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Dieser Sammelband macht das Phänomen Verselbständigung des Computers in seiner Natur und seinen Erscheinungsformen für interessierte Laien anhand vieler Anwendungsbeispiele fassbar und umschreibt die Herausforderungen, mit denen die Wissenschaften sowie die Politik und letztlich wir alle konfrontiert sind. https://vdf.ch/die-verselbstandigung-des-computers.html

Computer dringen in immer mehr Lebens- und Wirtschaftsbereiche ein, und sie agieren zunehmend selbständiger. Tiefgreifende Auswirkungen für die Gesellschaft und die Wirtschaft sind die Folge. Eine neue Qualität der Arbeitsteilung zwischen Mensch und Maschine macht nicht nur ein Überdenken von Rechtsnormen notwendig, sie provoziert auch grundsätzliche Fragen zur Rolle des Menschen in einer technisierten Lebenswelt. Dieser Sammelband macht das Phänomen Verselbständigung des Computers in seiner Natur und seinen Erscheinungsformen für interessierte Laien anhand vieler Anwendungsbeispiele fassbar und umschreibt die Herausforderungen, mit denen die Wissenschaften sowie die Politik und letztlich wir alle konfrontiert sind.

International audience ; This chapter is a reflection on the introduction of computers and computer education in schools at primary and secondary level in Ireland. It is based on a review of the policy documents from that time and a series of interviews with teachers who were involved in the early stages of the use of computers in schools during the late 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. The use of computers in schools has developed over those last forty years, this is reflected in Irish Government policy and is discussed in the chapter.

This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Biology: From Living Computers to Terraformation. ; We present a scheme for implementing a version of task switching in engineered bacteria, based on the manipulation of plasmid copy numbers. Our method allows for the embedding of multiple computations in a cellular population, whilst minimising resource usage inefficiency. We describe the results of computational simulations of our model, and discuss the potential for future work in this area. ; The work of A.G.-M. is supported by the SynBio3D (UK-EPSRC-EP/R019002/1) project of the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and the BioRoboost (EU-H2020-BIOTEC-820699) Contract of the European Union. The work of AR-P is supported by the Spanish TIN2016-81079-R, (MINECO AEI/FEDER, EU) and Madrid Gov. project B2017/BMD-3691, InGEMICS-CM (FSE/FEDER, EU). Work in FdlC laboratory was financed by grant BFU2017-86378-P from the Ministry of Science and Technology (Spain). ; Peer reviewed

Speculates concerning judicial decision-making to test, at least theoretically, what some of the implications of jurisprudential advances might be. Proposes as the means of making this test a consideration of whether a computer may be so programmed as to replace the judicial function of judges.

We present a scheme for implementing a version of task switching in engineered bacteria, based on the manipulation of plasmid copy numbers. Our method allows for the embedding of multiple computations in a cellular population, whilst minimising resource usage inefficiency. We describe the results of computational simulations of our model, and discuss the potential for future work in this area. ; The work of A.G.-M. is supported by the SynBio3D (UK-EPSRC-EP/R019002/1) project of the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and the BioRoboost (EU-H2020-BIOTEC-820699) Contract of the European Union. The work of AR-P is supported by the Spanish TIN2016-81079-R, (MINECO AEI/FEDER, EU) and Madrid Gov. project B2017/BMD-3691, InGEMICS-CM (FSE/FEDER, EU). Work in FdlC laboratory was financed by grant BFU2017-86378-P from the Ministry of Science and Technology (Spain).

Reprint of 1972 ed. published by International Business Machines Corp., White Plains, N.Y. ; Bibliography: p. 56-60. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Traditional concepts of management information systems (MIS) bear little relation to the information systems currently in use by top management in most US local governments. What exists is management-oriented computing, involving the use of relatively unsophisticated applications. Despite the unsophisticated nature of these systems, management use of computing is surprisingly common, but also varied in its extent among local governments. Management computing is most prevalent in those governments with professional management practices where top management is supportive of computing and tends to control computing decisions and where department users have less control over design and implementation activities. Finally, management computing clearly has impacts for top managers, mostly involving improvements in decision information. © 1978, ACM. All rights reserved.

A set of designer guidelines from the European Union offers the first step in building privacy-aware systems.

Summarization: Considering the enormous production of waste personal computers nowadays, it is obvious that the study of their composition is necessary in order to regulate their management and prevent any environmental contamination caused by their inappropriate disposal. This study aimed at determining the toxic metals content of motherboards (printed circuit boards), monitor glass and monitor plastic housing of two Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) monitors, three Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) monitors, one LCD touch screen monitor and six motherboards, all of which were discarded. In addition, concentrations of chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) were compared with the respective limits set by the RoHS 2002/95/EC Directive, that was recently renewed by the 2012/19/EU recast, in order to verify manufacturers' compliance with the regulation. The research included disassembly, pulverization, digestion and chemical analyses of all the aforementioned devices. The toxic metals content of all samples was determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results demonstrated that concentrations of Pb in motherboards and funnel glass of devices with release dates before 2006, that is when the RoHS Directive came into force, exceeded the permissible limit. In general, except from Pb, higher metal concentrations were detected in motherboards in comparison with plastic housing and glass samples. Finally, the results of this work were encouraging, since concentrations of metals referred in the RoHS Directive were found in lower levels than the legislative limits. ; Presented on: Waste Management

The PRO program constitutes a role reversal for peer review because of the DRG system. When price per diagnosis is fixed, only quality can vary. Meager funding forces the PRO to rely on computer data, but the data set contains little that is useful in assessing quality. Furthermore, the PRO must depend on fiscal intermediaries, planning organizations and state welfare agencies to provide the data, check it for accuracy, and supply it in a timely fashion. Since the other organizations have been either indifferent or hostile to the peer review process, the PRO data program has more to do with organizational politics than with computers.

The attitudes of 148 medical students, 141 residents, and 644 practising physicians towards computer applications in medicine were studied. The results indicate that physicians recognize the potential of computers to improve patient care, but are concerned about the possibility of increased governmental and hospital control, threats to privacy, and legal and ethical problems. In general, all three groups are uncertain as to the potential effects of computers on their traditional professional role and on the organization of practice. Practising physicians, however, express more concern about these potential effects of computers than do medical students and residents. While attitudes appear to be somewhat independent of prior computer experience, they significantly affect the extent to which physicians use a computer-based hospital information system. This may be a major reason for the slow introduction of clinical computer systems.

"B-238826"--p. 1. ; "GAO/IMTEC-90-54." ; "May 1990." ; Cover title. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Part 4: Smart Innovations ; International audience ; In recent years a tremendous raise in the establishment of Open Data initiatives can be observed, aiming at more transparency in government and public institutions. One facet of this trend are data from legislative bodies, including records and archived transcripts of plenary sessions as a measure of transparency and accountability. In this paper the system design and a prototypical implementation of an information system that makes use of these data is presented. From session transcripts naive metrics such as when and how often representatives participate in political discourse but also network metrics as in with whom representatives engage in consenting and opposing discourse can be derived. The objective of the system is to make those relationships visible and accessible to the user in an intuitive way. The system neither can nor attempts to interpret the data, this is left to the user. This paper discusses how data analytics, data visualisation, and network analytics can be facilitated to make the transcripts of legislative bodies more accessible for this purpose. The findings are underpinned by first observations over a proof-of-concept prototype which exploits data available from the Austrian parliament.

One of the fundamental tasks for Lithuania is to modernize its education system. People of Lithuania have to be educated and trained to use up-to-date information technology to be able to compete on global markets. The only way to do this is to teach information technology at school. Computers have been used in Lithuanian schools since 1985, when information science was made a mandatory subject. But there was no uniform policy of supplying schools with computers. Only when the Information and Forecasting Centre (IFC) was established in 1990 mostly IBM Computers were purchased in a centralised manner mainly from the funds of municipalities and private funds. The Open Society Foundation of Lithuania also contributed and later in 1996 this Fund made a very great contribution into computerization of all the Lithuanian secondary schools. The article is mostly devoted to the problems of foreign language teaching using computers. One of the authors of this article took part in workshop No. 2/96 (20-24 February, 1996) "Computers in the Foreign Language Classroom", at the European Centre for Modern Languages, Graz, Austria and presents some methodological and pedagogical ideas concerning the use of computers in a foreign language classroom. ; Vienas iš svarbiausių Lietuvos uždavinių yra švietimo sistemos modernizavimas. Lietuvos žmonės turi būti išsilavinę ir pasirengę naudoti naujausias informacines technologijas, kad galėtų konkuruoti pasaulinėje rinkoje. Vienintelid būdas to pasiekti yra mokyti informacinių technologijų mokykloje. Lietuvoje kompiuteriai mokymo tikslams buvo pradėti naudoti nuo 1985 metų, kai dar nebuvo susiformavosi vientisa valstybinė politika mokyklų kompiuterizavimo klausimu ir tik 1990 metais, kai buvo įsteigtas Švietimo ir mokslo ministerijos Informatikos ir prognozių centras (IPC), buvo nupirkti pirmieji IBM kompiuteriai Lietuvos mokykloms. Dideli darbą Lietuvos mokyklų kompiuterizacijos srityje atliko 1991 metais pradėjęs savo veiklą mūsų šalyje Atviros Lietuvos fondas, kuris ALF nuo 1993 iki 1996 metų Lietuvos mokykloms kompiuterizuoti ir elektroniniams ryšiams plėsti skyrė daugiau kaip vieną milijoną dolerių. Straipsnyje daugiausiai dėmesio skiriama užsienio kalbų mokymosi naudojant kompiuterius problemoms. Šio straipsnio autorei teko dalyvauti konferencijoje su pranešimu "Kompiuterizuoto mokymo koncepcijos Lietuvoje ir užsienyje" ir pasidalyti mintimis apie dalyvavimą tarptautiniame seminare Europos šiuolaikinių kalbų centre Graco mieste (Austrijoje) 1996 m. vasario 20-25 d.