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The twentieth century is an era of pervasive turmoil. There were two cataclysmic full-scale wars and many wars and conflicts of lesser importance in all parts of the world. The term crisis is among the most widely used verbal symbols of turmoil in politics among nations. Scholars and journalists, too, often write about such things as incidents, disputes, riots, and rebellions etc. as crisis. In short, crisis is a pervasive term to describe dis ruption and disorder in the global arena. Many political scientists have been researching this phenomenon of international system but there is still a need for new researches and analysis of crisis in world politics. New technological tools and data-sets enable further development of analytical aspects of crisis theory: eruption of conflictual situations, context and reasons of crisis escalation and de-escalation, decision making process etc. The main reason impelled to write this article is the lack of integral theory on crisis issues. That is why the main objective of this study is to make a quantitative and comparative research of the crisis in the 20th century in order to highlight the main influential factors of this process in different time and space dimensions. A quantitative and comparative analysis in this article was performed using International Crisis Behavior (ICB) data-set of international crisis (by the SPSS 12.0 package). The results of the research confirm the presumption that the analysis of different "levels" provides different outcomes.[.].

The twentieth century is an era of pervasive turmoil. There were two cataclysmic full-scale wars and many wars and conflicts of lesser importance in all parts of the world. The term crisis is among the most widely used verbal symbols of turmoil in politics among nations. Scholars and journalists, too, often write about such things as incidents, disputes, riots, and rebellions etc. as crisis. In short, crisis is a pervasive term to describe dis ruption and disorder in the global arena. Many political scientists have been researching this phenomenon of international system but there is still a need for new researches and analysis of crisis in world politics. New technological tools and data-sets enable further development of analytical aspects of crisis theory: eruption of conflictual situations, context and reasons of crisis escalation and de-escalation, decision making process etc. The main reason impelled to write this article is the lack of integral theory on crisis issues. That is why the main objective of this study is to make a quantitative and comparative research of the crisis in the 20th century in order to highlight the main influential factors of this process in different time and space dimensions. A quantitative and comparative analysis in this article was performed using International Crisis Behavior (ICB) data-set of international crisis (by the SPSS 12.0 package). The results of the research confirm the presumption that the analysis of different "levels" provides different outcomes.[.].

The paper analyzes the sociological theory. Western type public modernity theories are assumed as a process, for which a developing society is approaching the developed societies reaching a certain level of economic growth, a certain level of public participation and the democratic stage of development, giving the individual more physical, social and economic mobility. Structural functionalism (Parson, 1997; Merton, 1997 et al.). With the approach to this theory, it can be said that inequality in education stems from the ascription to social class, strata, ethnic groups, etc., also due to individual's achievements, which are usually associated with the innate talents and efforts. The analysis of an individual's social functioning and social stratification is based on the approach to Capital theory (Bourdieu, 1986). Thus, the participation of education players in education system, also the accessibility of education to an individual depends on the volume and structure of the available capital. Participation in individual's reproduction process and education system, based on the approach to this theory, is defined by individual's habits (habitus), and harmony with individual's social status. The theory of social conflict (Dahrendorf, 1996; Coser, 1969) argues that conflicts can be identified among all social systems and the educational institute. In terms of social conflict society is the actual and potential arena of conflicts. Network activity theory (Burt, 1982; Granovetter, 1973; Castells, 2005) aims to analyze and describe reciprocal link models in the social system. The followers of this theory keep to the opinion that social structures need to be investigated first, as the players' behavior is constrained by social structures. Very often it is the case at education institution that students from the disadvantaged families, with negative evaluations or various disorders, are often isolated from the classroom and school community.

The paper analyzes the sociological theory. Western type public modernity theories are assumed as a process, for which a developing society is approaching the developed societies reaching a certain level of economic growth, a certain level of public participation and the democratic stage of development, giving the individual more physical, social and economic mobility. Structural functionalism (Parson, 1997; Merton, 1997 et al.). With the approach to this theory, it can be said that inequality in education stems from the ascription to social class, strata, ethnic groups, etc., also due to individual's achievements, which are usually associated with the innate talents and efforts. The analysis of an individual's social functioning and social stratification is based on the approach to Capital theory (Bourdieu, 1986). Thus, the participation of education players in education system, also the accessibility of education to an individual depends on the volume and structure of the available capital. Participation in individual's reproduction process and education system, based on the approach to this theory, is defined by individual's habits (habitus), and harmony with individual's social status. The theory of social conflict (Dahrendorf, 1996; Coser, 1969) argues that conflicts can be identified among all social systems and the educational institute. In terms of social conflict society is the actual and potential arena of conflicts. Network activity theory (Burt, 1982; Granovetter, 1973; Castells, 2005) aims to analyze and describe reciprocal link models in the social system. The followers of this theory keep to the opinion that social structures need to be investigated first, as the players' behavior is constrained by social structures. Very often it is the case at education institution that students from the disadvantaged families, with negative evaluations or various disorders, are often isolated from the classroom and school community.

The paper analyzes the sociological theory. Western type public modernity theories are assumed as a process, for which a developing society is approaching the developed societies reaching a certain level of economic growth, a certain level of public participation and the democratic stage of development, giving the individual more physical, social and economic mobility. Structural functionalism (Parson, 1997; Merton, 1997 et al.). With the approach to this theory, it can be said that inequality in education stems from the ascription to social class, strata, ethnic groups, etc., also due to individual's achievements, which are usually associated with the innate talents and efforts. The analysis of an individual's social functioning and social stratification is based on the approach to Capital theory (Bourdieu, 1986). Thus, the participation of education players in education system, also the accessibility of education to an individual depends on the volume and structure of the available capital. Participation in individual's reproduction process and education system, based on the approach to this theory, is defined by individual's habits (habitus), and harmony with individual's social status. The theory of social conflict (Dahrendorf, 1996; Coser, 1969) argues that conflicts can be identified among all social systems and the educational institute. In terms of social conflict society is the actual and potential arena of conflicts. Network activity theory (Burt, 1982; Granovetter, 1973; Castells, 2005) aims to analyze and describe reciprocal link models in the social system. The followers of this theory keep to the opinion that social structures need to be investigated first, as the players' behavior is constrained by social structures. Very often it is the case at education institution that students from the disadvantaged families, with negative evaluations or various disorders, are often isolated from the classroom and school community.

The paper analyzes the sociological theory. Western type public modernity theories are assumed as a process, for which a developing society is approaching the developed societies reaching a certain level of economic growth, a certain level of public participation and the democratic stage of development, giving the individual more physical, social and economic mobility. Structural functionalism (Parson, 1997; Merton, 1997 et al.). With the approach to this theory, it can be said that inequality in education stems from the ascription to social class, strata, ethnic groups, etc., also due to individual's achievements, which are usually associated with the innate talents and efforts. The analysis of an individual's social functioning and social stratification is based on the approach to Capital theory (Bourdieu, 1986). Thus, the participation of education players in education system, also the accessibility of education to an individual depends on the volume and structure of the available capital. Participation in individual's reproduction process and education system, based on the approach to this theory, is defined by individual's habits (habitus), and harmony with individual's social status. The theory of social conflict (Dahrendorf, 1996; Coser, 1969) argues that conflicts can be identified among all social systems and the educational institute. In terms of social conflict society is the actual and potential arena of conflicts. Network activity theory (Burt, 1982; Granovetter, 1973; Castells, 2005) aims to analyze and describe reciprocal link models in the social system. The followers of this theory keep to the opinion that social structures need to be investigated first, as the players' behavior is constrained by social structures. Very often it is the case at education institution that students from the disadvantaged families, with negative evaluations or various disorders, are often isolated from the classroom and school community.

Every political clash leaves a trace in World history. The conflict between Iraq and Kuwait in the end of XX century is not the exception. Amid growing tension between the two Persian Gulf neighbors, Saddam Hussein concluded that the United States and the rest of the outside world would not interfere to defend Kuwait. On August 2, 1990, Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait and quickly seized control of the small nation. Within days, the United States, along with the United Nations, demanded Iraq's immediate withdrawal. U.S. and other UN member nations began deploying troops in Saudi Arabia within the week, and the worldwide coalition began to form under UN authority. On January 16, 1991, Allied forces began devastating bombing of Iraq and its forces in Kuwait. The Allied bombing sought to damage Iraq's infrastructure so as to hinder its ability to make war while also hurting both civilian and military morale. Unfortunately, Allied air strikes and cruise missile attacks against Iraq proved more devastating than expected. When the Allied armies launched the ground war on February 23, the Iraqi occupation forces in Kuwait were already beaten. On March 3, 1991, Iraq accepted the terms of the cease-fire and the fighting ended. So the object of master's work has been the evaluation of the role, substantiality and particularity of political leaders during the conflict between Iraq and Kuwait in 1990 – 1991. The goal has been to point out the connection between the expression of political leadership and the conflict in the Gulf. Main tasks are as follows: to point out the peculiarity of political leadership with reference to the functions and main features of political leaders; to dispute the political tendencies of the conflict between Iraq and Kuwait; to define the concept of crisis situation; to reveal the importance of political leaders' practice, actions and receivable decisions; to highlight the conflict in the Gulf and to emphasize its significance to further development of World history. Master's work consists of 3 Chapters. Chapter 1 deals with behavior and individual peculiarities of political leaders. It focuses on the above mentioned aspects as basic ones in the conflict and reveals different viewpoints on means of solving the crisis situation. In Chapter 2 the specific character of political leaders was illustrated with the focus on their underway functions. Providing information from different channels, communication strategies and means depending on crisis situation objectives has been discussed. In Chapter 3 main features of political leadership, control of the conflict and acceptance of decisions have been discussed. Different viewpoints and evaluations of the political leaders presented, with the focus on more detailed research of solving the problem in Persian Gulf. Influencing the effectiveness individual and outside factors, on the basis of which action strategies are being formulated. Document analysis, descriptive and historical research methods helped to come to the conclusion that political leaders signally influenced the conflict between Iraq and Kuwait in 1990 – 1991. After the results attained, it became evident that substantiality of political leaders and their determined alterations considerably influenced the World history.

Every political clash leaves a trace in World history. The conflict between Iraq and Kuwait in the end of XX century is not the exception. Amid growing tension between the two Persian Gulf neighbors, Saddam Hussein concluded that the United States and the rest of the outside world would not interfere to defend Kuwait. On August 2, 1990, Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait and quickly seized control of the small nation. Within days, the United States, along with the United Nations, demanded Iraq's immediate withdrawal. U.S. and other UN member nations began deploying troops in Saudi Arabia within the week, and the worldwide coalition began to form under UN authority. On January 16, 1991, Allied forces began devastating bombing of Iraq and its forces in Kuwait. The Allied bombing sought to damage Iraq's infrastructure so as to hinder its ability to make war while also hurting both civilian and military morale. Unfortunately, Allied air strikes and cruise missile attacks against Iraq proved more devastating than expected. When the Allied armies launched the ground war on February 23, the Iraqi occupation forces in Kuwait were already beaten. On March 3, 1991, Iraq accepted the terms of the cease-fire and the fighting ended. So the object of master's work has been the evaluation of the role, substantiality and particularity of political leaders during the conflict between Iraq and Kuwait in 1990 – 1991. The goal has been to point out the connection between the expression of political leadership and the conflict in the Gulf. Main tasks are as follows: to point out the peculiarity of political leadership with reference to the functions and main features of political leaders; to dispute the political tendencies of the conflict between Iraq and Kuwait; to define the concept of crisis situation; to reveal the importance of political leaders' practice, actions and receivable decisions; to highlight the conflict in the Gulf and to emphasize its significance to further development of World history. Master's work consists of 3 Chapters. Chapter 1 deals with behavior and individual peculiarities of political leaders. It focuses on the above mentioned aspects as basic ones in the conflict and reveals different viewpoints on means of solving the crisis situation. In Chapter 2 the specific character of political leaders was illustrated with the focus on their underway functions. Providing information from different channels, communication strategies and means depending on crisis situation objectives has been discussed. In Chapter 3 main features of political leadership, control of the conflict and acceptance of decisions have been discussed. Different viewpoints and evaluations of the political leaders presented, with the focus on more detailed research of solving the problem in Persian Gulf. Influencing the effectiveness individual and outside factors, on the basis of which action strategies are being formulated. Document analysis, descriptive and historical research methods helped to come to the conclusion that political leaders signally influenced the conflict between Iraq and Kuwait in 1990 – 1991. After the results attained, it became evident that substantiality of political leaders and their determined alterations considerably influenced the World history.

Every political clash leaves a trace in World history. The conflict between Iraq and Kuwait in the end of XX century is not the exception. Amid growing tension between the two Persian Gulf neighbors, Saddam Hussein concluded that the United States and the rest of the outside world would not interfere to defend Kuwait. On August 2, 1990, Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait and quickly seized control of the small nation. Within days, the United States, along with the United Nations, demanded Iraq's immediate withdrawal. U.S. and other UN member nations began deploying troops in Saudi Arabia within the week, and the worldwide coalition began to form under UN authority. On January 16, 1991, Allied forces began devastating bombing of Iraq and its forces in Kuwait. The Allied bombing sought to damage Iraq's infrastructure so as to hinder its ability to make war while also hurting both civilian and military morale. Unfortunately, Allied air strikes and cruise missile attacks against Iraq proved more devastating than expected. When the Allied armies launched the ground war on February 23, the Iraqi occupation forces in Kuwait were already beaten. On March 3, 1991, Iraq accepted the terms of the cease-fire and the fighting ended. So the object of master's work has been the evaluation of the role, substantiality and particularity of political leaders during the conflict between Iraq and Kuwait in 1990 – 1991. The goal has been to point out the connection between the expression of political leadership and the conflict in the Gulf. Main tasks are as follows: to point out the peculiarity of political leadership with reference to the functions and main features of political leaders; to dispute the political tendencies of the conflict between Iraq and Kuwait; to define the concept of crisis situation; to reveal the importance of political leaders' practice, actions and receivable decisions; to highlight the conflict in the Gulf and to emphasize its significance to further development of World history. Master's work consists of 3 Chapters. Chapter 1 deals with behavior and individual peculiarities of political leaders. It focuses on the above mentioned aspects as basic ones in the conflict and reveals different viewpoints on means of solving the crisis situation. In Chapter 2 the specific character of political leaders was illustrated with the focus on their underway functions. Providing information from different channels, communication strategies and means depending on crisis situation objectives has been discussed. In Chapter 3 main features of political leadership, control of the conflict and acceptance of decisions have been discussed. Different viewpoints and evaluations of the political leaders presented, with the focus on more detailed research of solving the problem in Persian Gulf. Influencing the effectiveness individual and outside factors, on the basis of which action strategies are being formulated. Document analysis, descriptive and historical research methods helped to come to the conclusion that political leaders signally influenced the conflict between Iraq and Kuwait in 1990 – 1991. After the results attained, it became evident that substantiality of political leaders and their determined alterations considerably influenced the World history.

Every political clash leaves a trace in World history. The conflict between Iraq and Kuwait in the end of XX century is not the exception. Amid growing tension between the two Persian Gulf neighbors, Saddam Hussein concluded that the United States and the rest of the outside world would not interfere to defend Kuwait. On August 2, 1990, Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait and quickly seized control of the small nation. Within days, the United States, along with the United Nations, demanded Iraq's immediate withdrawal. U.S. and other UN member nations began deploying troops in Saudi Arabia within the week, and the worldwide coalition began to form under UN authority. On January 16, 1991, Allied forces began devastating bombing of Iraq and its forces in Kuwait. The Allied bombing sought to damage Iraq's infrastructure so as to hinder its ability to make war while also hurting both civilian and military morale. Unfortunately, Allied air strikes and cruise missile attacks against Iraq proved more devastating than expected. When the Allied armies launched the ground war on February 23, the Iraqi occupation forces in Kuwait were already beaten. On March 3, 1991, Iraq accepted the terms of the cease-fire and the fighting ended. So the object of master's work has been the evaluation of the role, substantiality and particularity of political leaders during the conflict between Iraq and Kuwait in 1990 – 1991. The goal has been to point out the connection between the expression of political leadership and the conflict in the Gulf. Main tasks are as follows: to point out the peculiarity of political leadership with reference to the functions and main features of political leaders; to dispute the political tendencies of the conflict between Iraq and Kuwait; to define the concept of crisis situation; to reveal the importance of political leaders' practice, actions and receivable decisions; to highlight the conflict in the Gulf and to emphasize its significance to further development of World history. Master's work consists of 3 Chapters. Chapter 1 deals with behavior and individual peculiarities of political leaders. It focuses on the above mentioned aspects as basic ones in the conflict and reveals different viewpoints on means of solving the crisis situation. In Chapter 2 the specific character of political leaders was illustrated with the focus on their underway functions. Providing information from different channels, communication strategies and means depending on crisis situation objectives has been discussed. In Chapter 3 main features of political leadership, control of the conflict and acceptance of decisions have been discussed. Different viewpoints and evaluations of the political leaders presented, with the focus on more detailed research of solving the problem in Persian Gulf. Influencing the effectiveness individual and outside factors, on the basis of which action strategies are being formulated. Document analysis, descriptive and historical research methods helped to come to the conclusion that political leaders signally influenced the conflict between Iraq and Kuwait in 1990 – 1991. After the results attained, it became evident that substantiality of political leaders and their determined alterations considerably influenced the World history.

Youth is a short phase in human's life. During this stage important processes of maturation and socialization occur. A young person's socialization happens in a variety of ways, one of them, is going to dance parties, it is as well, one of the most pleasant leisure activities of a young person. This paper deals with youth dance parties during the Soviet period in the district of Kedainiai. The research object is – youth dance parties in the area of Kedainiai and the shift in their traditions during the period of 1940 to 1990. Shifting traditions of these dances are analyzed through the specific organizing of dance evenings, people who attend the dances and their appearance, as well as, through general rules of behavior of young people at the dance and conflicts that appear during the evening. The methods used in the paper are historical-comparative and descriptive. Research data was collected using semi-structured interviews. 51 respondents, all living in the area of Kedainiai were questioned. The article consists of two big parts: 'Organizing of the dance' and 'the rules of visiting the dances and etiquette of participation'. The first part is divided into four sections where the names of the dance parties are described together with their location, music played during the dance and spreading information about the dances as well as summoning young people to the dance. In the sections of the second part visitors of the dances are more widely described, including their appearance, together with rules of common courtesy in the dance parties and the conflicts that occur during the dance. The article is illustrated by table and two pictures. The table shows information about the age and quantity of the informers. First picture shows the most popular dances danced at the dance parties. Second picture shows reasons for caused conflicts.[.]

Youth is a short phase in human's life. During this stage important processes of maturation and socialization occur. A young person's socialization happens in a variety of ways, one of them, is going to dance parties, it is as well, one of the most pleasant leisure activities of a young person. This paper deals with youth dance parties during the Soviet period in the district of Kedainiai. The research object is – youth dance parties in the area of Kedainiai and the shift in their traditions during the period of 1940 to 1990. Shifting traditions of these dances are analyzed through the specific organizing of dance evenings, people who attend the dances and their appearance, as well as, through general rules of behavior of young people at the dance and conflicts that appear during the evening. The methods used in the paper are historical-comparative and descriptive. Research data was collected using semi-structured interviews. 51 respondents, all living in the area of Kedainiai were questioned. The article consists of two big parts: 'Organizing of the dance' and 'the rules of visiting the dances and etiquette of participation'. The first part is divided into four sections where the names of the dance parties are described together with their location, music played during the dance and spreading information about the dances as well as summoning young people to the dance. In the sections of the second part visitors of the dances are more widely described, including their appearance, together with rules of common courtesy in the dance parties and the conflicts that occur during the dance. The article is illustrated by table and two pictures. The table shows information about the age and quantity of the informers. First picture shows the most popular dances danced at the dance parties. Second picture shows reasons for caused conflicts.[.]

The article is devoted to the analysis of realizations of euphemization in political discourse. Its focus is on news article headlines. The language data under study have been collected from the Internet news websites published in 2013–2014. The aim of the paper is twofold: to give an overview of recent cases of euphemization in news headlines, and to define functions, purpose and means of euphemization. The most frequently euphemized topics this year have been found to be war, military actions in different countries, politics and economics. The analysis of the news article headlines has showed that one of the main purposes of euphemization of social problems and political issues is to veil and cover up the real names of such phenomena as military actions, massacre, preparation for war, rising prices, unsuitable behavior of various officials, conflicts between leading politicians, bad economic conditions. The sub-topics of euphemization are concerned with the criticism of the behaviour of government leaders, leading politicians who are claimed to have violated ethics, who are arrogant, corrupt and dishonest. The semantics of euphemisms is best reflected describing them according to the means of euphemization, which are generalization, conceptual metaphorization, choice of international terms, periphrasis, pronominalization and litotes. Political euphemisms are part and parcel of the world of diplomacy, international and internal policy; politically correct language is crucial in today's mass media communication. It seeks to avoid conflict and antagonism, reduce panic and anxiety, and to disguise unpleasant news.

The article is devoted to the analysis of realizations of euphemization in political discourse. Its focus is on news article headlines. The language data under study have been collected from the Internet news websites published in 2013–2014. The aim of the paper is twofold: to give an overview of recent cases of euphemization in news headlines, and to define functions, purpose and means of euphemization. The most frequently euphemized topics this year have been found to be war, military actions in different countries, politics and economics. The analysis of the news article headlines has showed that one of the main purposes of euphemization of social problems and political issues is to veil and cover up the real names of such phenomena as military actions, massacre, preparation for war, rising prices, unsuitable behavior of various officials, conflicts between leading politicians, bad economic conditions. The sub-topics of euphemization are concerned with the criticism of the behaviour of government leaders, leading politicians who are claimed to have violated ethics, who are arrogant, corrupt and dishonest. The semantics of euphemisms is best reflected describing them according to the means of euphemization, which are generalization, conceptual metaphorization, choice of international terms, periphrasis, pronominalization and litotes. Political euphemisms are part and parcel of the world of diplomacy, international and internal policy; politically correct language is crucial in today's mass media communication. It seeks to avoid conflict and antagonism, reduce panic and anxiety, and to disguise unpleasant news.

The article is devoted to the analysis of realizations of euphemization in political discourse. Its focus is on news article headlines. The language data under study have been collected from the Internet news websites published in 2013–2014. The aim of the paper is twofold: to give an overview of recent cases of euphemization in news headlines, and to define functions, purpose and means of euphemization. The most frequently euphemized topics this year have been found to be war, military actions in different countries, politics and economics. The analysis of the news article headlines has showed that one of the main purposes of euphemization of social problems and political issues is to veil and cover up the real names of such phenomena as military actions, massacre, preparation for war, rising prices, unsuitable behavior of various officials, conflicts between leading politicians, bad economic conditions. The sub-topics of euphemization are concerned with the criticism of the behaviour of government leaders, leading politicians who are claimed to have violated ethics, who are arrogant, corrupt and dishonest. The semantics of euphemisms is best reflected describing them according to the means of euphemization, which are generalization, conceptual metaphorization, choice of international terms, periphrasis, pronominalization and litotes. Political euphemisms are part and parcel of the world of diplomacy, international and internal policy; politically correct language is crucial in today's mass media communication. It seeks to avoid conflict and antagonism, reduce panic and anxiety, and to disguise unpleasant news.