Mediation is an alternative to traditional legal conflict resolution forms. This alternative dispute resolution process is widely used in USA, Canada and many European countries. Mediation is just starting to be used in Lithuania, so it is important to know variety of different mediation styles. In this article we made an attempt to analyse primary mediation styles that are in popular use today: facilitative, evaluative, transformative, narrative and those mediation styles which are distinquished on a basis of research: pragmatic, socioemotional, mixed and others. Analysis of literature shows that the role of the mediator variates from directive, evaluative, suggesting solutions to helping parties find solutions themselves. The main purpose of the mediation is not always to find mutualy acceptable solutions. The most important purpose might be to achieve mutual understanding of the parties. ; Mediacija yra tradicinių teisinių konflikto sprendimo būdų alternatyva. Ši alternatyvi ginčo sprendimo procedūra plačiai taikoma JAV, Kanadoje ir daugelyje Europos šalių. Lietuvoje mediacija dar tik žengia pirmuosius žingsnius, todėl svarbu ne tik perimti kokį nors vieną mediacijos stilių, bet pažinti kiek įmanoma platesnę mediacijos stilių įvairovę. Šiame straipsnyje analizuojami šiuo metu egzistuojantys populiariausi pagrindiniai mediacijos stiliai ir tie mediacijos stiliai, kurie yra išskirti ty-rimo būdu. Literatūros analizė rodo, kad tarpininko vaidmuo gali varijuoti nuo direktyvaus, vertinančio ir siūlančio sprendimus, iki padedančio rasti sprendimus. Pagrindinis mediacijos tikslas ne visada yra pasiekti abipusiškai priimtiną šalių susitarimą. Svarbesnis tikslas gali būti pasiekti šalių savitarpio supratimą.
Fast development of informative technologies, convenient political situation (membership in the EU, NATO, projects with other states etc.) result in significant changes in Baltic States stock markets. That's why naturally rises a wish to analyze this market: what makes it attractive to issuers of Baltic states, what means does it use to attract investors, what investing possibilities are given. The subject of the work is Baltic States stock markets and their members. The purpose of the work is to analyze and compare services that provide the members of Baltic states stock markets, their tariffs; to analyze the legitimate basis of Lithuanian Republic related to taxing of stock trade considering the influence of costs having because of established taxes on increment of investment. The goal of the work is to analyze known investment methods concerning formation of optimized portfolio; to summarize stock market development in Lithuania by clearing participants of the market, legitimate regulation of the stock market; to analyze essential features (structure, characteristics) of Baltic states stock market; to compare the services of chosen members of the market by evaluating their tariffs; to investigate the influence of emerged taxing costs to possible capital increment; to evaluate the obtained results and to summarize the findings about the influence of taxes to aimed profitability of stock portfolio. For solving of set tasks was made the analysis and summarization of scientific literature and legitimate basis of Lithuanian Republic. By observing the work of the members of the market there also was made the comparative tariffs analysis that served as basis to investigate the influence of taxing costs to capital increment. The analysis of services and costs provided by chosen finance brokers and summarization of stock trading taxing that is covered in Lithuanian Republic laws allows to evaluate the influence of taxes due to had costs to profitability of controlled portfolio.
Fast development of informative technologies, convenient political situation (membership in the EU, NATO, projects with other states etc.) result in significant changes in Baltic States stock markets. That's why naturally rises a wish to analyze this market: what makes it attractive to issuers of Baltic states, what means does it use to attract investors, what investing possibilities are given. The subject of the work is Baltic States stock markets and their members. The purpose of the work is to analyze and compare services that provide the members of Baltic states stock markets, their tariffs; to analyze the legitimate basis of Lithuanian Republic related to taxing of stock trade considering the influence of costs having because of established taxes on increment of investment. The goal of the work is to analyze known investment methods concerning formation of optimized portfolio; to summarize stock market development in Lithuania by clearing participants of the market, legitimate regulation of the stock market; to analyze essential features (structure, characteristics) of Baltic states stock market; to compare the services of chosen members of the market by evaluating their tariffs; to investigate the influence of emerged taxing costs to possible capital increment; to evaluate the obtained results and to summarize the findings about the influence of taxes to aimed profitability of stock portfolio. For solving of set tasks was made the analysis and summarization of scientific literature and legitimate basis of Lithuanian Republic. By observing the work of the members of the market there also was made the comparative tariffs analysis that served as basis to investigate the influence of taxing costs to capital increment. The analysis of services and costs provided by chosen finance brokers and summarization of stock trading taxing that is covered in Lithuanian Republic laws allows to evaluate the influence of taxes due to had costs to profitability of controlled portfolio.
Research purpose. This study identifies analyses four key higher education policy models on the basis of OECD and EU data base with background discussion. The study provides information and knowledge how higher education policies and some key economic indicators can be combined? Study provides comparative trend analyses, which are policy-relevant and give insights to decision-makers. Design / Methodology / Approach. Since the well-known Mincer-Earnings-Equation in the early 1970s, there has emerged an extensive literature concerning the monetary returns on higher education. Tuition fees in higher education can be considered as private investment in higher personal incomes. Free educa-tion has been opposed on the basis of its unfairness: At the same time as the proportion of public expendi-ture on tertiary educational institutions is an average of near 70 percent of total expenditure in all OECD countries, less educated tax-payers support higher futures incomes of privileged students. In this paper we focus on key trends of economies with their higher education systems. Findings. At present, only few countries, in addition to the Nordic Countries, have adopted tuition-free higher education system. There are growing financial and political pressures to adopt tuition also in these countries. Thus, it is of the greatest importance to acquire research knowledge in this matter. First, we briefly review the relevant theoretical and empirical economic literature. Next, we discuss the potential economic benefits of tuition-free higher education system in terms of dynamic macro efficiency. We suggest an eclectic approach, where aspects of endogenous growth theory and dynamic public economics are em-phasized. Criterion for national success is the balanced growth path with social welfare maximization. We argue that there are plausible links between national success indicators, like competitiveness and welfare, and free higher education. In this paper, we present some empirical comparative analyses which are rele-vant for the assessment of higher education systems in the global OECD study context. The study contrib-utes to (1) the global analysis of higher education systems, (2) to the policy of higher education finance, ,(3) the education and inequality discussion, (4) to the discussion about returns of higher education and (5) to the discussion about education and development. Originality / Value / Practical implications. This study helps decision-makers in the field of higher edu-cation policy to create a big picture of on-going trends of higher education systems. The applies OECD´s analyses as a analytical framework. OECD classifies in its "Education at a Glance" report (2014, 2020) four alternative models of tuition fees and student support systems. Model 1: Countries with no or low tuition fees and generous student support system (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden). Model 2: Countries with high tuition fees and well-developed student support systems (Australia, Canada, New Zea-land, the United Kingdom and US). Model 3: Countries with high tuition fees and less-developed student support systems (Chile, Japan and South-Korea); and Model 4: Countries with low tuition fees and less-developed student support systems (Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Switzerland and Spain). The study executes an empirical analysis of the higher education systems in these countries. A data pool covers higher education data, economic growth data and key welfare indicators. The study executes an empirical analysis of the higher education systems in these countries. A data pool covers higher education data, economic growth data and key welfare indicators.
Research purpose. This study identifies analyses four key higher education policy models on the basis of OECD and EU data base with background discussion. The study provides information and knowledge how higher education policies and some key economic indicators can be combined? Study provides comparative trend analyses, which are policy-relevant and give insights to decision-makers. Design / Methodology / Approach. Since the well-known Mincer-Earnings-Equation in the early 1970s, there has emerged an extensive literature concerning the monetary returns on higher education. Tuition fees in higher education can be considered as private investment in higher personal incomes. Free educa-tion has been opposed on the basis of its unfairness: At the same time as the proportion of public expendi-ture on tertiary educational institutions is an average of near 70 percent of total expenditure in all OECD countries, less educated tax-payers support higher futures incomes of privileged students. In this paper we focus on key trends of economies with their higher education systems. Findings. At present, only few countries, in addition to the Nordic Countries, have adopted tuition-free higher education system. There are growing financial and political pressures to adopt tuition also in these countries. Thus, it is of the greatest importance to acquire research knowledge in this matter. First, we briefly review the relevant theoretical and empirical economic literature. Next, we discuss the potential economic benefits of tuition-free higher education system in terms of dynamic macro efficiency. We suggest an eclectic approach, where aspects of endogenous growth theory and dynamic public economics are em-phasized. Criterion for national success is the balanced growth path with social welfare maximization. We argue that there are plausible links between national success indicators, like competitiveness and welfare, and free higher education. In this paper, we present some empirical comparative analyses which are rele-vant for the assessment of higher education systems in the global OECD study context. The study contrib-utes to (1) the global analysis of higher education systems, (2) to the policy of higher education finance, ,(3) the education and inequality discussion, (4) to the discussion about returns of higher education and (5) to the discussion about education and development. Originality / Value / Practical implications. This study helps decision-makers in the field of higher edu-cation policy to create a big picture of on-going trends of higher education systems. The applies OECD´s analyses as a analytical framework. OECD classifies in its "Education at a Glance" report (2014, 2020) four alternative models of tuition fees and student support systems. Model 1: Countries with no or low tuition fees and generous student support system (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden). Model 2: Countries with high tuition fees and well-developed student support systems (Australia, Canada, New Zea-land, the United Kingdom and US). Model 3: Countries with high tuition fees and less-developed student support systems (Chile, Japan and South-Korea); and Model 4: Countries with low tuition fees and less-developed student support systems (Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Switzerland and Spain). The study executes an empirical analysis of the higher education systems in these countries. A data pool covers higher education data, economic growth data and key welfare indicators. The study executes an empirical analysis of the higher education systems in these countries. A data pool covers higher education data, economic growth data and key welfare indicators.
The objects of non-pecuniary damage and their theoretical and practical differencies in Lithunian, Italian, Great Britain, American, German and French legal systems are analysed in this Master work. It is attempted to show, that a right to non-pecuniary damage redress after infringement of non-economical values is being expanded both - in singular and bipolar countries, as a result of the concept of human rights doctrine and aspiration to entirely implement the principle of damage compensation, though accepting the impossibility of restitutio in integrum in the field of non-pecuniary damage because of the specificity of the lost value. The primary aim of this work is to explore the objects of non-pecuniary damage, the trends of their development and application in judicial practice, to reveal the requirements, raised in every case of the infringement of the object, and the restrictions applied to the redress of non-pecuniary damage. Therefore, with the help of comparative, historical, logical, systemic and other methods, the experience of chosen countries is analysed, trying to envisage not only some similarities, but also to reveal the diferrencies, applied in the implementation process of the right to non-pecuniary damage. The work consists of introduction, four chapters, conclusions, the list of literature and summary. Tha aim of the first chapter is to disclose particular theoretical aspects of non-pecuniary damage, such as the functions of non-pecuniary damage redress and a concept, solidified in legal acts of variuos countries. The second part of this work describes the diferrencies of the objects of non-pecuniary damage redress in bipolar and singular countries, which, because of the increasing influence of human rights doctrine nowadays is not a clear-cut distinction. The third chapter – "The retrospective review of the object of non-pecuniary damage" proves the fact, that the range of the objects of non-pecuniary damage is a dynamic and historically shifting phenomenon, depending on values accepted by the society, impact of social and political factors. Persons life, health, liberty, honour, dignity and private life as the objects of non-pecuniary damage redress are particularly discovered on the fourth chapter of this work, as well as an opportunity to claim for non-pecuniary damage redress in a case of the infringement of contractual obligations. The particularities of specific objects of non-pecuniary damage and conditions when this kind of redress is available or restricted in certain countries is also being exposed.
The objects of non-pecuniary damage and their theoretical and practical differencies in Lithunian, Italian, Great Britain, American, German and French legal systems are analysed in this Master work. It is attempted to show, that a right to non-pecuniary damage redress after infringement of non-economical values is being expanded both - in singular and bipolar countries, as a result of the concept of human rights doctrine and aspiration to entirely implement the principle of damage compensation, though accepting the impossibility of restitutio in integrum in the field of non-pecuniary damage because of the specificity of the lost value. The primary aim of this work is to explore the objects of non-pecuniary damage, the trends of their development and application in judicial practice, to reveal the requirements, raised in every case of the infringement of the object, and the restrictions applied to the redress of non-pecuniary damage. Therefore, with the help of comparative, historical, logical, systemic and other methods, the experience of chosen countries is analysed, trying to envisage not only some similarities, but also to reveal the diferrencies, applied in the implementation process of the right to non-pecuniary damage. The work consists of introduction, four chapters, conclusions, the list of literature and summary. Tha aim of the first chapter is to disclose particular theoretical aspects of non-pecuniary damage, such as the functions of non-pecuniary damage redress and a concept, solidified in legal acts of variuos countries. The second part of this work describes the diferrencies of the objects of non-pecuniary damage redress in bipolar and singular countries, which, because of the increasing influence of human rights doctrine nowadays is not a clear-cut distinction. The third chapter – "The retrospective review of the object of non-pecuniary damage" proves the fact, that the range of the objects of non-pecuniary damage is a dynamic and historically shifting phenomenon, depending on values accepted by the society, impact of social and political factors. Persons life, health, liberty, honour, dignity and private life as the objects of non-pecuniary damage redress are particularly discovered on the fourth chapter of this work, as well as an opportunity to claim for non-pecuniary damage redress in a case of the infringement of contractual obligations. The particularities of specific objects of non-pecuniary damage and conditions when this kind of redress is available or restricted in certain countries is also being exposed.
This article reveals the research issues related to the implementation of technology-driven change, distinguishes differences in techno-change, information technology projects and organisational change programmes, and names the stages in the implementation of technology-induced change, and comparative technological models of research of acceptance of change. The scientific literature points out that techno-changes differ from the usual information technology and organisational change programmes, because not only do they focus on the improvement of technological activities, but they also have a huge impact on users (people, processes, organisational activities). Technochange differs from organisational change, in that in this type of change, information technologies, information technology specialists and technical methodologies are very clearly involved in the change, and technochange is distinguished by its complexity. Three or four stages are usually distinguished for the implementation of technology-induced changes in organisations by the most commonly used phases in the life cycle of technological change proposed by Markus (2004). In models of the acceptance of technological change, an organisation is treated as a combination of two interconnected systems, technical and social. The implementation of technological change is aimed at harmonising the structure of technical and social organisation, and improving the activities of the organisation. The success of technological change is linked to the balance of technology, consumers and tasks, and the political, technological and social consequences. In this way, structural, strategic and intellectual, as well as social and cultural dimensions are included at organisational and individual levels of change. An analysis of concepts of the implementation of technological change is useful in understanding not only the implementation of technological change itself, and the analysis of its technical characteristics and the management of their acceptance. It is also useful for understanding the social side of the organisational structure, its capacity and infrastructure levels, the personal reasons why individual employees tend to resist technological change, what interventions can be made, and how to influence workers' behaviour to help reduce their resistance to technological change.
This article reveals the research issues related to the implementation of technology-driven change, distinguishes differences in techno-change, information technology projects and organisational change programmes, and names the stages in the implementation of technology-induced change, and comparative technological models of research of acceptance of change. The scientific literature points out that techno-changes differ from the usual information technology and organisational change programmes, because not only do they focus on the improvement of technological activities, but they also have a huge impact on users (people, processes, organisational activities). Technochange differs from organisational change, in that in this type of change, information technologies, information technology specialists and technical methodologies are very clearly involved in the change, and technochange is distinguished by its complexity. Three or four stages are usually distinguished for the implementation of technology-induced changes in organisations by the most commonly used phases in the life cycle of technological change proposed by Markus (2004). In models of the acceptance of technological change, an organisation is treated as a combination of two interconnected systems, technical and social. The implementation of technological change is aimed at harmonising the structure of technical and social organisation, and improving the activities of the organisation. The success of technological change is linked to the balance of technology, consumers and tasks, and the political, technological and social consequences. In this way, structural, strategic and intellectual, as well as social and cultural dimensions are included at organisational and individual levels of change. An analysis of concepts of the implementation of technological change is useful in understanding not only the implementation of technological change itself, and the analysis of its technical characteristics and the management of their acceptance. It is also useful for understanding the social side of the organisational structure, its capacity and infrastructure levels, the personal reasons why individual employees tend to resist technological change, what interventions can be made, and how to influence workers' behaviour to help reduce their resistance to technological change.
This article reveals the research issues related to the implementation of technology-driven change, distinguishes differences in techno-change, information technology projects and organisational change programmes, and names the stages in the implementation of technology-induced change, and comparative technological models of research of acceptance of change. The scientific literature points out that techno-changes differ from the usual information technology and organisational change programmes, because not only do they focus on the improvement of technological activities, but they also have a huge impact on users (people, processes, organisational activities). Technochange differs from organisational change, in that in this type of change, information technologies, information technology specialists and technical methodologies are very clearly involved in the change, and technochange is distinguished by its complexity. Three or four stages are usually distinguished for the implementation of technology-induced changes in organisations by the most commonly used phases in the life cycle of technological change proposed by Markus (2004). In models of the acceptance of technological change, an organisation is treated as a combination of two interconnected systems, technical and social. The implementation of technological change is aimed at harmonising the structure of technical and social organisation, and improving the activities of the organisation. The success of technological change is linked to the balance of technology, consumers and tasks, and the political, technological and social consequences. In this way, structural, strategic and intellectual, as well as social and cultural dimensions are included at organisational and individual levels of change. An analysis of concepts of the implementation of technological change is useful in understanding not only the implementation of technological change itself, and the analysis of its technical characteristics and the management of their acceptance. It is also useful for understanding the social side of the organisational structure, its capacity and infrastructure levels, the personal reasons why individual employees tend to resist technological change, what interventions can be made, and how to influence workers' behaviour to help reduce their resistance to technological change.
This article reveals the research issues related to the implementation of technology-driven change, distinguishes differences in techno-change, information technology projects and organisational change programmes, and names the stages in the implementation of technology-induced change, and comparative technological models of research of acceptance of change. The scientific literature points out that techno-changes differ from the usual information technology and organisational change programmes, because not only do they focus on the improvement of technological activities, but they also have a huge impact on users (people, processes, organisational activities). Technochange differs from organisational change, in that in this type of change, information technologies, information technology specialists and technical methodologies are very clearly involved in the change, and technochange is distinguished by its complexity. Three or four stages are usually distinguished for the implementation of technology-induced changes in organisations by the most commonly used phases in the life cycle of technological change proposed by Markus (2004). In models of the acceptance of technological change, an organisation is treated as a combination of two interconnected systems, technical and social. The implementation of technological change is aimed at harmonising the structure of technical and social organisation, and improving the activities of the organisation. The success of technological change is linked to the balance of technology, consumers and tasks, and the political, technological and social consequences. In this way, structural, strategic and intellectual, as well as social and cultural dimensions are included at organisational and individual levels of change. An analysis of concepts of the implementation of technological change is useful in understanding not only the implementation of technological change itself, and the analysis of its technical characteristics and the management of their acceptance. It is also useful for understanding the social side of the organisational structure, its capacity and infrastructure levels, the personal reasons why individual employees tend to resist technological change, what interventions can be made, and how to influence workers' behaviour to help reduce their resistance to technological change.
The article presents an investigation of the prevention of corruption by the Ministries of the Republic of Lithuania. The theoretical part examines legislation and scientific literature, reviews the concept of corruption, and examines the process of corruption prevention and measures. When comparing the implementation of the prevention o f corruption in the Ministries of the Republic of Lithuania, corruption prevention plans prepared by these institutions, considering the set out goals and tasks, and measures to combat corruption in institutions subordinate to the Ministry. This research r evealed that the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Internal Affairs have the most comprehensive corruption prevention programs. This research also revealed that corruption prevention programs of all for ministries: the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Education and Science, and the Ministry of Social Security and Labor, have similarities because all corruption prevention programs were written in accordance with the Law on the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Lithuania.
The article presents an investigation of the prevention of corruption by the Ministries of the Republic of Lithuania. The theoretical part examines legislation and scientific literature, reviews the concept of corruption, and examines the process of corruption prevention and measures. When comparing the implementation of the prevention o f corruption in the Ministries of the Republic of Lithuania, corruption prevention plans prepared by these institutions, considering the set out goals and tasks, and measures to combat corruption in institutions subordinate to the Ministry. This research r evealed that the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Internal Affairs have the most comprehensive corruption prevention programs. This research also revealed that corruption prevention programs of all for ministries: the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Education and Science, and the Ministry of Social Security and Labor, have similarities because all corruption prevention programs were written in accordance with the Law on the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Lithuania.
The article presents an investigation of the prevention of corruption by the Ministries of the Republic of Lithuania. The theoretical part examines legislation and scientific literature, reviews the concept of corruption, and examines the process of corruption prevention and measures. When comparing the implementation of the prevention o f corruption in the Ministries of the Republic of Lithuania, corruption prevention plans prepared by these institutions, considering the set out goals and tasks, and measures to combat corruption in institutions subordinate to the Ministry. This research r evealed that the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Internal Affairs have the most comprehensive corruption prevention programs. This research also revealed that corruption prevention programs of all for ministries: the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Education and Science, and the Ministry of Social Security and Labor, have similarities because all corruption prevention programs were written in accordance with the Law on the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Lithuania.
The article presents an investigation of the prevention of corruption by the Ministries of the Republic of Lithuania. The theoretical part examines legislation and scientific literature, reviews the concept of corruption, and examines the process of corruption prevention and measures. When comparing the implementation of the prevention o f corruption in the Ministries of the Republic of Lithuania, corruption prevention plans prepared by these institutions, considering the set out goals and tasks, and measures to combat corruption in institutions subordinate to the Ministry. This research r evealed that the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Internal Affairs have the most comprehensive corruption prevention programs. This research also revealed that corruption prevention programs of all for ministries: the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Education and Science, and the Ministry of Social Security and Labor, have similarities because all corruption prevention programs were written in accordance with the Law on the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Lithuania.
