Suchergebnisse

Predmet ovoga rada je pregled zakonskog uređenja i sudske prakse u pogledu personalne subrogacije, regresne obveze i regresnog potraživanja osiguratelja na isplatu naknade iz osiguranja kao i utvrđivanje visine isplate regresnog potraživanja u parničnom postupku pred sudom te ustupanje tražbine – cesija. U radu se polazi od stajališta da su pojmovi i instituti subrogacija, regres i cesija vrlo slični te da često dolazi do njihova poistovjećivanja pa se pokušava jasno razlučiti na što se točno koji pojam odnosi. U hrvatskom pravu pod pravom subrogacija osiguratelja najčešće se podrazumijeva zakonska personalna subrogacija gdje isplatom naknade iz osiguranja osiguratelj stupa u pravni položaj svojega osiguranika odakle i izvodi svoje pravo potraživanja prema osobi odgovornoj za štetu. Uz navedeno, u radu se razmatra i zastara prava regresa osiguratelja. Nadalje, autor polazi od stajališta da je u sudskom postupku pokrenutom radi regresne isplate nužno da sudski vještak jasno odredi parametre na temelju kojih će sud moći ocijeniti u određenom postotku eventualni doprinos oštećenika za nastalu štetu te s obzirom na to umanjiti regresnu obvezu osiguranika, tuženika u tome postupku prema tužitelju, osiguratelju. ; The subject of this paper is a review of legislation and case law regarding personal subrogation, recourse obligation and recourse claim of the insurer for payment of insurance compensation as well as determining the amount of payment of recourse claim in civil proceedings before the court and assignment of the claim - cession. The paper starts from the point of view that the terms and institutes of subrogation, recourse and cession are very similar and that they are often identified, so we try to clearly distinguish what exactly the term refers to. In Croatian law, the right of subrogation of the insurer is most often understood as legal personal subrogation where by paying the insurance compensation the insurer assumes the legal position of its insured and consequently enabling the insurer to claim damages against the responsible person . In addition to the above, the paper also considers the statute of limitations for insurers' recourse rights. Furthermore, the author starts from the point of view that in court proceedings initiated for recourse payment it is necessary for the court expert to clearly determine the parameters based on which the court will be able to assess in a certain percentage the possible contribution of the injured party to the damage towards the plaintiff, namely the insurer.

The author analyzes the classical postulate of Hobbes' political theory, starting from the negation of man's social character, with which Hobbes broke from the Aristotelian tradition. The author also shows through Hobbes' theory that the category of fear is a crucial notion in modern political science. During the later development of political thought, however, the category of fear remained outside the main scope of interest of political theory, it was pushed on the margins of theoretical study & was thrown out of the field of politics. The author stresses that power, & the desire for it is Hobbes' political constant, seeing the thesis on power as one Hobbes' most significant politico-sociological or even anthropological theses. It could also be said that in Hobbes' model, fear produces power, namely, that power, to use the contemporary language of psychoanalysis, is a compensation for fear & insecurity. The author also shows that Hobbes built his entire political theory on conclusions which he drew from the analysis of an extreme situation, the situation of civil war, i.e. war of all against all. His doctrine of the natural state is based one the experience of civil war. People want the same things, of which there is not enough to go around, & so they become enemies. The author draws the conclusion that the superior sovereignty of Leviathan came about in the following categorical way: instinct for self-preservation -- fear of violent death -- distrust -- a conflict of all against all -- social contract -- sovereign power of the state of Leviathan. References. Adapted from the source document.

Mirovinski sustav ima različite zadaće koje su ponekad i međusobno suprotstavljene. Usprkos očitom poboljšanju materijalnog položaja starijih osoba, sustav međugeneracijske solidarnosti ima i neke neželjene učinke − izobličuje ponudu rada i oblike naknade, povećava gubitke mrtvog tereta doprinosa, uvjetuje pretjeranu preraspodjelu i stvara dugoročno neodrživ pritisak na javne financije. Stoga je u Hrvatskoj provedena mirovinska reforma i uveden sustav osobnih računa. Njegovo moguće zamrzavanje ili ukidanje imalo bi vrlo nepovoljne gospodarske učinke, a dovelo bi i do razbijanja povjerenja u taj sustav štednje. Ono bi samo nakratko ublažilo proračunski deficit, a državi bi stvorilo velike dugotrajne poteškoće u ispunjavanju obveza prema osobama koje su ostvarile mirovinska prava. Cilj ovog rada je pojasniti važnost očuvanja obveznog kapitaliziranog mirovinskog osiguranja (drugog stupa) u Hrvatskoj. U radu se pojašnjavaju njegova najznačajnija obilježja te navode mogućnosti poboljšanja i unapređenja. ; The pension system has different demanding tasks that may sometimes be mutually in conflict. Despite the apparent improvement in the financial position of older people, the intergenerational solidarity system also has some adverse effects. It could distort labour supply and forms of compensation, increase the loss of dead weight effect of social insurance contributions, exaggerate redistribution in the system and create long-term unsustainable pressure on public finances. Therefore, a pension reform was implemented in Croatia and a funded system with personal accounts was introduced. Possible freezing or cancellation of the funded system would have highly unfavourable economic effects and would lead to a breakdown of trust in this savings system. It would only briefly mitigate the budget deficit, while simultaneously it would create great long-lasting difficulties for the government in meeting the obligations towards persons who had acquired pension rights. The purpose of this text is to clarify the importance of preserving compulsory funded (capitalized) pension insurance (the second pillar) in Croatia. The paper explains the most significant features of the funded pension insurance and offers possibilities for improvements.

U ovom radu autorica piše o povratu židovske imovine u Hrvatskoj, od devedesetih godina 20. stoljeća do danas. Zbog nedorečenih zakona te sporosti hrvatskog sudstva pitanje povrata židovske imovine još uvijek nije riješeno, a uglavnom se aktualizira kada se netko od hrvatskih vlasti sastaje s nekim iz Izraela ili američke administracije. Prema sadašnjim aktualnim propisima jedina židovska imovina koju je moguće vratiti je ona oduzeta nakon 1945. godine, dok je imovina koja je oduzeta u vrijeme NDH ostala nedirnuta, odnosno "zaštićena" zakonima koji su doneseni još za vrijeme Jugoslavije. Sadašnji povrat oduzete imovine provodi se prema Zakonu o naknadi za imovinu, oduzetu za vrijeme jugoslavenske komunističke vladavine, koji je stupio na snagu 1997. godine, pri čemu su pravo povrata ili naknade imali samo hrvatski državljani u prvom nasljednom redu. Zakon je dopunjen 2002., kada je odlučeno da i stranci imaju pravo povrata. Od 2002. godine očekuju se izmjene Zakona o naknadi, posebice one koje se tiču židovske imovine koja nema nasljednika, ali do danas nisu donesene. Točan broj zaprimljenih i riješenih zahtjeva još uvijek je neutvrđen. ; The author discusses the restitution of Jewish property in Croatia from the 1990s to the present. Due to vague laws and the sluggishness of the Croatian judiciary, the issue of the restitution of Jewish property has yet to be resolved. Generally, restitution only occurs when someone from the Croatian government meets with someone from Israel or the American administration. According to current regulations, the only Jewish property that can be returned is that confiscated after 1945, while property confiscated during the regime of the Independent State of Croatia has remained intact, i.e., "protected" by laws that were adopted at the time of the former Yugoslavia. The current restitution of property is being carried out according to the Law on the Restitution of Property Taken under the Yugoslav Communist Rule, which went into force in 1997, according to which only Croatian citizens and their direct heirs were eligible for restitution or compensation of property. The law was amended in 2002, when it was ruled that foreign claimants were entitled to restitution. Since 2002, amendments to this law have been anticipated, particularly regarding Jewish property in cases when there are no heirs, but nothing has been done so far. The precise numbers of claims received and resolved remain unclear.

RIJEČ UREDNIŠTVAŠumama se gospodari prema osnovi i programu gospodarenja za pojedinu gospodarsku jedinicu. Osnova i program gospodarenja izrađeni su na temelju Zakona o šumama i Pravilnika o uređivanja šuma. No, poštuju se i odredbe još nekih zakonskih akata i podakata, kao što su: Zakon o zaštiti prirode, Zakon o zaštiti okoliša, Zakon o šumskom reprodukcijskom materijalu, Zakon o lovstvu, Zakon o zaštiti od požara, Zakon o vodama, Zakon o cestama, Zakon o prostornom uređenju i gradnji, Zakon o državnoj izmjeri i katastru nekretnina, Zakon o održivom gospodarenju otpadom te Pravilnik o doznaci stabala, obilježavanju drvnih sortimenata, popratnici i šumskom redu, Pravilnik o zaštiti šuma od požara, Pravilnik o strogo zaštićenim vrstama i Pravilnik o sakupljanju samoniklih biljaka te Uredba o ekološkoj mreži. Naravno, gospodarska osnova usklađena je s propisima Šumsko gospodarske osnove područja Republike Hrvatske. Sve rečeno dobro je poznato šumarskim stručnjacima, posebice onima iz odjela za uređivanje šuma koji pripremaju i izrađuju osnove gospodarenja, no dobro je podsjetiti se i pomoći neupućenima shvatiti da je drvo kao sirovina za daljnju preradu, samo jedan od proizvoda šume. Upravo dokumenti na koje se oslanja izrada osnova gospodarenja, ukazuju na zadaću šume i njenu općekorisnu funkciju te naknade za nju, koja je većini građana sporna, ponajprije iz neznanja. No, poticaj za pisanje bilo kojega, pa i ovoga podsjetnika-uvoda i pitanja postavljenog u naslovu, uvijek su neki događaji koji nas iz našeg okruženja trenutačno okupiraju .Već nekoliko godina sukladno Zakonu o naknadi za imovinu oduzetu za vrijeme jugoslavenske komunističke vladavine, vraćaju se određene površine šuma bivšim vlasnicima - u pojedinim slučajevima radi se i o povećim površinama. Prema Pravilniku o uređivanju šuma, kada dođe do promjene vlasničkih odnosa uzrokovanih povratom imovine na temelju posebnog Zakona i kada se radi o povratu šumske površine veće od 100 ha, potrebno je izraditi izvanrednu reviziju osnove gospodarenja. To rade Hrvatske šume d.o.o., kojima je povjereno gospodarenje šumama u vlasništvu države, a odobrava resorno ministarstvo putem stručnog povjerenstva. Očekuje se da to rade i "novi-stari" vlasnici šuma, jer Zakon o šumama vrijedi za sve vlasnike šuma. Odjeli za uređivanje šuma Hrvatskih šuma d.o.o. novim-starim vlasnicima šuma nude izradu osnova gospodarenja, kažu uglavnom neuspješno. Pretpostavljamo da te programe za njih rade neke druge licencirane šumarske tvrtke. Nije za vjerovati, ali kažu da ima čak primjera da se gospodarenje povjerava pilanaru! Dakle, već znano "haračenje" u privatnim šumama izgleda nastavlja se, samo sada na nešto većim površinama. Prema tomu, sječe se nemilice i očito to netko odobrava ili zatvara oči pred time. Ne želimo nikoga optuživati, jer nismo inspektori, nego samo na temelju indicija upozoravamo resorno ministarstvo da poduzme odgovarajuće mjere, posebice Komoru inženjera šumarstva i drvne tehnologije da zaštiti žig ovlaštenog inženjera od eventualnog profaniranja.Inače, interesantno bi bilo znati na koji način i gdje završava ta drvna sirovina iz privatnih šuma i u kojoj fazi obrade. Za drvnu sirovinu Hrvatskih šuma d.o.o. znamo da se većina "raspoređuje" kupcima po netržišnim cijenama, iako već male količine koje se prodaju po tržišnom načelu putem javnog nadmetanja, pokazuju osjetnu razliku u prihodu, no napravljene promjene u prodajnoj politici državnih šuma tek su na tragu željenih i realnijih prihoda. Država-vlasnik gubi, a pune se privatni džepovi drvoprerađivača s opravdanjem očuvanja radnih mjesta. Vijesti u dnevnome tisku o povećanju cijena drvne sirovine samo je nova administrativna, a ne tržišna mjera. Prije nekoliko dana gledamo na HTV preradu drva u Petrinji i prvi zaključak je "sada su na redu Hrvatske šume d.o.o." koje trebaju osigurati drvnu sirovinu, kao što se to tražilo za sličnu proizvodnju u Vukovaru, naravno "po povoljnim cijenama". A koja je to finalna proizvodnja? Parket, koji poštujući racionalno korištenje drvne sirovine zapravo predstavlja proizvod pilanske dorade i najnižeg stupnja finalne obrade drva. Furnir je pak poluproizvod-sirovina za daljnju obradu drva. Prave finalizacije tu nigdje nema, a upravo ona osigurava stvaranje dodane vrijednosti i nova radna mjesta, koja mi našom netržišnom politikom izvozimo umjesto drvnih proizvoda visoke finaliziranosti. Nije potrebno reći da finalizacija onda potiče prateću industriju (okovi, ljepila, lakovi i sl.) i stručno osposobljavanje i zapošljavanje, kako proizvodnih radnika, tako i inženjera drvne tehnologije. Zbog čega je to tako teško shvatiti?Uredništvo ; EDITORIALForests are managed according to the management plan and programme of a particular management unit. Management plans and programmes are drawn up on the basis of the Forest Act and the Forest Management Regulations. However, are the regulations of other laws and by-laws obeyed? These include, for example, the Nature Protection Act, the Environment Protection Act, the Act on Forest Reproductive Material, the Hunting Act, the Forest Fire Protection Act, the Water Act, the Act on Roads, the Physical Planning and Building Act, the State Measurement and Land Registry Act, the Act on Sustainable Waste Management, and the Regulation on Remittance of Trees, Marking of the Timber and Forest Row, the Regulation on Forest Fire Protection, the Regulation on Strictly Protected Species, the Regulation on the Collection of Wild Plants, and the Regulation on the Ecological Network. The management plan is coordinated with the regulations of the Forest Management Plan of the Republic of Croatia. All this is well known to forestry experts and particularly to those from the Forest Planning Department, who prepare and draw up management plans. Still, it is worth while reminding those less knowledgeable of the matter that timber as raw material for further processing is only one of the vast array of forest products. The basic documents used to formulate management plans clearly highlight the role of the forest and its non-market function, as well as the monetary compensation for this function. Yet, this compensation is the bone of contention for the majority of the citizens, who are generally unaware of forest functions. However, writing this reminder-introductory word and asking the question in the title is always prompted by some events from our surroundings that draw our attention. For several years now, pursuant to the Act on Compensation for and Restitution of Assets Taken under the Yugoslav Communist Regime, some forest areas have been returned to their former owners - in some cases these areas are relatively large. According to the Forest Management Act, in the case of changed ownership relations caused by the restitution of property based on a special Law and in the case of property exceeding 100 ha, it is necessary to revise the management plan. This is done by the company "Croatian Forests" Ltd, which has been entrusted with the management of state-owned forests, and must be approved by the corresponding Ministry through its expert commission. It is expected that the job is also performed by the "new-old" forest owners, because the Forest Act is binding for all forest owners. The forest management departments of "Croatian Forests" Ltd offer their services of formulating management plans to the new-old forest owners, but in their words, mainly unsuccessfully. We assume that these programmes are executed by some other licensed forestry companies. Hard to believe, but there have been cases of such jobs being entrusted to sawmill owners! Thus, the already familiar "acts of plundering" in private forests are continuing, but now over even larger areas. Trees are being mercilessly cut down, and it is evident that such acts are either approved by someone or that eyes are being shut to this practice. We would not want to incriminate anybody because we are not inspectors, but what we would like to do is, on the basis of indicators, warn the relevant ministry to undertake the required measures, and particularly the Chamber of Forestry and Wood Technology Engineers, to protect the seal of a licensed engineer from possible profanation. Otherwise, it would be interesting to know in what manner and where the raw wood material from private forests ends and in which processing stage it is found. We know that the majority of raw wood material of Croatian Forests Ltd is "distributed" to buyers at non-market prices, although even the small quantities sold on the market on the public bid principle show a considerable difference in the profit. However, the changes in the selling policy of state forests are a far cry from the desired and more realistic profit. The state - the owner, loses and private pockets of wood processors are filled on the pretext of retaining working places. The news in the press talking of higher prices of raw wood material is just a new administrative, and not a marketing measure. Several days ago we watched a TV programme on wood processing in Petrinja, and the first conclusion was that "it is the turn of Croatian Forests Ltd" to ensure raw wood material, in the same way it was demanded for similar production in Vukovar, naturally, at "favourable prices". What is this final production? Parquet, which, in the rational use of raw wood material represents a product of sawmill processing and the lowest stage of final timber processing. Veneer is a semi-finished product - raw material for further wood processing. There is no proper finalisation, and it is finalisation that generates the creation of added value and new working posts. Due to our non-market policy we export these instead of wood products in the highest finalising stage. It goes without saying that finalisation stimulates the accompanying industry (frames, glues, varnishes and similar) and ensures specialized training and employment to not only production workers but also wood technology engineers. Why is this so hard to understand?Editorial Board

Sanitetsko odjeljenje (Sn.O) bataljuna u jednoj od brigada Hrvatske vojske (HV) ustrojeno je tijekom srpnja 1991. godine, postavljanjem referenta Sn.O. Osnovni zadatak bio je kontinuirano izvršavanje zbrinjavanja vojaka u postrojbi bataljuna. S tim u svezi organiziran je rad ambulante opće prakse, stomatološke i ambulante za fizikalnu terapiju. Organiziranje i rad sanitetskih ekipa koje prate vojake na položaju, kao i interventne ekipe pri ambulanti opće prakse. Osim izvršavanja navedenoga Sn.O. bataljuna upućuje ranjene vojake na postoperativnu rehabilitaciju u toplice, kako u Republiku Hrvatsku, tako i u inozemstvo. Ovo Sn.O. pokrenulo je inicijativu glede obeštećenja ranjenih i poginulih vojaka na razini bataljuna. U ambulantama koje pokriva ovo Sn.O. (ambulanta opće prakse, stomatološka i ambulanta za fizikalnu terapiju), vodi se protokol bolesnika i kompjutorska obrada relevantnih pokazatelja zbrinutih vojaka. U Sn.O. bataljuna djeluju: referent sanitetskog odjeljenja, dva liječnika, jedna interventna ekipa sa sanitetskim vozilom pri ambulanti, tri sanitetske ekipe koje prate postrojbu na položaju (ekipe sačinjava: vozač, bolničar, medicinski tehničar i sanitetsko vozilo), jedan liječnik stomatolog i asistent u stomatološkoj ambulanti, jedan fizioterapeut i bolničar u ambulanti za fizikalnu terapiju. Ovdje je, međutim, važno pripomenuti da postrojba o kojoj je riječ po broju vojaka dvostruko premašuje postrojbu normalnog bataljuna, pa je organizacija Sn.O. ove postrojbe nešto drukčija od uobičajene sheme organizacije sanitetske službe (odjeljenja) na razini bataljuna. I, konačno, sanitetsko odjeljenje organiziralo je rad bolničara i medicinskih tehničara od razine voda do satnije, čime je u cijelosti zaokružena organizacija sanitetske službe ovoga bataljuna. ; Medical unit of a battalion in one of the brigades of the Croatian Army has been founded in July 1991 by the appointment of the medical officer. The main task was to perform continously the health care of the members of the battalion. At first, the work of a GP's surgery has been organized as well as that of a dentist's surgery and a surgery for physical therapy. The work of medical teams accompanying soldiers on their positions has also been organized as well as that of an emergency team in the GP's surgery. Besides of these tasks the medical officer of the battalion does also referrals of wounded soldiers to postoperative rehabilitation in rehabilitation institutes or spas both within the Republic of Croatia and abroad. This medical unit has also taken initiative concerning compensations to wounded soldiers or to families of dead soldiers at the level of the batt alion. In surgeries which are parts of this medical unit (GP, dentist, physical therapy) the patients' records are kept as well as the computer analysis of all relevant data about treated soldiers. The members of the medical unit are: the medical officer, two physicians, one emergency team with an ambulance which is a part of the surgery, 3 medical teams who accompany soldiers on their positions (a team consists of a driver, an aidman and a male nurse equipped with an ambulance), a dentist, a dentist's assistant, a physiotherapist and a aidman in the surgery for physical therapy. It is, however, important to remark that the military unit in question has twice inore soldiers than a normal battalion, so that its medical unit differs to some extent from the usual organizational scheme of medical units at the level of a battalion. And finally, the medical unit has organized the activity of aidmen and male nurses at the level of platoons up to the level of companies. In this way the organization of the medical service of this battalion has been rounded off completely.

U ovom radu, u razmatranju povijesnog razvoja stanovništva u zapadnoeuropskim zemljama u razdoblju nakon sredine 1960-ih godina, težište je izlaganja na temi "druga demografska tranzicija." Analizirat ćemo demografska i socio-demografska obilježja toga razdoblja, sličnosti i razlike s etapom prethodne demografske tranzicije te podudarnost "druge demografske tranzicije" s posttranzicijskom etapom u razvoju stanovništva. Nastojat ćemo odgovoriti na temeljno pitanje koje se u tim razmatranjima postavlja: može li se na osnovi empirijske i znanstvene analize "druga demografska tranzicija" smatrati "posebnom, novom etapom u razvoju stanovništva" ili je ona samo drugo ime za posttranzicijsku etapu kao etapu nakon prethodne ("prve") demografske tranzicije. U novim razvojnim uvjetima i uz nove ekonomskosocijalne, tehničko-tehnološke, vrijednosne, kulturološke i socio-psihološke čimbenike, "druga demografska tranzicija" predstavlja kontinuitet u odnosu na ustanovljen trend smanjivanja nataliteta/fertiliteta u prethodnoj demografskoj tranzicij i, koji je u novim uvjetima života i rada te djelovanju novih, napose vrijednosnih čimbenika relevantnih za postindustrijsko i postmodernizacijsko društvo, usmjeren na postignuće generacijski ispodzamjenskog nataliteta/fertiliteta. ; The second demographic transition came about in European demographic literature as a topic in 1986. The authors thereof were Dutch demographers Dirk van de Kaa and Ron Lesthaeghe. Starting from the demographic-historical conceptualisation of the theory of demographic transition, it may be concluded that following the fi rst demographic transition, the stage the authors call the second demographic transition occured in the development of the population. This is however only another name for the post-transitional stage, whereby this term includes the continuity of demographic trends, while the term the second demographic transition explains the discontinuity between the periods of the fi rst and the second demographic transition. Van de Kaa (1987) emphasises that due to the impact of essential specifi c factors, essential diff erences emerged between these two transitions. During the second demographic transition, they were caused by secularisation and individualisation processes, and new factors linked with them (new value orientation; socio-psychological and other factors). They caused a decline of marriages; an increase in the number of cohabitations and other forms of life partnerships; an increase in the number of children born out of wedlock; an increase in the number of divorces; etc., which have become acceptable in the perception of the young generation. On the contrary, having children and the number of children have become a matt er of partners' free choice, as their primary goal is to achieve self-fulfi lment at personal level. It has all exercised an impact on a further fertility reduction, which started in the middle phase, and became intensifi ed in the late phase of the fi rst transition. Essential diff erences between the fi rst and the second transition, which the authors mention in the paper, have however arisen from the understandable fact that each period bear their own specifi c historical context and specifi c features of social diff erentiation. The authors point out that essential diff erences between the two transitions have further arisen from the main postulates they are based upon. The fi nal stage of the fi rst transition was based on balance (zero level) between low birth and death rates, and on stationary population. In the second demographic transition, birth and fertility rates tended to be reduced to the sub-replacement level, or, according to Lesthaeghe, to the sustainable sub-replacement fertility level, which, along with life prolongation, intensifi ed population aging, which demanded the so-called replacement migration as a compensation for the decrease in workforce. Starting from the thesis that the second demographic transition was a new stage in European demographic history, separated from the fi rst transition, the authors emphasised that there was no continuity in fertility reduction between the two transitions, as in the second transition, this trend was oriented towards the permanent and sustainable sub-replacement fertility level. However, many other demographers, such as R. Cliquet and D. Coleman, hold that between the two transitions, there was a continuity in demographic trends, in particular fertility reduction, which leaned on the low fertility level already achieved in the fi nal stage of the fi rst demographic transition. Our research has led to the identical conclusion, as it commenced from the fact that fertility reduction started in the middle phase of the fi rst transition and became intensifi ed in the late phase thereof; hence, fertility reduction in the second demographic transition continued to the balance of low levels of these rates, already achieved in the fi rst transition. The turn that occurred in the fi rst decade of the 21st century indicated to the possibility of the emergence of new factors in new social circumstances, which might infl uence the growth of birth/fertility rates. According to the available data, the total fertility rate in most of Western European countries grew and approximated the replacement level, yet did not exceed it. A longer period of studying this complex phenomenon is hence rate decrease to the sub-replacement level was irreversible and permanently sustainable in highly-developed countries.

RIJEČ UREDNIŠTVAU prošlome dvobroju pisali smo na temu "Treba li osuvremeniti Nacionalnu šumarsku politiku i strategiju?" očekujući odgovore na postavljena pitanja. Nismo ih još dobili, a nema niti najave o široj stručnoj raspravi, osim što čujemo kuloarske pohvale kako je to prava tema za raspravu. Znači i dalje ćemo probleme u struci rješavati nesveobuhvatno nego po nametnutoj nam potrebi "iz rukava". Napomenuli smo, kako sigurno ima još pitanja i nismo trebali dugo čekati argumente za pitanje iz naslova. Naime, ovih dana čitamo u Poslovnom dnevniku, kako drvoprerađivači traže od Trgovačkog društva Hrvatske šume d.o.o. smanjenje cijenu sirovine za 15 % i produženi rok plaćanja na prvotno 90 dana, a prema zadnjoj informaciji čak na 120 dana te kako će Hrvatske šume d.o.o. ovih dana "vagati" rezanje cijena. Ta potreba tumači se padom cijena drvoprerađivačkih proizvoda na tržištu za 20 % i narudžbi za 25 % pa se od Države traže kompenzacijske mjere. Najviše su kaže se pogođeni proizvođači peleta i paletiziranog ogrjevnog drva, dakle proizvoda s malom dodanom vrijednošću. O tim proizvodima (kao i o parketu proizvodu iz tzv. "dorade" te finalnim proizvodima) smo više puta pisali, ističući kako je sirovina posebice za pelete ponajprije otpad finalne prerade drva, dakle suho, a ne mokro drvo čije sušenje na potrebnu vlažnost bitno podiže troškove proizvodnje. Oni su upravo kompenzirani do sada, moglo bi se reći brutalno "jeftinom sirovinom", a sada se traži i njeno smanjenje i produženje roka plaćanja. Ako je to 90 dana onda je to obrtaj kapitala 4 (za 120 dana to je okruglo 3 - dakle katastrofalno) i tu nema osiguranja postojećeg stanja a kamo li razvoja, no jeli to važno kada sve to plaća šuma! Naravno, zagovornici netržišnog poslovanja iz Drvnog sektora sugeriraju u odnosnom tekstu, kako Vlada "nakon ozbiljnih intervencija u brodogradnju i kroz konsolidaciju strateških tvrtki, ima priliku usvojiti hitne sektorske mjere kroz poslovanje Hrvatskih šuma d.o.o." Uz prethodno spomenuto smanjenje cijena od 15 % i produženje roka plaćanja na 120 dana, od 7 predloženih mjera Vladi, interesantna je ona, značajna sastavnica tržišnog poslovanja o ukidanju maloprodaje u Hrvatskim šumama d.o.o. – znači uklanjanje konkurencije. Komparirajući prodajne cijene glavnih drvnih sortimenata s tržištima u okruženju (Austrija, Italija, Mađarska, BiH i Srbija) s onima po kojima Hrvatske šume d.o.o. prodaju drvne sortimente našim drvoprerađivačima, dolazimo do brojke od oko 500 mil. kuna godišnje, kojim Država već potiče drvoprerađivače. Koliko i kako pak drvoprerađivači pripomažu Hrvatskim šumama d.o.o. kod rješavanja pitanja zaliha drvne sirovine, to je posebno pitanje? Kada im treba sirovina, vrši se pritisak na dobavljača da im se ona osigura bez obzira na vremenske uvjete i nastanak šteta na šumskom tlu. Kada ima viška drvne zalihe to nije njihov problem, bez obzira na potpisane ugovore! O nenaplaćenim potraživanjima Hrvatskih šuma d.o.o. od kupaca nećemo ovom prilikom. Isto tako predstečajne nagodbe nećemo niti spominjati, kao i tumačenja odgovornih kako su tim mjerama spašavali radna mjesta u preradi drva, a ne pogodovali velikim dužnicima. Država daje potporu, ali "upravljačka ekipa" koja je dovele firmu u to stanje ostaje i dalje na njenom čelu! Što reći nakon svega ovoga nego upitati se, kako to politika zagovorom netržišnog poslovanja u šumarstvu štiti šumu kao nacionalno bogatstvo naroda, a pripomaže razvoju primarne, a posebice finalne prerade drva? Evo im rezultata! Uredništvo ; EDITORIALIn the last double issue we raised the question whether the National Forestry Policy and Strategy should be modernised. While still waiting for some answers, we have only heard that the topic deserves a wide specialist discussion. This means that such issues will continue to be treated individually when they occur, instead of being solved on a global level. We hinted that there certainly were some more questions, and we did not wait long for the reaction; in the Business Diary (Poslovni dnevnik) we have read that the wood processors require from the trading company "Hrvatske šume" a 15% decrease in timber prices and prolonged payment terms of the former 90 days, or, according to the latest information 120 days. The demand accounts for 20% price decrease in wood products on the market and 25% decrease in orders, which calls for compensation measures from the Government. It is said that the most affected are the manufacturers of pellets and pellet-formed fuelwood - the products with low added value. We wrote about these products (as well as about parquet and final products) on several occasions, pointing at the fact that pellets are primarily the waste material from final wood processing, the dry wood, while the moist wood requires price-raising drying to achieve a required degree of moisture. So far they have been compensated by the brutally "cheap raw material"; now both price reduction and payment terms are required. If it is 90 days it means a turnover of 4 (for 120 days it rounds up to 3 - which is a catastrophe). There would be no insurance of the existing situation, not to mention the development. Indeed, does it matter anything at all when forests are here to pay the bill?! The advocates of non-market business from the wood sector suggest that the Government after serious interventions in ship building and through the consolidation of strategic firms has the opportunity to accept urgent sector measures through the business of the Croatian Forests Ltd. With the mentioned price decrease of 15% and the payment prolongation of 120 days, of the seven measures proposed to the Government a significant component of the market business operation is the interesting one - the elimination of the retail sale in Croatian Forests Ltd., which means the elimination of the competition. Compared to the selling prices of the main wood assortments on the markets in the region (Austria, Italy, Hungary, Bosnia & Herzegovina and Serbia), the prices at which Croatian Forests Ltd. is selling their wood assortments to our wood manufacturers amount to round 500 million hrk a year, by which money have the wood manufacturers already been encouraged. Another question is how the wood manufacturer helps Croatian Forests Ltd. with solving the issues of raw wood stock. When they need raw material they exert pressure upon suppliers without considering weather conditions and the damage upon the forest soil; When there is stock surplus, it is not their problem in spite of the signed contracts! To the unpaid credits and debits to Croatian Forests we shall refer on another occasion. We shall not even mention the pre-bankruptcy settlements as well as the explanations of the responsible parties saying that these measures are saving the jobs in wood processing instead of doing favour to the big debtors. A firm with significant rent status as to raw material asked for Government intervention. They received encouragement but the whole "management team" that brought the firm to this situation stayed in charge! What can be said after all this but wonder what kind of policy which supports non-market business in forestry protects the forest as national wealth while encouraging the development of both primary and final wood processing? The answer is in the results! Editorial Board

RIJEČ UREDNIŠTVAUZ 20-tu OBLJETNICU DANA HRVATSKOGA ŠUMARSTVANa 101. Godišnjoj skupštini Hrvatskoga šumarskoga društva, održanoj 9. svibnja 1997. god. (188 sudionika) u Zaključcima pod red. br. 15 Skupština "proglašava 20. lipnja za Dan hrvatskoga šumarstva, koji će se od 1998. godine u organizaciji HŠD-a obilježavati svake godine". Naime, toga je datuma na 96. Redovitoj skupštini 20. lipnja 1991.g. jednoglasnom odlukom promijenjen naziv udruge iz Saveza društava inženjera i tehničara šumarstva i drvne industrije Hrvatske u Hrvatsko šumarsko društvo. Tako je od 1998.g. Dan hrvatskoga šumarstva redovito obilježavan. Uz redovita izvješća o radu i financijskom poslovanju udruge, u nastavku je uvijek slijedila aktualna stručna tema. Stručna tema ove Skupštine bila je "Hrvatsko šumarstvo danas i sutra". Uvod u raspravu dali su tadašnji predsjednik HŠD-a prof. dr. sc. Slavko Matić i direktor "Hrvatskih šuma" p.o. Zagreb Anđelko Serdarušić, dipl. ing. šum. Kao temu za razmišljanje, navest ćemo samo dio iz tih uvoda i rasprave objedinjenih u 15 zaključaka.Prof. Matić ponajprije naglašava kako je HŠD najmjerodavnija stručna organizacija koja mora raspravljati o stanju u hrvatskome šumarstvu, posebno onda kada su svakim danom problemi sve brojniji i uočljiviji. No, nitko ne očekuje njihovo rješenje preko noći. Najvažniji problemi su: zapošljavanje diplomiranih inženjera i općenito smanjenje broja zaposlenih u šumarstvu; nepotrebno izdvajanje velikih površina šuma u nacionalne parkove i parkove prirode i davanje na upravljanje raznoraznim upravnim odborima gdje gotovo i nema šumara; podređeni odnos prema struci gdje Hrvatske ceste, vodoprivreda i elektroprivreda, protivno Zakonu o šumama, ulaze u šume bez naknade; drvni sortimenti se raspoređuju po komisijama, uz niske cijene a svi se zaklinjemo u slobodno tržište; u šumu nam ulaze needucirani i slabo opremljeni poduzetnici s nekvalificiranom radnom snagom; poseban trud treba ulagati u afirmaciju struke utemeljene ponajprije na profesionalnoj etici; trebamo se riješiti onih "zalutalih" u šumarsku struku, kojima je cilj samo laka zarada.Direktor Serdarušić nakon uvoda daje desetak prijedloga za zaključke; uputiti zahtjev Hrvatskoj radioteleviziji za termin redovitog priloga o hrvatskom šumarstvu; da predstavnici HŠD-a, Šumarskog fakulteta, Šumarskog instituta i Hrvatskih šuma p.o. izrade suvremeni Zakon o šumama i Dugoročni program šumarstva i upute ga Ministarstvu uz zahtjev za ukidanje tzv. "liste finalista", reprogramiranja dugova, dodjela dionica, odgoda plaćanja itd.; usklađivanje odnosa šumarstva i drugih djelatnosti; da se osigura više financijskih sredstava za gospodarenje privatnim šumama i sanaciju ratnih šteta, te da na prostornom uređenju i djelatnostima zaštite prirode, neizostavno sudjeluju i šumarski stručnjaci.Tomislav Starčević naglašava kako je vrijeme da se analizira da li smo i koliko, dosljedno provodili temeljne koncepcijske pretpostavke za razvoj hrvatskoga šumarstva, gdje u provedbi tih opredjeljenja još nema jasne šumarske politike; Šumariji kao temeljnoj organizacijskoj jedinici ne daje se dovoljno važnosti i ovlaštenja, iz čega proizlazi gubitak motiva; kod uzgojnih radova vidljivo opada kvaliteta; doradom planova gospodarenja povećava se sortimentna struktura planova sječa, pa nemamo definirane planske veličine; naposljetku ovu Skupštinu smatra poticajnom za temeljiti razvoj šumarstva.Prof. Joso Vukelić smatra da Vlada RH nema koncepciju razvoja šumarstva i javnog poduzeća, ne uvažava stručna mišljenja, postavlja nekompetentan Upravni odbor; resorno Ministarstvo je neadekvatno organizirano i šumarstvo i lovstvo bi trebalo izdvojiti u posebnu Državnu upravu, kao što su to vode. Posebno ističe nezadovoljstvo društveno-moralnim položajem šumarske struke.Prvi resorni ministar Ivan Tarnaj ističe kako nijedna organizacija nije konačna, pa tako ni šumarska; ova dosadašnja, obrazlažući je detaljno, smatra da je bila dobra, jer trebalo je u teškim uvjetima preživjeti, no nakon 7 godina možda je vrijeme za novu.Prof. Branimir Prpić iskazuje nezadovoljstvo podređenošću šumarstva u Strategiji prostornog uređenja RH i smanjenjem opsega šumarskih djelatnosti, posebice u prostornom planiranju i zaštiti prirode i okoliša, gdje šumarske poslove preuzimaju nestručni kadrovi.Prošlo je 20 godina pa imajući pred sobom ovaj skraćeni prikaz navedene stručne teme (detaljno u Šumarskom listu br. 5-6/1997., str. 323-332), pokušajmo odgovoriti barem na dva pitanja: što se to do danas promijenilo i da li je "svatko od nas korigiranjem svoga rada dao najbolji doprinos poboljšanju stanja u šumarstvu", što je tada sugerirao prof. Matić u uvodnom izlaganju? Uredništvo ; EDITORIALOn the 20th Anniversary of the Day of Croatian ForestryAt the 101st Annual Assembly of the Croatian Forestry Association held on 9th May 1997, (188 participants), June 20th was proclaimed the Day of Croatian Forestry, which will be celebrated annually by the Croatian Forestry Association starting from 1998 (Conclusions, item 15). At the 96th regular meeting held on 20th June 1991, the name of the association was unanimously changed from the Association of Engineers and Technicians of Forestry and Wood Industry of Croatia into the Croatian Forestry Association. The Day of Croatian Forestry has been marked interminably since 1998. Regular reports on the activities and financial affairs of the Association have always been accompanied by discussions on current specialist topics. The specialist topic of the said Assembly was "the Croatian forestry today and tomorrow". An introduction to the discussion was given by Professor Slavko Matić, PhD, the then president of the Croatian Forestry Association, and Anđelko Serdarušić, BSc in forestry, director of the company "Croatian Forests". To provide food for thought, we shall mention only some parts of these introductions and discussions summarized in 15 conclusions.First and foremost, Professor Matić stresses that the CFA is the most competent professional organisation to discuss the condition of Croatian forestry, particularly in view of a growing number of acute problems. However, nobody expects overnight solutions. The most important problems include the employment of graduate engineers and the declining number of those employed in forestry in general; unnecessary conversions of large forest areas into national parks and nature parks and their management by managing boards consisting of anybody but foresters; a subordinate attitude towards the profession, reflected in the fact that the Croatian Roads, Water Management and Electrical Utility Company, contrary to the Forest Law, enter forests without any monetary compensation; wood assortments are distributed per commissions at low prices despite the fact that we all staunchly support the free market economy; forests are treated by uneducated and poorly equipped entrepreneurs with unqualified labour force; particular effort should be invested in the promotion of the profession that is based primarily on professional ethics; those who have "wandered" into the forestry profession by accident with the only goal of making easy money should be removed from forestry.Director Serdarušić followed his introduction with some ten proposals for the conclusions. These include the following: a request should be submitted to the Croatian Radio Television to allocate a fixed term for programmes on Croatian forestry; representatives of the CFA, the Faculty of Forestry, the Forest Research Institute and Croatian Forests Ltd should draw up a modern Forest Law and a Long-Term Forestry Programme and submit it to the Ministry. The Programme should be accompanied by a demand to abolish so-called "finalist lists", re-programme debts, allocate shares, postpone payments, etc; the relationship between forestry and other fields should be coordinated; more financial means should be ensured for the management of private forests and the recovery of war damage; and forestry experts should invariably be included into spatial management and nature conservation activities.Tomislav Starčević stresses the need to analyse whether the basic conceptual prerequisites for the development of Croatian forestry have been implemented and to what extent, considering that the application of these prerequisites is not guided by a clear forestry policy; the forest office, as the basic organisational unit, is not given sufficient importance and competences, hence the loss of motives; the quality of silvicultural treatments is visibly declining; by adding to management plans the assortment structure of cutting plans is increased, resulting in changes in the planned amounts; and finally, he considers this Assembly an incentive for the overall development of forestry.Professor Joso Vukelić points out that the Croatian Government does not have a clear concept of the development of forestry and public enterprises, does not accept professional opinions, and appoints incompetent management boards; the Ministry is inadequately organized; while forestry and hunting management should be placed under a separate State administration, similar to water management. He particularly expresses dissatisfaction with the socio-moral position of the forestry profession.The first forestry minister Ivan Tarnaj states that no organisation is final, and consequently the forestry organisation is not final either; he maintains that the current organisation is good in view of the fact that it was difficult to survive in hard conditions, but after seven years it is perhaps time to launch a new organisation.Professor Branimir Prpić expressed dissatisfaction with the subordinate position of forestry in the Croatian Strategy of Spatial Planning and with a reduced volume of forest activities, particularly in spatial planning and nature conservation and environment protection, where forestry activities are performed by inexpert personnel.Twenty years have passed: looking at this brief review of the topic (find a more detailed analysis in Forestry Journal No. 5-6/1997, pp 323-332), let us try and answer at least two questions: what has changed since and have we all "by improving our work, given the best contribution to the condition in forestry", as Professor Matić suggested in his introductory discussion. Editorial Board