A rebuttal to V. Vujacic's theses on the Balkan conflict presented in the contribution "Povijesno naslijed, nacionalisticka mobilizacija i politicke posljedice u Rusiji i Srbiji" (Historical Legacy, Nationalistic Mobilization and the Political Consequences in Russia and Serbia) The following arguments are made counter to Vujacic's theses: (1) There never was, & there is not now, any democratic opposition in Serbia; the opposition against Milosevic had nothing to do with democracy & everything to do with the disappointment that followed from the Serbian leader's failure to deliver on his promise of Greater Serbia. (2) To call the Balkan conflict a civil war is a euphemism attempting to blame equally every nation involved, while taking the responsibility for the conflict from militant Serbian politicians embarking on a bloody crusade for Greater Serbia. (3) The Croat army did not destroy Mostar but defended the town from Serbian invasion. (4) It is not true that the Serbian minority was & is persecuted in Croatia. (5) It is a complete rewriting of history postulating that Croatian nationalistic mobilization was equally responsible for the Balkan war as Serbian nationalistic mobilization. (6) It is a complete fallacy to argue that Serbian nationalism did not evolve from itself but was only a reaction to the mistreatment of Serbs by peripheral ethnic minorities during the Yugoslavia state. Z. Dubiel
The author considers Croatia's priority in foreign affairs to be the establishment of peace & reintegration of occupied Croatian territory. The international community lent its support to solving Croatia's problems only with certain conditions attached: respect for human & democratic rights, especially the rights of minorities; & respect for the integrity of other countries. The basic problem faced by the international community is that since the end of the East-West polar orientations, there is no concept for solving the conflicts that have erupted in postcommunist countries. In Croatia, the war was viewed (wrongly) as a civil war. The controversy in the Croatian policy, as seen by the author, is in the requirement for absolute adherence to democratic principles, which is difficult to realize in times of war, & in the acceptance of complete democracy as a precondition to peaceful reintegration of occupied Croatian territory. Adapted from the source document.
Kameni ciborij iznad glavnog oltara korčulanske katedrale je remek-djelo najvećega korčulanskog klesara i graditelja Marka Andrijića, s proporcijama zlatnog reza i elementima pravog renesansnog stila. Potkraj 18. stoljeća četvrti, završni kat krova ciborija je uklonjen, a neki dijelovi su nestali. Donji dio ciborija je besprijekorno isklesan, dok je osmerostrani krov izrađen znatno lošije, s brojnim nedovršenostima, pogreškama, preklesavanjima i skraćivanjima. Na temelju detaljne analize tragova klesarskog alata i promjena geometrije kamenih elemenata, te studije izvornog ugovora o gradnji, donesen je zaključak da je donji dio ciborija izradio Marko Andrijić sa svojom radionicom, a gornji dio klesari koji nisu razumjeli njegov nacrt, odnosno konvenciju prikazivanja projekcije kosih površina u skraćenju. Srećom, iako je radi ispravka klesarske pogreške gornji dio ciborija malo sužen i snižen, ukupna proporcija nije se zbog toga bitno promijenila, pa je nakon restauracije izvornog stanja to najbolje djelo korčulanske renesanse ponovo zasjalo izvornim sjajem. ; The most prominent member of a large family of stonemasons, and certainly the greatest stonemason and builder from Korčula, Marko Andrijić learned his trade not only in the workshop of his father, the famous stonemason Andrija Marković, but also working on numerous commissions throughout Dalmatia and all the way to Italy. In his home town of Korčula, he gained fame by working on the modernization of the city fortifications and the cathedral, which is why the Venetian government appointed him lifelong protomaster of all public buildings. His work on the completion of the bell tower on the Cathedral of St. Mark stands out, because he did it in an unprecedented way, combining an octagonal loggia with a dome, lantern and promenade surrounded with a balustrade that served as an observatory. In addition to the bell tower, Andrijić transformed the entire cathedral: he placed vaults above the side aisles and galleries above them, raised the nave, and decorated the upper part of the façade with richly carved stonework. He added a sacristy to the cathedral, a ciborium over the main altar, and a bridge over the street towards the bishop's court, and built a tomb for Bishop Malumbra. In 1486, Andrijić agreed to design and build a magnificent ciborium above the main altar of the cathedral. The extraordinary proportions and brilliantly executed details of the ciborium, combining the Gothic and Renaissance styles, surpass local significance. This was the first time that a classical pillar with entasis and genuine Corinthian capitals, as well as composite capitals with dolphin and siren motifs, had appeared in Croatian art. The ciborium's appearance was significantly changed during the complete redesign of the cathedral's interior in the Baroque style, undertaken by Bishop Josip Kosirić at the end of the 18th century. In order for a sculpture of the Risen Christ to be placed on top, the upper tier of the ciborium roof was replaced with awkward, curved stone elements that belonged to older church furniture and had been re-carved to fit the ciborium. Joško Belamarić found the final tier of Andrijić's ciborium roof in the lapidary of the abbey collection, turned upside down and converted into a baptismal font. This discovery made it possible to make an ideal reconstruction of the original appearance by completing the natural sequence of four openings in the surface of the first-tier of the ciborium roof to one opening the surface of the fourth-tier. In order to re-establish the integrity of Andrijić's masterpiece, and taking into account the angle of parts of the roof on the ciborium and its proportions, a draft was made with the reconstructed missing elements: eight segments of the third-tier roof and the small dome. After the upper part of the ciborium was disassembled to preserve the stone and consolidate the structure, all the stone elements, holes for fixing metal joints, traces of masonry tools, damage, re-carving and shortening were inspected and analysed in detail. A stonemason's mark was found on the upper surface of the architrave, which determined the position of the elements of the first tier of the roof, which, according to the original design, should have been about 9 cm wider on all sides. It was concluded that the perfectly carved lower part of the ciborium was made by Marko Andrijić in his workshop, and the inferior roof was made by stonemasons who did not understand his design. In order to understand what exactly happened and to be able to make the right conservation decision on how to restore the ciborium, it was necessary to return to the original construction contract, kept in the Zadar State Archives. A complete transcription and translation of the contract, with the payments written in the margins, was made. Master Marko Andrijić committed to carving a ciborium of stone from Vrnik and based on the design he had made, in the following two years for the price of one hundred and fifteen ducats. If he failed to complete the ciborium within the agreed time, the master had to pay a fine, but he was allowed to let other master stonemasons complete the work in that case. Judging by the recorded payments, the construction of the ciborium took six years instead of two, and Marko did not pay a fine, and he even received about seven ducats more than the agreed price. The excess payment probably relates to the statues of the Annunciation, which had to be contracted subsequently with an annex that has not yet been found. After about two-thirds of the ciborium was complete, the work was stopped, and after more than two years, work was continued, probably by one of Marko's brothers, but he was not up to the task. Due to an error in transferring the dimensions and angle of inclination of the roof surfaces from the draft, the replacement masters had to re-carve the already-executed elements of the first-tier roof and improvise to fill the resulting cavities. As a result of these errors, the roof of the ciborium was narrowed and lowered. However, viewed as a whole, the proportional system of the ciborium, consisting of four rectangles of the golden ratio placed one above the other, is not significantly affected by a small but proportional reduction in the dimensions of the roof. Between 2014 and 2019, the Croatian Conservation Institute repaired the damaged elements, carved the missing parts, and re-assembled and connected the upper part of the ciborium with metal clamps filled with lead, with all the necessary reinforcement of the structure. After more than two centuries, the best work of Korčula's architectural and stoneworking art was once again made whole.
The paper deals with three aspects of teaching political education: the problems of teaching social sciences in Croatia regarding their content, methods, & instruction; the quality of teaching according to the ISO 9000 norm; & the study of the quality of the program of teaching politics & economics to secondary school pupils. The methods of work chosen have made it possible to give an account of contemporary developments throughout the world in the field of methodology & instruction regarding this subject. All suggested solutions & models have not simply been copied, but adapted to the existing conditions of secondary education in Croatia. The intention is to activate fresh forces in the Croatian school system that will, taking into account the realities of the Croatian situation, find new educational paths, aware that primary importance should be given to the quality of learning & the complete satisfaction of pupils, parents, & society. This approach does not seek unobtainable material resources, but demands much effort & numerous changes in the policies & work of all those directly or indirectly involved in teaching. 2 Tables, 8 References. Adapted from the source document.
The prerequisites for achieving perpetual peace are the settlement of the entire Earth; the establishment of republican government (the most stable type of government); & the exchange of goods as a way of bringing peoples together, peoples among whom racial & religious differences have often sparked animosities. Kant attributes these prerequisites to "the great artist Nature," since they occur as a part of the egoistic material interests of men -- at the level of men as natural beings, without influencing their intellectual will. Starting with Kant's proviso that morality does not suffice for achieving the prerequisites for perpetual peace, the author deals with the opposition between man's material interests & the purpose of reason in Kant's ethics. She goes on to show that Kant understands the practical mind as one's disposition for a complete realization of one's humanness. The polarity between the purpose of reason & man's natural strivings she identifies in the exclusion of sensory & emotional impulses from moral acts. The author analyzes this exclusion in combination with Kant's concept of freedom, defined as the causality springing from the freedom of rational will. 11 References. Adapted from the source document.
The author outlines a historical review of the Catholic Church's attitude toward democracy. The initial stance, as formulated by Pope Leo XIII at the end of the 19th century, was based on the equidistance of the Church from various political regimes, on the condition that they respect individual rights, family, & the Church. The term Christian democracy primarily denoted a drift within the ranks of the clergy, whose goal was helping people & proselytizing under the new circumstances. Further confluence between the Church & democracy occurred during the papacy of Pius XII, who emphasized the importance of the political involvement of a free & responsible individual in a democracy & who endorsed the concept of a people as opposed to anonymous masses. The complete acceptance of democracy by the Church occurred during the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965), when it gave its blessing to the involvement of Christian laity in the roles of religious & political activists. The latest convergence of the Church & democracy was embodied in the encyclical Centesimus annus, by John Paul II (1991), in which the demise of communism is attributed to the lack of democracy & in which democracy is singled out as the best form of government. Adapted from the source document.
The author shows how Fichte's concept of the nation, although modern, originates in a long philosophical tradition that postulates the importance of the community above that of the individual. Fichte's original philosophy of humanity, inspired by enlightenment & especially Kant, he later transferred to the abstract ethical unit of nation. In it the concept of humanity (later 'nation') is the most general community toward which the individual aspires to become a member because of his longing for the absolute. The general understanding of nations transforms into Fichte's later philosophical hypostasis of the German nation. According to Fichte, only the German nation, as a community tied by a "living language" has general human importance & a world historical mission to be accomplished in the future. The German nation, however, must become a dynamic unit through elevating its people above political & social divisions. This occurs through the education of individuals for love of the nation, based on "true" philosophy (Fichte's philosophical teachings). The author concludes that the concept of a nation in Fichte's later works (in which the relationship between the individual & the state is an educational dictatorship & the complete destruction & individuality) creates a fertile ground for totalitarian, nationalistic ideology. 27 References. Adapted from the source document.
The author outlines a historical review of the Catholic Church's attitude toward democracy. The initial stance, as formulated by Pope Leo XIII at the end of the 19th century, was based on the equidistance of the Church from various political regimes, on the condition that they respect individual rights, family, & the Church. The term Christian democracy primarily denoted a drift within the ranks of the clergy, whose goal was helping people & proselytizing under the new circumstances. Further confluence between the Church & democracy occurred during the papacy of Pius XII, who emphasized the importance of the political involvement of a free & responsible individual in a democracy & who endorsed the concept of a people as opposed to anonymous masses. The complete acceptance of democracy by the Church occurred during the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965), when it gave its blessing to the involvement of Christian laity in the roles of religious & political activists. The latest convergence of the Church & democracy was embodied in the encyclical Centesimus annus, by John Paul II (1991), in which the demise of communism is attributed to the lack of democracy & in which democracy is singled out as the best form of government. Adapted from the source document.
Zbog svog geografskog položaja na kontaktu Panonskog bazena, Dinarida i Alpa Republika Hrvatska obiluje georaznolikošću i geobaštinom. Zakonom o zaštiti prirode zaštićena su ukupno 52 geolokaliteta. Važnost i vrijednost hrvatske geobaštine prepoznata je i u svjetskim razmjerima uvrštenjem Papuka i Viškog arhipelaga u mrežu svjetskih geoparkova UNESCO-a. U ovom je radu, po prvi put na jednom mjestu, prikazan cjelokupan povijesni pregled nacionalnog zakonodavnog okvira vezanog za georaznolikost i geobaštinu, pregled zaštićene geobaštine i nadležnih institucija u sustavu zaštite prirode, te izazovi i problemi na koje se nailazi pri vrednovanju, zaštiti i upravljanju. ; The Republic of Croatia is rich in geodiversity and geoheritage due to its geographical position at the contact of the Pannonian Basin, the Dinarides and the Alps. In total 52 geosites are protected by the Nature Protection Law. The importance and value of Croatian geoheritage has been recognized on a global scale by designating Papuk and Vis archipelago as UNESCO Global Geoparks. For the first time this paper presents a complete historical overview of the national legislative framework related to geodiversity and geoheritage. It as well, presents an overview of protected geoheritage and relevant institutions in the nature protection sector, challenges and problems encountered in the assessment process, protection and management of geoheritage.
This paper describes an attempt of a new methodological approach to the studying of the power structure in organizations. The first part comprises critical remarks directed to the most extensively used method of graphs of control based upon the examined subjects' perception of the existing power structure, (a) A small dispersion of results about some values is not necessarily an indicator of the validity, but perhaps of the generally accepted stereotype, (b) Perception also depends on a series of factors of social position and psychological state of examined subjects. Tending to avoid the disadvantages of the method of graphs of control, and to retain, however, a high degree of standardization, we have tried to create a method which would comprise these qualities. The research work has been carried out in two stages. The first stage consisted of a project based upon the observation with specially prepared forms as persons who contributed in the meetings of workers' councils. Objective data for all the respective persons were collected. In this way a complete picture of activity within the forum with prerogatives of bringing all the key decisions was obtained. However, even if this method offers a very detailed picture of the examined phenomenon, it is not fully satisfactory. As first, it is concentrated upon a fragment (segment) of a continuous process of decision making. Second, this method does not allow the identification of informal groups in organization which might have the key influence upon the decision making. Due to these reasons we have then created an instrument tending to cover the complete process of the decision making (including both formal and informal levels), allowing identification of all the key groups within organization, formal and informal, and being also maximally standardized. The first stage in the obtained scheme refers to the preparation of the decision making which comprises the overall social process before the formal act of the decision making. The second stage refers to the decision making itself. As last, there might appear the control, consisting of the initiative for the control implementation and the implementation itself. It is assumed that in all these various stages of the decision making process it is possible to identify persons actively participating in it. We are, however, primarily concerned with the following — which are the groups whose interests these persons represent. We will also try to analyse goals, strategies and effects of activity. In order to follow directly the overall process through which the decision making passes, we have relied upon the informants, well informed about respective organizations. Therefore this method represents a kind of a »key-men« technique, as we tried to reach persons who had such positions, this primarily through the industrial psychologists already extensively employed in industry and various other organizations. Obviously, there is always a problem of objectivity of such informants. This can be avoided in two ways: by requesting the informants to provide information only and by trying to maximally eliminate their evaluation, and also by the engage meant of several informants from the same organization.
Rad se temelji na empirijskome istraživanju kojemu je polazna teza tvrdnja da trenutačno važeći Izborni zakon ne može ispuniti zahtjeve segmentirana bosanskohercegovačkog društva, posebice najmalobrojnijega hrvatskog segmenta. Istraživanje koncipirano na osnovi anketnoga upitnika i empirijske analize pokazalo je da je promišljanje Hrvata o ukupnoj društvenoj i političkoj situaciji u Bosni i Hercegovini izrazito negativno. Pokazalo se da Izborni zakon preferira unitarizaciju Bosne i Hercegovine, što nije primjereno segmentiranim društvima kao što je bosanskohercegovačko. Terensko istraživanje urađeno je na prostoru cijele Bosne i Hercegovine kako bi se dobio kompletan i relevantan empirijski okvir promišljanja hrvatskoga naroda, a struktura istraživanja pratila je administrativno-teritorijalnu uređenost Bosne i Hercegovine uzimajući u obzir entitetske razine, županije te Distrikt Brčko. ; The paper is based on empirical research structured on the claim that the current Election Law cannot fulfill the requirements of the segmented Bosnian-Herzegovinian society, especially the smallest Croatian segment. The research conceived on the basis of questionnaire and empirical analysis showed that the opinion of Croats on the overall social and political situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina is extremely negative. The Election Law has proved to prefer unitarization of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is not appropriate for segmented societies such as Bosnian and Herzegovinian. Field research was conducted throughout entire country in order to obtain a complete and relevant empirical framework for opinion of the Croatian people, and the research structure followed the administrative-territorial organization of Bosnia and Herzegovina, taking into account entity levels, cantons and Brčko District.
Is Rousseau unquestionably an enemy of political liberalism, as per the famous irrevocable judgment of I. Berlin? In other words, is he a representative of radical (even "totalitarian") democracy, an apologist of popular sovereignty and a vicious plebeian "friend of the people" (of so-called "positive freedom"), who overlooks the importance of negative freedom of individuums and the separation of powers? Are Rousseau as republican political theorist on the one hand and political liberalism on the other advocates not only of different, but opposite perceptions of political freedom? The first part of the paper recalls the fact that Rousseau's political theory is shaped in a deliberate and complete opposition with regard to the physiocratic economic liberalism, which reduces freedom to its economic and legal aspects, and the modern man to a bourgeois. In this Rousseau is very close to Tocqueville, who questions the physiocratic doctrine from the standpoint of political liberalism. The second part provides a concise presentation and evaluation of the critique of Rousseau's political doctrine (of political freedom and popular sovereignty) from the standpoint of B. Constant's classic political liberalism. In the third, final and most important part, the author shows that an adequate comparison of Rousseau's doctrine with the liberal political doctrine must carefully distinguish between the conceptual clusters reflecting affinity (the people and the separation of powers) and the ones reflecting opposition (the people, the law, the general will and the citoyen). On the basis of this distinction, Rousseau turns out to be both frere and ennemi -- i.e. frere ennemi -- of political liberalism, but not of economic liberism as well. Adapted from the source document.
Rudolf Valdec, together with Robert Frangeš-Mihanović, was a sculptor of the Zagreb circle in the late 19th and early 20th century. Medal art in Croatia began with those two leading Croatian sculptors at the time of Art Nouveau. Right from the beginning their commemorative works were on par with contemporary European medal-making. Rudolf Valdec's medals are completely in the Art Nouveau style, which implies that the plaque was the dominant form of art expression. He was an excellent portraitist, and his plaques are technologically perfect. He made small portraits and compositions in shallow relief, with meticulously rendered decorative details in curving lines. The Collection of Medals and Plaques in the Modern Gallery in Zagreb has fifty five works by Rudolf Valdec. Twenty plaques and two medals were made after posters, in several techniques and struck in a variety of materials. They date from 1905, when Valdec started his work on medals, to 1923, when he made the last plaque. The Dragutin Mandl Collection of Medals and Plaques has all the fourteen works by the artist, a total of forty-nine specimens, and six specimens were acquired from other sources. This article for the first time gives a comprehensive and detailed presentation of all the medal works of Rudolf Valdec, enabling the public at large, and also experts, to get to know his complete opus in medals in the Modern Gallery in Zagreb. The commemorative work by this Croatian sculptor must be seen in the context of the art medal. Rudolf Valdec is one of the pioneers of the modern Croatian medal, with masterpieces in this branch of sculpture. Outstanding is the portrait plaque of J.J. Strossmayer (1905) and the plaque with the figural composition Military Casino (1911).
Rad je posvećen teoriji političkog procesa američkog politologa i ekonomista Charlesa E. Lindbloma. Nakon kontekstualnog uvida u cjelokupan Lindblomov teorijski opus, što je nezaobilazan korak za interpretacijski zahvat u središnjem dijelu teksta, rad se koncentrira ponajprije na Lindblomovu teoriju inkrementalnog odlučivanja, razvijenu u članku Znanost "plivanja u mutnom" (1959) i knjizi Strategija odluke (1963), povezanu s njegovom koncepcijom "međusobne prilagodbe pristaša", koju je razvio u knjizi Inteligencija demokracije (1965). Rad nudi interpretaciju Lindblomova argumenta koja odstupa od dosadašnje recepcije u hrvatskoj politološkoj literaturi. U njoj se Lindblomov model odlučivanja u osnovi tumači deskriptivno, kao opis stvarne prakse odlučivanja, i suprotstavlja se preskriptivnom racionalnom modelu odlučivanja, što je karakteristično i za neke inozemne interpretacije. U ovome se radu pak ukazuje kako Lindblomova teorija sadržava snažan preskriptivni element. Lindblomova teorija inkrementalizma, uzeta zajedno s pluralističkim modelom međusobne prilagodbe pristaša, nudi cjelovit i konzistentan model politike s naglašenim normativnim implikacijama, koji opravdava upotrebu sintagme politika teorije, što se podrobnije obrazlaže u zaključnom dijelu rada. ; The paper is dedicated to the political process theory by the American political scientist and economist Charles E. Lindblom. After providing a contextual insight into Lindblom's complete theoretical opus, which is a necessary prerequisite for the interpretative manoeuvre in the central part of the text, the paper is primarily focused on Lindblom's theory of incremental decision-making, developed in The Science of Muddling Through (1959) and in A Strategy of Decision (1963), which is related to his concept of "partisan mutual adjustment" developed in The Intelligence of Democracy (1965). The paper offers an interpretation of Lindblom's argument which moves away from its past understanding in Croatian political science literature. There, Lindblom's ...
Europskom poveljom utvrđuje se i obveza utemeljenja te svekolikoga pomaganja rada tzv. prekograničnih televizija. Zemlje koje imaju svoje manjine ili dio svoga naroda koji je konstitutivan i suveren u drugim državama imaju pravo i obvezu, zajedno s tim državama, za njih osigurati elektroničke medije i TV kanal na njihovu materinjem jeziku. To se pravo, međutim, u Bosni i Hercegovini onemogućava i čak zakonski zabranjuje. Uređenje elektroničkoga medijskog prostora što ga u Bosni i Hercegovini provodi međunarodna zajednica vjerna je slika unutarnjega ustavnog ustroja koji nameće ta ista zajednica. Procesi globalizacije i modeli liberalnodemokratskoga uređenja služe samo kao izgovor i opravdanje potpune političke i kulturne unitarizacije zemlje i nepravedne podjele BiH na dva entiteta, iako je ona zemlja triju suverenih naroda. ; The European charter also determines the obligation of establishing and comprehensive helping to the functioning of the so called trans-border televisions. Countries which have their minorities or a part of nation, who is constitute and sovereign in other countries, have a right and obligation, together with those countries, to provide them the electronic media and a TV channel in their mother tongue. That right is thwarted and even legally forbidden in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Arranging of the electronic media space, which is in Bosnia and Herzegovina implemented by the international community, is a real presentation of the internal constitutional structure which is imposed by the same community. Processes of globalization and models of the liberal-democratic arrangement serve only as an excuse and justification of the complete political and cultural unitarianism of a country and unjust division of BiH in two entities, although it is a country of three sovereign nations.
