The topic of this article is εἱμαρμένη theory. It analyzes focusly the relationship of εἱμαρμένη theory of the Corp. Herm. 12.5-9 and Middle Platonic sources. The results of analysis limits to answer to εἱμαρμένη theory of Hermetism and Middle Platonism. Nevertheless, there are different points of view about εἱμαρμένη theory in Middle-Platonism. Therefore, the study is limited in scope, involving mainly the Corp. Herm. 12.5-9, De Fato by Plutarch of Chaeronea, De Doctrina Platonis by Alcinous and De Platone by Apuleius of Madaura. This article points out, through the historical-comparative philosophical method, that εἱμαρμένη theory of the Corp. Herm. 12.5-9 is predominantly Middle Platonic despite of occurrences of the (neo)Stoic propositions. So, in particular, this paper assumes that the Corp. Herm. 12.5-9 has a combination of heimarmenology with the Platonic theory of the νοῦς. First, one will point out the meanings of εἱμαρμένη and its correlates in the Corp. Herm. as a whole in comparison with Platonism. Afterwards, one will discuss the choice of prudent and passionate actions by the soul in Corp. Herm. 12.-5-9. Then, one will seek to explain what are the implications of εἱμαρμένη in the ἐλλόγιμοι (wise) in the Corp. Herm. 12.-5-9. Finally, it will be shown that this text is influenced by the theory of conditional or hypothetical fate unlike a purely Stoic doctrine.
This research aimed to identify the influence of accounting conservatism on the level of investments by traded companies due to the Brazilian economic crisis of 2014-2017. The research was based on an empirical analysis through the collection of information on non-financial public firms, listed in Brazil, Bolsa, Balcão (B3), during the period of 2010 to 2018. Basu model was adjusted to measure the effect of the Brazilian economic crisis on the conditional conservatism of firms. Then, using that model, the influence of the companies' accounting conservatism level on investments in Property, Plant, and Equipment (PP&E) was verified. The results indicate that in periods of local economic crisis, companies anticipate future losses by increasing the level of conservatism. This behavior, however, was not able to mitigate the effects of the crisis that negatively influenced the level of investments in PP&E made by Brazilian companies. In addition, it has been observed that more conservative companies significantly reduce their investments in crisis times. These findings become relevant to investors as they may consider more conservative behavior in firms' future investments. It is also worth mentioning that the results of the research can help government policies in the sense that public managers seek actions that enable companies to invest, minimizing the negative effects of the crisis and allowing faster economic growth. ; A pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar a influência do conservadorismo sobre o nível de investimento das companhias abertas em razão da crise econômica brasileira de 2014-2017. A pesquisa foi pautada em uma análise empírica por intermédio de coleta de informações relativas às empresas não financeiras de capital aberto, listadas no Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão (B3), durante o período que compreendeu os exercícios de 2010 a 2018. Foi utilizado o modelo de Basu, ajustado para a mensuração do efeito da crise econômica brasileira no conservadorismo condicional das empresas. Em seguida, verificou-se a influência do nível de conservadorismo contábil destas, captado pelo modelo de Basu, nos investimentos em bens de capital das empresas. Os resultados indicam que, em períodos de crise econômica local, as empresas antecipam as futuras perdas aumentando o nível de conservadorismo. Esse comportamento conservador, entretanto, não foi capaz de mitigar os efeitos da crise, que influenciou negativamente o nível de investimentos de capital realizados pelas empresas brasileiras. Adicionalmente, observou-se que as empresas mais conservadoras reduzem significativamente seus investimentos em períodos de crise. Esses achados são relevantes para os investidores, pois estes podem considerar um comportamento conservador mais acentuado nos investimentos futuros das firmas. Cabe ressaltar também que os resultados da pesquisa podem auxiliar as políticas governamentais, no âmbito de que os gestores públicos busquem ações que viabilizem investimentos das empresas, minimizando os efeitos negativos da crise e permitindo um crescimento econômico mais rápido.
The relationship between politicians and civil servants is ambiguous and potentially problematic in democratic terms. The aim of the thesis is to examine this relationship in the Swedish core executive, Regeringskansliet. More specifically, the analysis emphasises the respective role expectations of the two groups when interacting with each other. The thesis is based on two extensive qualitative interview studies with politicians and senior civil servants, one carried out in the early 1980's and one undertaken more recently. Hence it also offers an opportunity to analyse whether these expectations have changed or remained stable during the last decades. The findings reveal that the role expectations of politicians and civil servants to a high extent correspond, and have remained relatively stable over time. The relationship between politicians and civil servants is based on norms such as (conditional) trust, delegation and yet relatively close interaction. If so, politicians are unloaded by the civil service in order to handle their external responsibilities. Although relatively informal, a passive hierarchy of roles ensures the superiority of politicians and more specifically of the minister. Civil servants adapt to roles taken by politicians, although providing guidance to the politicians on how to behave in office. The division of labour is not based on the different tasks performed in the policy-making process. Instead, politicians assume responsibility for all actions and decisions – also those undertaken by the civil servants – within the ministries, while civil servants offer politicians protection and security. Taken together these results indicate that the institutionalised norms that surround the relationship between politicians and civil servants are highly powerful. Nevertheless, the thesis also reveals tendencies towards a departure from these norms, suggesting that this relationship is to some extent fragile and exposed to various attempts at reform.
The design of the Bolsa Família Program (BFP) provides for the possibility of integrating state and municipal conditional cash transfers, based on the establishment of terms of cooperation with the Federal Government (or "pacts", as these instruments became known). The work systematizes the history of the PBF state pacts, implemented in the context of the Brasil sem Miséria Plan (BSM) - from 2011 - examining how much the changes in the program design, especially the creation of the Benefício para Superação da Extrema Pobreza (BSP), affected the use of this instrument of federative coordination, highlighting its limits and potentialities as a national strategy for coping with poverty. The advent of the BSP contributed to the decline of the pacts agenda, as it changed the federal government's strategy of financial support to overcome the extreme poverty gap on the part of the states for its resolution by the Union itself: that is, the The Union has, on its own, ensure that extreme poverty is overcome according to the national line defined for the BFP. This decision also equated the lack of effectiveness of the instrument of agreement in the induction of the state governments for that purpose. Regarding the limits of the agreements, it was identified difficulties of states with greater proportion of poverty to make financial contributions more robust; the volatility of political interests and the fluctuation of the theme in the state agenda; the low state capacity to act in a countercyclical manner and the fragility of the legal instrument mobilized to manage the pacts between federative entities. On the other hand, it was also possible to find in the pacts an experimental space for adjustments in the design of the programs, which in turn lead to the improvement of the PBF itself, since it has a unique design for the whole country and should be adapted to the different local realities so that it is better able to reach its objectives.
This paper aims at modeling the conduct policy of the interest rate by the Monetary Policy Committee of the Central Bank of Brazil (COPOM), following methodologically a statistical framework developed by Engle & Russel (1998) and used by Hamilton & Jordà (2002) in studying the decisions of the Federal Reserve of the United States. The results, once we observe the period from January 2002 to July 2010 with a weekly frequency, suggest that COPOM is influenced by government expenditures and that it has a forward-looking behavior, holding onto the expectations of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the official inflation of the country. In addition to this relevant evidence in the discussion of the balance between fiscal and monetary policies in Brazil, Brazilian monetary authority theoretically possesses a behavior which is aligned to that observed in practice, though it presents a greater sensitivity to macroeconomic variations. ; Este artigo visa modelar a política de condução da taxa de juros pelo Comitê de Política Monetária do Banco Central do Brasil (COPOM), seguindo metodologicamente o arcabouço estatístico desenvolvido por Engle & Russel (1998) e utilizado por Hamilton & Jordà (2002) no estudo das decisões do Federal Reserve nos Estados Unidos. Os resultados obtidos, observando-se o período de janeiro de 2002 a julho de 2010 com frequência semanal, sugerem que o COPOM seja influenciado pelos gastos governamentais e que este possua um comportamento forward-looking, atendo-se às expectativas do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) e da inflação oficial do país. Além desta evidência relevante na discussão sobre o equilíbrio entre políticas fiscal e monetária no Brasil, a autoridade monetária brasileira teoricamente possui um comportamento alinhado ao observado na prática, porém apresentando uma maior sensibilidade às variações macroeconômicas, reagindo mais frequentemente e em menor intensidade.
Homosexuality, bisexuality, transgender and queer have long been a sensitive topic in Christian churches. As society has changed, some denominations have become increasingly affirming, while others see the changes as incompatible with Christian values. A Conditional Community is based on in-depth interviews with 29 lgbtq Christians and is the first Swedish scientific study on the subject. Using a phenomenological approach, the author investigate how sexuality, intimacy and faith are experienced by the interviewees and how their Christian identity interacts with their identity as lgbtq people. A Conditional Community is aimed at teachers, researchers and students in fields such as religious studies, sexology, gender studies and psychology. The book is also of interest to professionals who require knowledge on the subject, such as pastors and therapists. Furthermore, it can serve as a basis for discussions and reflection on faith, sexuality and lgbtq in the Free Church contexts.
Agricultural price distortion which is the discrepancy between world market price of agricultural produce and price received by farmers as a result of market interventions by governments, either through subsidies or taxes or even trade protection systems, has received rare attention in the cocoa and coffee sub-sectors. This study examines the contribution of mobile phone technology in reducing price distortions in cocoa and coffee production. In addition, we tested stylized facts such as the development paradox, resource abundance, and group-size effect in agricultural price distortions literature. The findings suggest that access to mobile phones reduces the extent of price distortions. The effect of mobile phone usage on the extent of price distortion, the nominal rate of assistance, and relative price margin is conditional on internet connectivity. Whereas our results support the development paradox and group-size effect hypotheses, the resource abundance hypothesis is not supported. Based on our results, policies that seek to reduce the cost of telecommunication, increase competition in the telecommunication industry, and increase economic growth would go a long way to reduce price distortion in the cocoa and coffee industries.
Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) are widespread in conservation policy. In PES, environmental effectiveness and social equity are often perceived as conflicting goals. Empirical studies on the relationship between popular design features, such as payment differentiation and payment conditionality, and effectiveness and equity are scarce. Further, they struggle with measuring and separating ecological and equity outcomes. In this study, we combine two incentivized lab-in-the-field experiments with 259 land users from eight villages in North-Western Vietnam to assess both individual conservation effort and community-level equity perceptions under four different PES designs. Effort is measured in a real-effort task with real-world environmental benefits; equity perceptions about payment designs in the real-effort task are measured in a coordination game. We demonstrate that payment design affects both effort and equity perceptions. Payments which are differentiated and are solely conditional on individuals' contributions of effort are perceived as most equitable. They are also more effective in motivating conservation effort than other designs, although the differences are small and not significant for all comparisons. By working out the positive correlation of effectiveness and equity across the four payment schemes, we show that these objectives are not necessarily conflicting goals in incentive-based conservation policy. Further, we can show that women exert greater conservation efforts. We discuss how greater equity and effectiveness could be achieved with reforms towards more input-based distribution criteria in Vietnam's PES legislation and the limitations and opportunities of the experimental paradigm for research on PES.
Emergency Aid, instituted by Law 13982, of 2020, is one of the biggest initiatives of the Brazilin Federal Government to minimize the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. This aid is directed at the most vulnerable population, among them, the beneficiaries of the conditional cash transfer program "Bolsa Família" (PBF) and those enrolled in the single registry for social protection "Cadastro Único para Programas Sociais do Governo Federal" (CadÚnico). The benefit also covers informal employees, self-employed and individual microentrepreneurs (MEI). Based on documentary analysis and through direct observation, this study sought to outline the process of implementing emergency aid measures, within the framework established by the Ministry of Citizenship (MC), through the system-level bureaucracy approach. ; La Ayuda de Emergencia, instituida por la Ley n. 13.982, de 2020, es una de las mayores iniciativas del Gobierno Federal Brasileño para minimizar los efectos económicos de la pandemia de coronavirus (COVID-19) para la parte más vulnerables de la población, entre ellas, los beneficiarios del "Programa Bolsa Família" (PBF) y aquellos inscritos en el Registro Único para Programas Sociales del Gobierno Federal" (CadÚnico), ciudadanos que ya tenían algún tipo de relación con las políticas de asistencia social. Además de estos, el beneficio también abarca a trabajadores informales, autónomos e microempresarios individuales (MEI). Basado en el análisis documental y a través de la observación directa, este estudio buscó esbozar el proceso de implementación de la Ayuda de Emergencia, en el marco establecido por el Ministerio de Ciudadanía (MC), a través del enfoque de burocracia a nivel de sistema. ; O Auxílio Emergencial, instituído pela Lei nº 13.982, de 2020, é uma das maiores iniciativas do Governo Federal para minimizar os efeitos econômicos da pandemia do coronavírus (COVID-19) para a parte mais vulnerável da população, entres eles os beneficiários do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) e os inscritos no Cadastro Único para Programas Sociais do Governo Federal (CadÚnico), cidadãos que já tinham algum tipo de relacionamento com políticas de assistência social. Além desses, o benefício abrange também trabalhadores informais, autônomos e microempreendedores individuais (MEI). Com base na análise documental e por meio de observação direta, este estudo buscou delinear o processo de implementação do Auxílio Emergencial, no âmbito do arranjo estabelecido pelo Ministério da Cidadania (MC), através da abordagem da burocracia de nível de sistema.
Este estudo analisou se os regulamentos do manejo florestal comunitário (MFC) madeireiro em unidades de conservação (UC) federais na Amazônia brasileira interferem na autonomia das populações tradicionais em executarem suas atividades produtivas. Constatou-se que os regulamentos do MFC madeireiro em UC são constituídos por regras de dimensões territoriais, procedimentais e técnicas, que interferem na autonomia comunitária na gestão do recurso florestal, no processo de obtenção da licença do MFC e nas técnicas de execução da atividade. O não cumprimento da determinação legal de elaboração de planos de manejo florestal sustentável diferenciados para comunidades tem condicionado as populações tradicionais a exigências de licenciamento e técnicas padronizadas em detrimento do reconhecimento constitucional e legal atribuído a um grupo culturalmente diferenciado. Além disso, o licenciamento do MFC está também condicionado ao cumprimento de obrigações prévias do próprio órgão ambiental. Concluiu-se que a autonomia das populações tradicionais no MFC madeireiro em UC é condicionada desde o início, pois a forma comunitária de uso e gestão dos recursos naturais não é o elemento orientador das estruturas legais do MFC madeireiro em UC. A simplificação e a adequação à legislação de alguns instrumentos normativos poderiam aumentar o grau de autonomia comunitária no MFC madeireiro, facilitando sua multiplicação na Amazônia. Algumas mudanças prioritárias nos regulamentos foram propostas neste estudo. ; This study analyzed whether the legal framework of the timber community forest management (CFM) in federal protected areas (PA) of the Brazilian Amazon interferes in the autonomy of the traditional populations in carrying out their productive activities. It was verified that the legal framework of the CFM in PA, constituted by rules of territorial, procedural and technical dimensions, interfere in the community's autonomy in the management of the forest resource, in the process of obtaining the CFM license and in the logging techniques used. The failure to comply with the legal determination to elaborate differentiated sustainable forest management plans for communities has conditioned traditional populations to standardized requirements to the detriment of the constitutional and legal recognition attributed to a culturally distinct social group. In addition, the licensing of CFM is also conditional on the fulfillment of previous obligations of the environmental agency itself. It was concluded that the autonomy of the traditional populations in the CFM is conditioned from its beginning, since the way of use and manage the natural resources by communities is not the guiding of the legal framework of CFM. The simplification and adaptation to the legislation of some normative instruments could increase the degree of community autonomy in CFM, enhancing its multiplication in the Amazon. Some priority changes in the regulations were proposed in this study.
The creation of the modern school to finals of XIX century brought the formation of a discipline to educate the body. It was in that constitutive moment where practices were delimited for men: military exercises, force, virility, postures; while for women it was expected: perfection of femininity, dance, and rhythmic gymnastics. Of the perpetuation of this two types of stereotypes in the physical education class drift the hypothesis of this research present what is the direct and conditional influence of the cultural practices in relation to the gender expression is reduced to analysis regarding the sex condition read in code from what is biologically attributed. As a theoretical frame work we turn to the contributions of the Queer Theory, and on the other hand, we analyze current regulations for the Argentinian education system taking special reference in the law of integral sexual education of Argentina. The field work was done during the year 2018 in two primary-level public administration schools, located in the cities of Almafuerte and Rio Tercero, of the province of Córdoba, Argentina. ; La creación de la escuela moderna a finales del siglo XIX trajo consigo la formación de una disciplina ocupada de educar el cuerpo. Fue en ese momento constitutivo en donde se delimitaron las prácticas corporales para los hombres: ejercicios militares, fuerza, virilidad, posturas; mientras que para las mujeres se esperaba: perfección de la feminidad, danza, gimnasia rítmica. De la perpetuación de estos estereotipos en la clase de Educación Física deriva la hipótesis de la investigación que presentamos que es la influencia directa y condicionada de las prácticas culturales en relación a la expresión de género queda reducida al análisis respecto de la condición de sexo leído en clave de lo que es biológicamente atribuido. Como marco teórico recurrimos a los aportes de la Teoría Queer y, por otro lado, analizamos las normativas vigentes para el Sistema Educativo Argentino tomando especial referencia en la Ley de Educación Sexual Integral de la Argentina. El trabajo de campo se realizó durante el año 2018 en dos escuelas de nivel primario de administración pública, situadas en las ciudades de Almafuerte y Rio Tercero de la provincia de Córdoba, Argentina. ; A criação da escola moderna aos finais do século XIX trouxe consigo uma disciplina que se ocupou da educação dos corpos. Foi nesse momento constitutivo onde se delimitaram as práticas corporais para homens: exercícios militares, força, virilidade, porturas; ao mesmo tempo que para a educação dos corpos das mulheres se esperava: perfeição da feminilidade, dança, ginástica rítmica. Da perpetuação desses estereótipos de comportamentos nas aulas de Educação Física enquanto conteúdo escolar que deriva a hipótese desta pesquisa que apresentamos: as aulas de Educação Física influenciam e condicionam diretamente as práticas culturais em relação a expressão de gênero reduzindo a condição de sexo ao que está inscrito na biologia do corpo. Como marco teórico recorremos aos aportes teóricos da teoria Queer e, por outro lado, analisamos as normativas vigentes para o Sistema Educativo Argentino tomando especialmente como referência a Lei de Educação Sexual Integral da Argentina. O trabalho de campo se realizou durante o ano de 2018 em duas escolas de nível primário de administração públicas situadas nas ciudades de Almafuerte e Rio Terceiro do estado de Córdoba - Argentina.
This paper aims to analyze the role of social protection structures in the economic integration of refugees. While most of the literature on economic integration focuses on refugee access to formal workforce, this paper explores the importance of social protection in the integration process and how it paves the way for greater economic integration. This paper investigates both formal social protection structures and informal ties within immigrant communities that help refugees obtain a basic income while they are in the process of integration. Brazil has no national program for economic integration of refugees and, in terms of social protection structures, they are recipients of the same social assistance programs that are offered to the low-income population. By looking at a conditional cash transfer program, Bolsa Família, and analyzing the access and outcomes of this program for Syrian refugees in the city of São Paulo, this paper shows the limitations of providing these programs to refugees without considering their specificities. In conclusion, for a stronger economic integration, formal structures of social protection need to be more efficient and better address refugees' needs. In order to conduct this work, I used academic and news articles, and interviewed members from the government and civil society organizations who work with refugee integration. ; El propósito de este artículo es analizar el papel de las estructuras de protección social en la integración económica de los refugiados. Aunque la mayor parte de la literatura sobre integración económica se centra en el acceso de los refugiados al mercado formal, este artículo explora la importancia de la protección social en el proceso de integración, así como su relevancia para allanar el camino para una integración económica más efectiva. Este artículo analiza las estructuras formales de protección social y las informales de solidaridad y vínculos entre las comunidades de inmigrantes, que ayudan a los refugiados a obtener recursos básicos mientras están en proceso de integración. Brasil no cuenta con un programa nacional de integración económica de refugiados y, en términos de estructuras de protección social, ellos son beneficiarios de los mismos programas de asistencia social ofrecidos a la población de bajos ingresos. Al observar un programa de transferencias monetarias condicionadas, el Bolsa Família, y analizar el acceso y los resultados de este programa para los refugiados sirios en la ciudad de São Paulo, este documento muestra las limitaciones para brindar estos programas a los refugiados sin considerar sus especificidades. Por lo tanto, para una integración económica más sólida, las estructuras formales de protección social deben ser más eficientes y abordar mejor las necesidades de los refugiados. Para llevar a cabo este trabajo se utilizaron artículos académicos y noticias, y se realizaron entrevistas con miembros del gobierno y organizaciones de la sociedad civil que trabajan con la integración de refugiados. ; O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o papel das estruturas de proteção social na integração econômica dos refugiados. Embora a maior parte da literatura sobre integração econômica se concentre no acesso dos refugiados ao mercado formal, este artigo explora a importância da proteção social no processo de integração, bem como sua importância para abrir caminho para uma maior integração econômica. Este artigo analisa estruturas formais de proteção social e estruturas informais de solidariedade e vínculos entre as comunidades de imigrantes, que ajudam os refugiados a obter recursos básicos enquanto estão em processo de integração. O Brasil não possui um programa nacional de integração econômica dos refugiados e, em termos de estruturas de proteção social, eles são beneficiários dos mesmos programas de assistência social que são oferecidos à população de baixa renda. Ao examinar um programa de transferência condicional de renda, o Bolsa Família, e ao analisar o acesso e os resultados desse programa para os refugiados sírios na cidade de São Paulo, este artigo mostra as limitações de fornecer esses programas aos refugiados, sem considerar suas especificidades. Este trabalho conclui que, para uma maior integração econômica, as estruturas formais de proteção social precisam ser mais eficientes e atender melhor às necessidades dos refugiados. Para realizar este trabalho, foram usados artigos acadêmicos, notícias e realizadas entrevistas com membros do governo e organizações da sociedade civil que trabalham com integração de refugiados.
