended responses. The study confirms that the ecological-sensitive planning can be a crucial tool in terms of protecting and improving the pastures. ; Biyoçeşitlilik ve ekolojik sürdürülebilirlik açısından önemli olan kırsal-ekolojik müşterekler olarak tariflenen mera alanları üzerindeki temel çatışmaları belirlemek bu çalışmanın başlıca araştırma alanıdır. Çalışma, mera alanları üzerindeki çitlenme (çevreleme) hareketlerinin dönüştürücü etkilerine ve metalaştırma süreçlerine odaklanmaktadır. Mera alanları özellikle dört açıdan önemli varlıklardır, flora ve faunada zengin biyoçeşitlilik, kırsal kalkınma, erozyonu önleme ve kırsal gelenekler. Yasal düzenlemeler, tespit, tahdit ve tahsis süreçleri, yanlış uygulamalar, iklim değişikliği ve kullanıcı tepkileriyle ilişkili olarak mera alanlarında meydana gelen çatışmalar, İzmir'in üç ilçesinde bulunan vaka alanları üzerinden incelenmiştir. Kartopu mülakatlarından, profesyonellerle ve muhtarlarla yapılan derinlemesine mülakatlardan, kişisel gözlemler, ilgili komisyon raporları ve medya analizinden edinilen veriler, bu alanlar üzerindeki başlıca çatışmaları tespit etmek amacıyla eDPSIR nedensel süreç modeline eklenen mera boyutlarını üretmek için içerik analiziyle değerlendirilmiştir. DPSIR çevresel ve sosyal konulardaki neden sonuç ilişkilerini anlamayı, veri analizini basitleştirmeyi, karar vericilerle daha iyi iletişim kurmayı ve sosyo-mekansal sorunları önlemeyi amaçlayan, aynı zamanda ÇED ve SED raporlama süreçlerinde kullanılma potansiyeline sahip basitleştirici bir düzenleme aracıdır. Çalışmada, mera alanlarının planlama ve tasarım literatüründe yeniden konumlandırılması ve değerlendirilmesi amacıyla, model içerisinde bir mera boyut seti oluşturulmuş ve bulguların geçerliliği yöntem üçgenlemesi ile iyileştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın araştırma tasarımı yöntemi keşifçi saha çalışmasıdır. Çalışma sonucunda, mera alanlarının karşılaştıkları başlıca arazi kullanım çatışmaları ve bu çatışmalara sebep olan faktörler, baskılar, durum ve etkiler belirlenmiş ve yanıtlar önerilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, ekolojik duyarlı planlamanın, mera alanlarının korunması ve iyileştirilmesi açılarından önemli bir araç olabileceği tespit edilmiştir.

We compare institutions of pastoral-cum-tourist commons in Europe (Tyrol) and southern Africa (Namibia). Membership of European pastoral single village commons was less than one hundred enumerated farms. In Namibia, membership was more numerous, unregistered and open-ended. Tyrolean commons included huntable game, owned by either the collective or the municipality. Namibian commons, inclusive of huntable game, were national property.Tyrolean commoners privately held enumerated pastoral rights, whereas the stock numbers of Namibian commoners were open-ended. While herding in Europe is undertaken collectively, Namibians herd individually. Tyrolean commoners' collectives were public law associations of ancestral farm-with-field owners with a statute prescribing internal democracy. Namibian pastoral commons operated under local, unwritten, customary law. In Namibia, conditionaluse rights for huntable game was recently devolved to public law associations of commoners, that is, Conservancies. Namibian Conservancies hold use rights for game without jurisdiction over land, similar to hunting associations in Tyrol. Capital investment in tourism on Tyrolean commons was from within the village, in Conservancies (inter)national. Unlike definite commons boundaries in Tyrol, Namibian equivalents are often disputed. ; We compare institutions of pastoral-cum-tourist commons in Europe (Tyrol) and southern Africa (Namibia). Membership of European pastoral single village commons was less than one hundred enumerated farms. In Namibia, membership was more numerous, unregistered and open-ended. Tyrolean commons included huntable game, owned by either the collective or the municipality. Namibian commons, inclusive of huntable game, were national property.Tyrolean commoners privately held enumerated pastoral rights, whereas the stock numbers of Namibian commoners were open-ended. While herding in Europe is undertaken collectively, Namibians herd individually. Tyrolean commoners' collectives were public law associations of ancestral farm-with-field owners with a statute prescribing internal democracy. Namibian pastoral commons operated under local, unwritten, customary law. In Namibia, conditionaluse rights for huntable game was recently devolved to public law associations of commoners, that is, Conservancies. Namibian Conservancies hold use rights for game without jurisdiction over land, similar to hunting associations in Tyrol. Capital investment in tourism on Tyrolean commons was from within the village, in Conservancies (inter)national. Unlike definite commons boundaries in Tyrol, Namibian equivalents are often disputed.

Version anglaise. Projet BiodivBalkans : Biodiversity Conservation & Sustainable Rural Development in Balkan Mountain. CIHEAM-IAMM / MADA / FFEM. ; International audience

Version anglaise. Projet BiodivBalkans : Biodiversity Conservation & Sustainable Rural Development in Balkan Mountain. CIHEAM-IAMM / MADA / FFEM. ; International audience

Version anglaise. Projet BiodivBalkans : Biodiversity Conservation & Sustainable Rural Development in Balkan Mountain. CIHEAM-IAMM / MADA / FFEM. ; International audience

SummaryThe tragedy of the commons concept as popularized by Garrett Hardin places the blame for desertification and overgrazing in pastoral areas upon the land tenure system. Common ownership of pastureland is seen as the major culprit. Examination of ethnographic literature does not reveal a close relationship between common ownership of pastures and resource depletion. Where large numbers of people share a pasture with low but highly variable yields, common ownership is the most desirable form of land tenure. There are many situations where common pastures have been properly managed. Examples from Switzerland, Peru and Africa are presented. These examples illustrate the basic characteristics of a properly managed common grazing system. Collective ownership of land can under these circumstances facilitate livestock development rather than impede it.ZusammenfassungDas von Garrett Hardin verbreitete Konzept der Tragödie der Gemeinschaftsweiden macht die Bodeneigentumsverhältnisse für Verwüstung und Überweidung von Weidegebieten verantwortlich. Gemeinschaftliches Eigentum an Weideland wird als Hauptursache dafür angesehen. Das Studium ethnographischer Literatur läßt dagegen keine enge Beziehung zwischen gemeinschaftlichem Eigentum und Zerstörung von natürlichen Resourcen erkennen. Dort, wo eine große Zahl von Menschen sich ein Weidegebiet mit niedrigen, aber sehr stark variierenden Erträgen miteinander teilt, ist gemeinschaftliches Eigentum die bestgeeigneteste Bodeneigentumsform. Es gibt viele Gemeinschaftsweiden, die gut geführt werden. Es werden Beispiele dafür aus der Schweiz, aus Peru und Afrika vorgestellt. Diese Beispiele zeigen die grundlegenden Merkmale eines gut geführten gemeinschaftlichen Weidennutzungssystems auf. Gemeinschaftliches Bodeneigentum kann unter diesen Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Viehhaltung eher erleichtern als erschweren.

AbstractA revised application of Ostrom's (Ostrom, 2007) Social-Ecological System (SES) framework to Hardin's 'tragedy of the commons' (Hardin, G. (1968), Science, 162(3859): 1243–1248) demonstrates that its institutional structure is more complex than either Hardin or Ostrom had imagined. The 'tragedy' arises from several interacting resources and institutions. If the grass on the pasture was not subject to appropriation, the cattle were not privately owned, or property- and contract-enforcement institutions supporting market exchange were absent, then the 'tragedy of the commons' would not have arisen regardless of the open-access pasture. This paper highlights the utility of the SES framework and the care required to apply it precisely to specific social-ecological situations.