Suchergebnisse

A. Čepienė. Simulation of Social Participation of Village Community Members. The final paper of social work master's degree supervised by Prof. Dr. E. Acienė, Klaipėda University: Klaipėda, 2011–66 p. The analysis of the theoretical sources is carried out in the work. In the first part of the study a quantative research aiming to find out today's rural community peoples' life, their work opportunities to create a better and more active life is presented. In the second part of the study a qualitative research having used a semi-structured interview method in order to clarify the influence of rural communities evolution, the impact of environment on activities in rural communities, the objectives and structure of activities of rural communities and activating of rural communities work is presented. The hypothesis of the research is that today's rural community members' social participation is not active, with no clear content and work dimensions. The object of the research is rural community members' simulation of social participation. The goal of the research is to establish a rural community-based model of social participation based on active community participation in social activities and a professional social worker's assistance. The following are the tasks of the research: To reveal social participation within an active rural community emphasizing the phenomenon of social participation. To analyze the social participation of rural communities in solving problems, evaluating the expression of community participation in the social aspect of social work. To detect and analyze the rural community participation in social modeling assumptions. Master's work, based on empirical-analytical arguments, identified that the hypothesis-today's rural community members' social participation is not active, with no clear content and work dimensions-proved out. The study results show that the rural community is not the most under-active. It is difficult to discern an active, conscious and modern characteristics even in social workers' activities. Purposeful realization of in the social empirical study identified and in the model of rural communities' social participation described categories is rural communities' social participation activation and thereby the assumption of democracy realization.

A. Čepienė. Simulation of Social Participation of Village Community Members. The final paper of social work master's degree supervised by Prof. Dr. E. Acienė, Klaipėda University: Klaipėda, 2011–66 p. The analysis of the theoretical sources is carried out in the work. In the first part of the study a quantative research aiming to find out today's rural community peoples' life, their work opportunities to create a better and more active life is presented. In the second part of the study a qualitative research having used a semi-structured interview method in order to clarify the influence of rural communities evolution, the impact of environment on activities in rural communities, the objectives and structure of activities of rural communities and activating of rural communities work is presented. The hypothesis of the research is that today's rural community members' social participation is not active, with no clear content and work dimensions. The object of the research is rural community members' simulation of social participation. The goal of the research is to establish a rural community-based model of social participation based on active community participation in social activities and a professional social worker's assistance. The following are the tasks of the research: To reveal social participation within an active rural community emphasizing the phenomenon of social participation. To analyze the social participation of rural communities in solving problems, evaluating the expression of community participation in the social aspect of social work. To detect and analyze the rural community participation in social modeling assumptions. Master's work, based on empirical-analytical arguments, identified that the hypothesis-today's rural community members' social participation is not active, with no clear content and work dimensions-proved out. The study results show that the rural community is not the most under-active. It is difficult to discern an active, conscious and modern characteristics even in social workers' activities. Purposeful realization of in the social empirical study identified and in the model of rural communities' social participation described categories is rural communities' social participation activation and thereby the assumption of democracy realization.

The master thesis of Sigita Čiurliene, deals with the issue of social relationship in school society and its democratic expression. It is an attempt to give a definition of social relationship and to show the main ways of its creation and development in learning environment. The concept of democratic relationship is emphasized in Lithuanian main documents. Famous scientists investigated and described social relationship but we are short of exhaustive works in this field. The author's objective in this paper is to analyze democratic relationship in school community and to find out the main factors influenced this relationship. The main focus is to provide analyses of the following problems: determination of social relationship in school society; investigation of students' and teachers' attitude towards social relationship and different factors influenced it; analyses of the relationships between students and teachers and their nature. In accordance with the analyses of special literature, students' and teachers' interviews and observation of students there were made the following conclusions: analyses of scientific literature have disclosed that democratic relationship stipulated active participation based on two- way exchange with respect, trust, openness and it is of the same importance to all members of the society. Only in such learning environment students and teachers become partners. The empirical part of given analyses has disclosed that students consider that democratic relationship is based on respect, tolerance, equal rights, openness. They think that democratic relationship in school depends on socializing with other people, defending of interests, participation in school life, opportunity to participate in decision and influence it. These facts allow to confirm that students' activity contribute to the consolidation of democratic social relationships in school. On the other hand teachers consider that the background of democratic relationship is an opportunity to have your own point of view, to say it without any scare and to be sure to be listened to, respect and socializing. Teachers think that social relationship in school depends on family environment, psychological atmosphere in school and socializinglevel among all the members of school society. According to the students observation data presented in the report we can confirm that relationships in preliminary school differ from that of secondary school. The students in preliminary classes are more aggressive and conflict situations occur much more often. In basic classes social relationships are quiet, open, friendly, conflict situations are very rare, as far as 12th class is concerned their relationships are open, helpful, respectful.

The master thesis of Sigita Čiurliene, deals with the issue of social relationship in school society and its democratic expression. It is an attempt to give a definition of social relationship and to show the main ways of its creation and development in learning environment. The concept of democratic relationship is emphasized in Lithuanian main documents. Famous scientists investigated and described social relationship but we are short of exhaustive works in this field. The author's objective in this paper is to analyze democratic relationship in school community and to find out the main factors influenced this relationship. The main focus is to provide analyses of the following problems: determination of social relationship in school society; investigation of students' and teachers' attitude towards social relationship and different factors influenced it; analyses of the relationships between students and teachers and their nature. In accordance with the analyses of special literature, students' and teachers' interviews and observation of students there were made the following conclusions: analyses of scientific literature have disclosed that democratic relationship stipulated active participation based on two- way exchange with respect, trust, openness and it is of the same importance to all members of the society. Only in such learning environment students and teachers become partners. The empirical part of given analyses has disclosed that students consider that democratic relationship is based on respect, tolerance, equal rights, openness. They think that democratic relationship in school depends on socializing with other people, defending of interests, participation in school life, opportunity to participate in decision and influence it. These facts allow to confirm that students' activity contribute to the consolidation of democratic social relationships in school. On the other hand teachers consider that the background of democratic relationship is an opportunity to have your own point of view, to say it without any scare and to be sure to be listened to, respect and socializing. Teachers think that social relationship in school depends on family environment, psychological atmosphere in school and socializinglevel among all the members of school society. According to the students observation data presented in the report we can confirm that relationships in preliminary school differ from that of secondary school. The students in preliminary classes are more aggressive and conflict situations occur much more often. In basic classes social relationships are quiet, open, friendly, conflict situations are very rare, as far as 12th class is concerned their relationships are open, helpful, respectful.

Community media, as opposed to mainstream newsmedia, is an alternative source of information which plays a facilitative role by encouraging community members to express their interests, to join policy debates, and therefore to give authorities feedback on how ongoing policy changes affect members of communities. Due to high levels of concentration of poverty in Lithuanian rural areas and the start of a social assistance decentralisation program to poor residents in five Lithuanian regional municipalities in 2012, the role of local media in policies concerning poverty reduction has increased. Content analysis of five newspapers that served communities affected by the changes reveals that community members are provided with options to communicate poverty issues through community media. This is an empirical finding which supports the author's claim, presented in this article, that analytical concept of rhisomatic community media rather than liberal critique of local press (which focuses on negative pressures from market and state institutions erected toward the media), is more useful for assessing deliberation processes in local newspapers. Research results show that while communicating poverty, community members prefer to communicate charity initiatives and not to directly engage in public policy debate. Coverage of policy changes is dominated by local authorities and community media journalists. Images of 'deserving' and 'undeserving' poor (often without references to actually existing cases) dominate poverty framing in an attempt to support new cash social assistance distributions. Despite facilitating some non-governmental community-organised poverty reduction initiatives, community media acts collaboratively towards on-going policy changes and fails in empowering the poor of the communities they serve.

Community media, as opposed to mainstream newsmedia, is an alternative source of information which plays a facilitative role by encouraging community members to express their interests, to join policy debates, and therefore to give authorities feedback on how ongoing policy changes affect members of communities. Due to high levels of concentration of poverty in Lithuanian rural areas and the start of a social assistance decentralisation program to poor residents in five Lithuanian regional municipalities in 2012, the role of local media in policies concerning poverty reduction has increased. Content analysis of five newspapers that served communities affected by the changes reveals that community members are provided with options to communicate poverty issues through community media. This is an empirical finding which supports the author's claim, presented in this article, that analytical concept of rhisomatic community media rather than liberal critique of local press (which focuses on negative pressures from market and state institutions erected toward the media), is more useful for assessing deliberation processes in local newspapers. Research results show that while communicating poverty, community members prefer to communicate charity initiatives and not to directly engage in public policy debate. Coverage of policy changes is dominated by local authorities and community media journalists. Images of 'deserving' and 'undeserving' poor (often without references to actually existing cases) dominate poverty framing in an attempt to support new cash social assistance distributions. Despite facilitating some non-governmental community-organised poverty reduction initiatives, community media acts collaboratively towards on-going policy changes and fails in empowering the poor of the communities they serve.

Community media, as opposed to mainstream newsmedia, is an alternative source of information which plays a facilitative role by encouraging community members to express their interests, to join policy debates, and therefore to give authorities feedback on how ongoing policy changes affect members of communities. Due to high levels of concentration of poverty in Lithuanian rural areas and the start of a social assistance decentralisation program to poor residents in five Lithuanian regional municipalities in 2012, the role of local media in policies concerning poverty reduction has increased. Content analysis of five newspapers that served communities affected by the changes reveals that community members are provided with options to communicate poverty issues through community media. This is an empirical finding which supports the author's claim, presented in this article, that analytical concept of rhisomatic community media rather than liberal critique of local press (which focuses on negative pressures from market and state institutions erected toward the media), is more useful for assessing deliberation processes in local newspapers. Research results show that while communicating poverty, community members prefer to communicate charity initiatives and not to directly engage in public policy debate. Coverage of policy changes is dominated by local authorities and community media journalists. Images of 'deserving' and 'undeserving' poor (often without references to actually existing cases) dominate poverty framing in an attempt to support new cash social assistance distributions. Despite facilitating some non-governmental community-organised poverty reduction initiatives, community media acts collaboratively towards on-going policy changes and fails in empowering the poor of the communities they serve.

Community media, as opposed to mainstream newsmedia, is an alternative source of information which plays a facilitative role by encouraging community members to express their interests, to join policy debates, and therefore to give authorities feedback on how ongoing policy changes affect members of communities. Due to high levels of concentration of poverty in Lithuanian rural areas and the start of a social assistance decentralisation program to poor residents in five Lithuanian regional municipalities in 2012, the role of local media in policies concerning poverty reduction has increased. Content analysis of five newspapers that served communities affected by the changes reveals that community members are provided with options to communicate poverty issues through community media. This is an empirical finding which supports the author's claim, presented in this article, that analytical concept of rhisomatic community media rather than liberal critique of local press (which focuses on negative pressures from market and state institutions erected toward the media), is more useful for assessing deliberation processes in local newspapers. Research results show that while communicating poverty, community members prefer to communicate charity initiatives and not to directly engage in public policy debate. Coverage of policy changes is dominated by local authorities and community media journalists. Images of 'deserving' and 'undeserving' poor (often without references to actually existing cases) dominate poverty framing in an attempt to support new cash social assistance distributions. Despite facilitating some non-governmental community-organised poverty reduction initiatives, community media acts collaboratively towards on-going policy changes and fails in empowering the poor of the communities they serve.

Each of us think about our retirement, and ask ourselves the question: what is it? Will we feel loved, cared of, and not left in the hands of fate? At this point, health care and social services improvement is of great importance for the aforementioned aspects. One of the examples of improvement is the conducted international project Improving Access to Community-based Services for Older People Living at Home (IACS).The goal of the present paper is to analyze community's health care and social services facilities availability for older people. To accomplish aims and tasks that were set, corresponding theoretical analysis methods were selected: analysis of scientific literature, method of logical analysis, comparative method of theoretical analysis. To collect empirical data for Kaunas, qualitative study using semi-structured focus group interview method was performed. In order to raise study to an international level in a quasi-social experiment way and to compare community service experiences, qualitative data were obtained from other countries, i.e. Austria and Poland. The paper introduced the concept of social exclusion and the ways to reduce it the European Union and Lithuania contexts. Strong relationship between social exclusion, aging policy, health and social services available older people was also articulated.Social exclusion policy is formed by social policy models. In this sense, Lithuanian and Swedish social policy models were arbitrarily selected and examined. Health and social services systems that derive from social policy models were examined as well. This time, cases of countries that participate in IACS study were selected.This paper also presented the main IACS project approach: social experiment and its conditions in countries that participate in the project, and project strategies. Meanwhile, strategies chosen by Lithuania were examined in more detail using the comparative method of analysis.Further in the paper following concept definitions were introduced: original access to health care, social services and how older people are related to them. Health care access in Lithuania, quality of social services and methods to improve then were analyzed and assessed. Social services provision at home in Kaunas was discussed. Both the qualitative and the quantitative data were examined for IACS project strategies implementation assessment. This led to draw the relevant insights about the practical component of the project.

Each of us think about our retirement, and ask ourselves the question: what is it? Will we feel loved, cared of, and not left in the hands of fate? At this point, health care and social services improvement is of great importance for the aforementioned aspects. One of the examples of improvement is the conducted international project Improving Access to Community-based Services for Older People Living at Home (IACS).The goal of the present paper is to analyze community's health care and social services facilities availability for older people. To accomplish aims and tasks that were set, corresponding theoretical analysis methods were selected: analysis of scientific literature, method of logical analysis, comparative method of theoretical analysis. To collect empirical data for Kaunas, qualitative study using semi-structured focus group interview method was performed. In order to raise study to an international level in a quasi-social experiment way and to compare community service experiences, qualitative data were obtained from other countries, i.e. Austria and Poland. The paper introduced the concept of social exclusion and the ways to reduce it the European Union and Lithuania contexts. Strong relationship between social exclusion, aging policy, health and social services available older people was also articulated.Social exclusion policy is formed by social policy models. In this sense, Lithuanian and Swedish social policy models were arbitrarily selected and examined. Health and social services systems that derive from social policy models were examined as well. This time, cases of countries that participate in IACS study were selected.This paper also presented the main IACS project approach: social experiment and its conditions in countries that participate in the project, and project strategies. Meanwhile, strategies chosen by Lithuania were examined in more detail using the comparative method of analysis.Further in the paper following concept definitions were introduced: original access to health care, social services and how older people are related to them. Health care access in Lithuania, quality of social services and methods to improve then were analyzed and assessed. Social services provision at home in Kaunas was discussed. Both the qualitative and the quantitative data were examined for IACS project strategies implementation assessment. This led to draw the relevant insights about the practical component of the project.

Each of us think about our retirement, and ask ourselves the question: what is it? Will we feel loved, cared of, and not left in the hands of fate? At this point, health care and social services improvement is of great importance for the aforementioned aspects. One of the examples of improvement is the conducted international project Improving Access to Community-based Services for Older People Living at Home (IACS).The goal of the present paper is to analyze community's health care and social services facilities availability for older people. To accomplish aims and tasks that were set, corresponding theoretical analysis methods were selected: analysis of scientific literature, method of logical analysis, comparative method of theoretical analysis. To collect empirical data for Kaunas, qualitative study using semi-structured focus group interview method was performed. In order to raise study to an international level in a quasi-social experiment way and to compare community service experiences, qualitative data were obtained from other countries, i.e. Austria and Poland. The paper introduced the concept of social exclusion and the ways to reduce it the European Union and Lithuania contexts. Strong relationship between social exclusion, aging policy, health and social services available older people was also articulated.Social exclusion policy is formed by social policy models. In this sense, Lithuanian and Swedish social policy models were arbitrarily selected and examined. Health and social services systems that derive from social policy models were examined as well. This time, cases of countries that participate in IACS study were selected.This paper also presented the main IACS project approach: social experiment and its conditions in countries that participate in the project, and project strategies. Meanwhile, strategies chosen by Lithuania were examined in more detail using the comparative method of analysis.Further in the paper following concept definitions were introduced: original access to health care, social services and how older people are related to them. Health care access in Lithuania, quality of social services and methods to improve then were analyzed and assessed. Social services provision at home in Kaunas was discussed. Both the qualitative and the quantitative data were examined for IACS project strategies implementation assessment. This led to draw the relevant insights about the practical component of the project.

The article highlights the education community, drawing the community as a strengthening of local government units; debate on the participation of community members in self-governance process. The article discusses the case study; exposing the local community (Kupiškis district) participation in political and cultural life of the community, directly to the (self) pulling into municipal development processes and public civil debate edge business development actualities positioning. Concerned members of the community competencies, activities and feel, the presentation of their region as a smart social space of the region, in support of a competitive advantage in the global market – i.e. community participation, the promotion of entrepreneurship in the region; the development of tourism, the use of existing natural, cultural and other resources.

A person's security is an extremely relevant topic in current society because it is a concept reflecting a democratic, modem society. The security of man demands special attention for its importance for a person's full-fledged life in the state, the city, and the local community. Security is not only the protection of the residents' social and physical safety interests, but also the preparation and ability of state institutions to create a system for implementing and defending these interests, to maintain the social stability of society, i.e. effective public administration. The attention of state institutions to the institutions ensuring personal security is constantly growing, but the question of the feeling of personal security still remains very relevant. In order to grasp the importance of safety and the opportunities to strengthen it, the article devotes attention to the local community because a person's life begins and develops in it. Moreover, a discussion about the quality of personal security in the state is impossible without a discussion about personal security in the local community, i.e. the idea let us think globally, but act locally is once again implemented.

A person's security is an extremely relevant topic in current society because it is a concept reflecting a democratic, modem society. The security of man demands special attention for its importance for a person's full-fledged life in the state, the city, and the local community. Security is not only the protection of the residents' social and physical safety interests, but also the preparation and ability of state institutions to create a system for implementing and defending these interests, to maintain the social stability of society, i.e. effective public administration. The attention of state institutions to the institutions ensuring personal security is constantly growing, but the question of the feeling of personal security still remains very relevant. In order to grasp the importance of safety and the opportunities to strengthen it, the article devotes attention to the local community because a person's life begins and develops in it. Moreover, a discussion about the quality of personal security in the state is impossible without a discussion about personal security in the local community, i.e. the idea let us think globally, but act locally is once again implemented.

While Member States retain direct tax sovereignity and determine the tax, its base, rate, taxable subjects discretionary, fundamental differencies occur, resulting in market fragmentation and big obstacles for effective functioning of Community internal market. These differencies and the gap between harmonization in direct taxes and other spheres stipulate the need of harmonization and pressure for the Member States. However, the sole harmonization base requires the Council to act unanimously (starting from year 2004 – by consent of 27 states). This de facto blocks the law-making of compulsory acts and leads to stagnation of political decisions. Contrary to positive integration, negative integration (mostly founded on prohibitions to restrict free movement) proceeds rapidly, while in the meantime the number of cases solved by European Court of Justice (ECJ) and infringement procedures initiated by Commision which ensure the spread of ECJ cases' ratio decidendi is constantly growing. ECJ when providing the decisions applies overall approach: evaluation of one Member State's laws means taking into account the whole situation, including the laws of other related Member State and their inter-tax treaties. Therefore the same law is liable to be restrictive in relation to the laws of Member State A, but not restrictive in relation with the laws of Member State B. This doctrine is based under the Cassis de Dijon principle of mutual recognition: Member State is obliged to consider the laws of other Member State. This notwithstanding, in direct taxation this principle is not reasonable: it seriously breaks Member States' sovereignity (makes direct tax systems dependant on each other) and in practice leads nowhere thus creates destabilization. The fact accepted by ECJ in Kerckhaert Morres that international double taxation does not contradict to EC law is too separate to compare with the whole doctine that it would be able to deny the tendency of application of the principle of mutual recognition in direct taxation. Even more – it expressly shows the conflicts in doctrine of ECJ itself. ECJ ad hoc rapid and chaotic activity in the field of direct taxation not even becomes the potential background for positive integration (Commision in its proposals for laws expressly agrees with ECJ ratio decidendi without any doubt), but in principle pursues positive integration itself: new rules not encompassed by even broadly interpreted boundaries of the EC law prohibitions are created. The sole active strategic aim starting from 2001 to establish common consolidated corporate tax base is ultima ratio measure which is difficult to evaluate: even if a part of Member States would agree on basic principles, enhanced cooperation de facto would be a pressure for sovereignity of other Member States. Thus it is probably that they will submit it due to negative consequences to be experienced in case of refusal. Or, as an alternative, Europe à la carte fiscale will be created, which in the essence is contradictory to the whole nature of the internal market. However, following the position of the ECJ expressed to integration, this initiative is possible to defend de jure.