Every translator is, in a such way, consciously or not, an "unfaithful" missionary between two cultures. Both among the Arab scholars and Western academics, translation has always had an important role: between similarities and differences the literary world has produced a lot of theories about the techniques and the tasks connected to the translator's work. What happens if an unfaithful translation becomes a metaphor to express the writer's will to criticize the society where he lives? In al-Mutarğim al-ḫā'in (The Unfaithful Translator, 2008) by the Syrian writer Fawwāz Ḥaddād, the protagonist, Ḥāmid Salīm, voluntarily alters the final of the book he's translating. From this moment on, he will be victim of persecution by an Organization that deals with literature just in appearance. In this way Fawwāz Ḥaddād proposes a perspective on the political and literary scene of the contemporary Syrian society. The act of betrayal of Ḥāmid Salīm becomes an unusual act of subversion towards the autocratic political system of his country.
La finalità del presente lavoro consiste nell'esaminare la progressiva trasformazione del ruolo della donna nel periodo dei movimenti indipendentistici in Italia e in Grecia. Fu nei Salotti culturali, dapprima luoghi di incontro a carattere letterario e successivamente focolai di diffusione delle idee patriottiche, che la figura femminile inizia ad assumere un suo rilievo umano, culturale e sociale. Tra queste donne, emerge la grande personalità di Angelica Palli Bartolommei. Con un'analisi del trattato, Discorsi di una donna alle giovini maritate del suo paese, si vuole far luce sul pensiero dell'autrice in merito alla condizione della donna e alla necessità di istruzione e di una sua maggiore autonomia. Si passa successivamente allo studio dei personaggi femminili dell'opera in prosa, Racconti, in cui si distinguono diverse tipologie di donne: amorevoli, dolci, conservatrici, sottomesse, rivoluzionarie e anche vendicative. Ognuna di loro altro non è che l'espressione delle disparate e spesso contrastanti esigenze dell'animo femminile dell'epoca. Si tratta in ogni caso di temperamenti forti, come d'altronde lo era la stessa scrittrice. L'ultima parte è dedicata all'influenza della Palli sulla figura più emblematica della "rivoluzione" femminile in Grecia: Kalliroi Parren. ; El objetivo de este trabajo es examinar la transformación gradual del papel de las mujeres en el ámbito de los movimientos de independencia en Italia y Grecia. Fue en los salones culturales, inicialmente lugares de encuentros literarios y, posteriormente, de difusión de ideas patrióticas, donde la figura femenina comienza a adquirir un gran relieve humano, cultural y social. Entre estas mujeres emerge la gran personalidad de Angelica Palli Bartolommei. A través de su obra Discorsi di una donna alle giovini maritate del suo paese, se arroja luz a los pensamientos de la autora sobre la situación de la mujer y su necesidad de educarse y emanciparse. Se pasa a continuación a un cuidadoso análisis de los personajes femeninos de su Racconti en los cuales se hallan diferentes tipos de mujeres: la amorosa, la dulce, la conservadora, la obediente, la revolucionaria e incluso la vengativa. Cada uno de estos tipos no es nada más que la expresión de las dispares y a menudo contradictorias necesidades de la mujer de la época. Son, en todo caso, temperamentos muy fuertes, como el que caracterizaba a la propia escritora. La última parte está dedicada a la influencia de Palli sobre la figura más emblemática de la "revolución" femenina en Grecia, esto es, Kalliroi Parren. ; The present work is meant to analyze the slow but progressive transformation of the role of the female figure within the historical context of the movements for independency in Italy and Greece. It was especially in the cultural Salons - inexhaustible source of new literary and political ideas - that the learned women of that time began to show their commitment to human, intellectual and public issues. In particular, the focus goes on the original personality of Angelica Palli Bartolommei, an Italian writer of Greek origin. Through her essay, Discorsi di una donna alle giovini maritate del suo paese (Speeches of a woman to the 3 young married girls of her country), the light is shed on the author's views about women and their necessity of an adequate education in order to achieve a real autonomy. Furthermore the analysis concentrates on the characters of a second work by Palli, Racconti (Short stories), where different types of women arise: loving, sweet, conservative, obedient, revolutionary as well as vindictive. Each of them is the expression of the different and very often conflicting needs of the female of that historical age. In any case, they all reveal a strong temperament as Palli herself had. The last part of the article focuses the attention on the influence that Palli had on the most emblematic figure of women "revolution" in Greece: Kalliroi Parren.
Italian scholars and Arabists have only recently started to pay attention towards Libya and this country's rich and fascinating literary production. Libyan writers are, in fact, still unknown to most people in Italy, where merely a few Italian translations of Libyan works and critical essays on Libyan literature have been published until now. Yet, Libya's contemporary literary scene features outstanding figures, such as the eclectic writer 'Ali Mustafà al-Misrati, whose novels, short stories and essays deal with significant historical, political and social themes. Starting from the analysis of one of author's tales focused on the Libyan opposition against Italian colonialism, this article provides some insights on the importance of satire as a tool of political opposition against the colonial regime, both in the colonized country and in the colonized one.
On tracing the radical revisionism of American Studies' cultural and methodological paradigms, this intervention will specifically investigate the multicultural and transnational turn of the field, whose material and conceptual boundaries have been increasingly confronting other extra-national literary traditions, such as those from the Indian subcontinent. The relationship between the USA and the postcolonial diasporas from India and Pakistan resounds with the political and intellectual Asian American experience of the Sixties and the Seventies, and configures a literary space that simultaneously addresses the migratory flows from many South Asian countries in the last decades of the previous century, as well as globalization's challenges: citing works by first and second generation South Asian American writers such as Amitav Ghosh, Bharati Mukherjee and Jhumpa Lahiri, I will highlight the complex intercultural dialogue that these authors entertain with multiple linguistic and national collectivities. Keywords: literary multiculturalism in the USA; Indian diaspora; Asian American literature; postcolonialism ; Tracciando le linee storiche del ripensamento radicale dei paradigmi culturali e metodologici alla base degli studi americani, il seguente intervento prenderà in considerazione la dimensione multiculturale e transnazionale di un'americanistica i cui confini reali e concettuali si interfacciano con altre tradizioni letterarie extra-nazionali, come quelle provenienti dal subcontinente indiano. Il rapporto tra gli Stati Uniti e le diaspore postcoloniali dall'India e dal Pakistan, che si snoda attraverso l'esperienza politica e intellettuale asiaticoamericana degli anni '60 e '70, riconfigura un panorama letterario che risponde simultaneamente ai fenomeni migratori degli ultimi decenni del XX secolo e alle sfide della globalizzazione: citando opere di autori di prima e seconda generazione sud asiaticoamericana, come Amitav Ghosh, Bharati Mukherjee e Jhumpa Lahiri, metterò in evidenza il complesso dialogo interculturale che questi autori e le loro opere intrattengono con multiple tradizioni linguistiche e realtà nazionali. Parole chiave:multiculturalismo letterario negli Stati Uniti; letteratura asiatica americana; diaspora indiana; postcolonialismo
The representation of the life in the trenches during the Great War has always been an epitome for the trauma. Yet, my article aims at focusing, in a comparative framework, on the trauma's processing that took place, narratively, in spaces at the side of the trenches, highlighting how this change of focus helped the authors to reflect on the indescribable shock expressed by the trenches themselves. This change of focus, I argue, was necessary for processing exactly that trauma related to the new – technological and Taylorist – nature of the conflict. ; La rappresentazione della vita nelle trincee durante la Prima guerra mondiale ha sempre rappresentato uno dei luoghi cardine del '900 per ciò che concerne la figurazione del trauma, caratterizzandosi quasi, a partire dalle pagine famose di Benjamin, come manifestazione epitomica del trauma stesso. Dalle prime descrizioni narrative (Barbusse, Remarque, ecc.) fino alle più attente ricostruzioni storiografiche (a cominciare da Leed e Fussell), la trincea ha fatto da correlativo metaforico dell'ingresso in una modernità – il '900 – da subito posta sotto l'egida proprio del trauma.Il mio intervento, pur non trascurando l'approccio allo spazio topico del primo conflitto mondiale, intende però, in ottica comparativa, concentrarsi su quell'elaborazione del trauma che ha luogo, narrativamente, in una serie di luoghi laterali rispetto alla trincea stessa, evidenziando come tale spostamento spaziale sia servito, agli autori in questione, per riflettere sull'indicibile che la trincea comunicava loro, cioè appunto per elaborare quel trauma connesso alla nuova, tecnologica e taylorizzata, natura del conflitto in corso. Gli spazi altri dalla trincea sono cioè venuti a rappresentare il luogo, pur con la trincea in stretto rapporto dialettico, all'interno del quale riflettere su quanto in trincea stava accadendo. Farò notare innanzitutto come la scelta del luogo altro in questione non sia mai casuale, ma sia invece sempre allegoricamente fatta per suggerire un'interpretazione del conflitto in corso: dalla birreria di Remarque al bordello udinese di Soffici, dalla caserma di Stanghellini al cimitero del Drieu La Rochelle di La comédie di Charleroi, dalle case abbandonate dei contadini in cui il giovane Ernst Jünger ritrova oggetti ormai, a contatto con la nuova realtà, privi di qualsivoglia valore, alla strada su cui le truppe fuggono in La rivolta dei santi maledetti di Malaparte. In seconda battuta spiegherò come tanto il luogo scelto per l'elaborazione del trauma quanto gli accadimenti lì narrati, siano strettamente correlati al giudizio dall'intellettuale espresso riguardo tanto al conflitto stesso quanto alle modalità della sua conduzione, militare e ideologica.
Based on recent IPE contributions on three key themes in international politics (the relation between trade-technology & interstate conflicts, the link between multinationalization in production & world stability, & the political economy of democracy promotion in post-conflict countries), this essay calls the attention on the potential that IPE studies have for the analysis of complex processes (political & economic, with domestic, international & trans-national reach) across long time-spans. Empirical research on these topics has provided new ground to test & refine hypotheses from the three IPE orthodox Schools (Realism-Mercantilism, Liberalism & Marxism), pointing to the advantages of multivariate setups that treat both political & economic determinants of international outcomes as endogenous. Studies on the trade-war links have opened the way to analyses of how growth-inducing mechanisms in war economies may combine with the lasting effects of war-borne protectionist coalitions in producing differential outcomes, according to countries' resource endowments & level of development. Hypotheses on the peace-inducing features of multinationalized production appear in need of revision, especially when applied to the context of North-South relations, in which traditional dynamics identified in the FDI literature do not seem to obtain. Last, scholars interested in the political economy of post-war reconstruction could fruitfully borrow from the comparative literature on transitions, the economic contributions on development & the IR research on conflict, to provide new theoretical tools for the analysis of democracy promotion in post-conflict states. References. Adapted from the source document.
Il saggio ha come obiettivo quello di inquadrare in maniera multifocale il personaggio mitico della Sibilla e la letteratura a questa ispirata. Proponendo una selezione critica delle fonti classiche designanti le caratteristiche profetiche, oracolari, sociali, politiche ed artistiche delle Sibille attestate in Occidente e in Oriente, viene affrontato il tema della aemulatio in imitando che interessò questa figura sui generis tra la cultura pagana e quella giudaico cristiana. La campionatura di testi selezionata (tra cui compaiono oracoli inediti) permette di considerare l'oracolistica sibillina un filone letterario dotato di autonomia, a partire dal V sec. a.C. fino all'epoca moderna. Recuperando l'approccio comparativo, viene indagato, infine, il potere di fascinazione sibillina, con un focus sulle ricadute sociali, geografiche ed economiche contemporanei. The essay aims at framing the mythical character of the Sibyl and sibylline literature. By proposing a critical selection of the classical sources designating the prophetic, oracular, social, political and artistic characteristics of the Sibyls attested in the West and in the East, the theme of aemulatio in imitando that interested this figure (between pagan and Judaic Christian culture )is addressed. The selected sample of texts (among which unpublished oracles appear) allows us to consider the sibylline oracolistic a literary vein endowed with autonomy, starting from the fifth century. B.C. until the modern era. By recovering the comparative approach, the power of sibylline fascination is investigated, with a focus on contemporary social, geographical and economic repercussions.
The first part of this book consists in the translation of Alojzij Res's diary from Slovenian into Italian language. The author of the diary reported from the Isonzo front of the First World War. The second part contains a critical part, which aims to analyse and present the work and the author more in detail. - Der erste Teil dieses Buchs besteht aus der Übersetzung des Tagebuchs von Alojzij Res vom Slowenischen ins Italienische. Der Autor des Tagebuches berichtete von der Isonzo-Front des Ersten Weltkrieges. Der zweite Teil enthält einen analytischen Part, der darauf abzielt, das Werk und den Autor genauer zu begründen und vorzustellen.
Broadly speaking, this work is framed within Cultural Studies. This current of thought, born in Great Britain in the 1960s from the works of R. Hoggart, S. Hall, and R. Williams, invites us to question the notion of culture in all its dimensions, evidencing political, ideological, and power issues. According to Cultural Studies, the concept of text designates not only that of written language, but all cultural production, including image.In keeping with this perspective, the object of study, that is Lorenzo Viani's work, is undertaken through a transdisciplinary approach. The texts, or in this case images, are worked on aided by a crossover of contributions by different disciplines, such as Sociology, Philosophy, Aesthetics, Art History, Literature Theories, Mediology, and Semiotics.Because of this, the main corpus, as in all of Viani's published works, once achieved the first stage of literal comprehension of the texts which required a philological approach, was analysed in an open manner, considering of society, history, and relationships with cultural phenomenons from which they originate. In first place, the thesis deals with an in-depth study of Viani's biography. We have reconstructed in detail his intellectual education and the network of relationships which Viani, who was a very active character in the political and cultural scene of Versilia in his time, built and nurtured throughout his life.Taking into account the fact that Viani, one of many talents, began his artistic endeavors as painter and illustrator, and that he devoted himself to writing (journalistic and literary) in a subsequent phase, we have given weight to the dimension of image in our analyses of his texts. We use the concept of "spoken image", going by W.J.T. Mitchell's definition. That is to understand where these images come from, why Viani chose them, and if they have an aesthetic function or one of another nature. The objective is a comparative analysis between word/spoken image. We aim to examine if the general idea that Viani has ...
Broadly speaking, this work is framed within Cultural Studies. This current of thought, born in Great Britain in the 1960s from the works of R. Hoggart, S. Hall, and R. Williams, invites us to question the notion of culture in all its dimensions, evidencing political, ideological, and power issues. According to Cultural Studies, the concept of text designates not only that of written language, but all cultural production, including image.In keeping with this perspective, the object of study, that is Lorenzo Viani's work, is undertaken through a transdisciplinary approach. The texts, or in this case images, are worked on aided by a crossover of contributions by different disciplines, such as Sociology, Philosophy, Aesthetics, Art History, Literature Theories, Mediology, and Semiotics.Because of this, the main corpus, as in all of Viani's published works, once achieved the first stage of literal comprehension of the texts which required a philological approach, was analysed in an open manner, considering of society, history, and relationships with cultural phenomenons from which they originate. In first place, the thesis deals with an in-depth study of Viani's biography. We have reconstructed in detail his intellectual education and the network of relationships which Viani, who was a very active character in the political and cultural scene of Versilia in his time, built and nurtured throughout his life.Taking into account the fact that Viani, one of many talents, began his artistic endeavors as painter and illustrator, and that he devoted himself to writing (journalistic and literary) in a subsequent phase, we have given weight to the dimension of image in our analyses of his texts. We use the concept of "spoken image", going by W.J.T. Mitchell's definition. That is to understand where these images come from, why Viani chose them, and if they have an aesthetic function or one of another nature. The objective is a comparative analysis between word/spoken image. We aim to examine if the general idea that Viani has ...
This paper plunges into the issue of the origins of legal clinics in U.S. legal education by employing the comparative methodology. The author sets forth the following propositions. First, that the legal clinics' birth must be traced back to 1893, with the appearance of the first legal dispensary at the University of Pennsylvania, rather than during the New Deal, or later in the '60s, as the mainstream literature on the topic argues. Second, that clinical legal education, in its very nature, had no political significance in terms of social values. Indeed, from the very beginning, legal clinics have been deemed to be almost exclusively an educational tool, rather than an instrument for political battles, as maintained, for instance, by Duncan Kennedy. In this respect, this paper takes the argument that the sole relevant social role legal clinics played was, in connection with legal aid societies, a nativist one: i.e., combatting immigration and subversive movements during the first two decades of 20th century.
For centuries, national legal systems have recognised the principle pacta sunt servanda as well as its exceptions, rebus sic stantibus and ad impossibilia nemo tenetur, but the way these legal fundamentals operate is a variable in comparative law. Unforeseeable change in circumstances is amongst the most relevant issues for international contracts thus international business practice has provided some standard solutions. The Vienna Convention on the International Sale of goods (CISG), of 11 April 1980, has also offered some uniform law solutions but they are unsatisfactory especially when confronted with modern business practice and Covid-19 pandemic potential litigation. Academic literature on conflict of laws aspects of force majeure is also scarce. This essay fills a gap and explores some of the most relevant conflict of laws issues in B2B international sales related to Covid 19 pandemic for international contracts. It will address the choice of lex contractus and its scope concerning force majeure, including issues of causation, penalty clauses, evidence (with reference to "certificates of force majeure" issued by some Governments), payments and overriding mandatory rules. ; For centuries, national legal systems have recognised the principle pacta sunt servanda as well as its exceptions, rebus sic stantibus and ad impossibilia nemo tenetur, but the way these legal fundamentals operate is a variable in comparative law. Unforeseeable change in circumstances is amongst the most relevant issues for international contracts thus international business practice has provided some standard solutions. The Vienna Convention on the International Sale of goods (CISG), of 11 April 1980, has also offered some uniform law solutions but they are unsatisfactory especially when confronted with modern business practice and Covid-19 pandemic potential litigation. Academic literature on conflict of laws aspects of force majeure is also scarce. This essay explores some of the most relevant conflict of laws issues in B2B international sales related to Covid 19 pandemic for international contracts. It will address the choice of lex contractus and its scope concerning force majeure, including issues of causation, penalty clauses, evidence (with reference to "certificates of force majeure" issued by some Governments), payments and overriding mandatory rules.
