Suchergebnisse

L'Afrique est l'un des continents qui connaissent le mieux le phénomène de la violence politique. Paradoxalement, les solutions aux crises, conflits, guerres civiles, ou génocides qui jonchent son quotidien, ont toujours été fortement imprégnées d'extranéité. Champ opérationnel des médiations africaines, la crise ivoirienne a été l'occasion pour la diplomatie intergouvernementale africaine de se déployer. Deux principales médiations vont traduire dans les faits ce constat : celle de l'Union Africaine et celle de la CEDEAO. La présente contribution vise à mettre en lumière les facteurs de leur insuccès de 2002 à 2006. En les typifiant et en procédant à une exégèse de leurs instrumentaux, leurs acquis, et leurs limites, nous tentons en outre de prolonger le débat relatif à la présence des médiateurs internationaux, comme adjuvants, ou a contrario, témoins de l'efficacité relative des médiations continentales. ; Political violence is common in Africa. Nevertheless, conflict resolution in this continent has been for long a matter of international actors. The Ivorian crisis appears as a challenge for African mediations, notably Ecowas and African Union. This paper emphasizes on their efficiency from 2002 to 2006. The author focuses on their classification, strategies and tactics, merits and limits. Furthermore, the presence of International mediations during the period considered is questioned in order to analyse their interactions with African mediations in the sense of complementarities or conflict.

Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU); Organisation de l'Unité Africaine (OUA). Cooperation between the UN and the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in efforts to prevent conflicts or reestablish peace. Structures, levels, and modes of cooperation.

Cet article argumente que l'histoire coloniale et son héritage conjugués à la mauvaise gestion du legs houphoue͏tiste contribuent à la crise ivoirienne. Le marasme économique qui a suivi une période de prospérité économique qui a résulté à la contraction du système patrimonial participent à la fracture de la société ivoirienne.La crise qui se joue sur le terreau identitaire de l'ivoirité, allie également l'ethnique au religieux pour déboucher sur l'impasse militaro-politique. Un sursaut patriotique authentique et une volonté politique collective et pragmatique des Ivoiriens doivent étayer la médiation internationale en vue du règlement pacifique du conflit ivoirien. (Afr Dev/DÜI)

This document looks at the contributions and limitations of South Africa for peacekeeping. As the top economic and military power in Africa, and an emerging country, South Africa plays a major diplomatic role in Africa, the continent with the most peacekeeping operations. Its abilities and leadership enable it to lead mediation processes, bring together external stakeholders, be on the front lines of certain peacekeeping operations, enhancing its credibility in managing conflicts. However, for some time, South Africa's commitment, which was already exhibiting certain weaknesses both in terms of abilities and leadership with regard to its reputation and status, seems to be losing momentum. At the same time, we have seen a rise in Realpolitik power, which has drawn considerable criticism. Adapted from the source document.

Argues that only an international solution can resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict; discusses political strategies of Yasser Arafat and Ariel Sharon, the unilateral separation plan of the Labor Party, and the "iron curtain" proposal of the Likud Party to ensure security of the Jewish state. Summaries in English and Spanish p. 388 and 400.

There is no doubt that Russia's initial contribution to a stabilization of frozen conflicts within the CIS was remarkable. However Russia progressively adopted policies clearly favoring the secessionist entities, which casts doubt on the neutrality of Russian mediation. This development calls for a readjustment of the role played by the international community in this region. For their own particular reasons, European Union & NATO are both seeking to contribute more actively to regional stability. These organizations -- whose efforts used to go hand in hand following the end of the cold war -- have adopted divergent policies since the mid-2000s. As a consequence, only the EU is willing to get involved in the peace processes in order to settle the frozen conflicts. Adapted from the source document.

This paper explores the dynamics of family law's transformation over the past 50 years as the result of interactions of two autonomous systems: the law and the family. The interesting feature in the change of family is its democratisation. Equality, consent, freedom of partners, participative governance have become ideals of the Western family. Law is a motor of this family transformation through its own internal transformation on two points: the transformation of legal reasoning, based on human rights; the use of mediation in judiciary conflict resolution. This U turn can be explained by the new mechanisms of social order in modern differenciated societies. Following Anne Rawls' reading of Durkheim's insights, the article argues for the centrality of "constitutive practices" in modern societies. Legal framework can no longer derive and perform social order through moral rituals. Modern law must fit the procedural morality (instead of a moral consensus) of family interactions in order to be able to solve conflicts. This explanation of the success of mediation in family law is also the key to understand the constitutionalisation of family law via the use of principles (instead of rules) in legal reasoning. Intercultural conflicts arise inside families as well as inside societies. New flexible family law becomes a factor of pluralization of family forms. On this basis, transnationalization of family law can develop, even if state sovereignty remains a powerful brake of this evolution.

This paper explores the dynamics of family law's transformation over the past 50 years as the result of interactions of two autonomous systems: the law and the family. The interesting feature in the change of family is its democratisation. Equality, consent, freedom of partners, participative governance have become ideals of the Western family. Law is a motor of this family transformation through its own internal transformation on two points: the transformation of legal reasoning, based on human rights; the use of mediation in judiciary conflict resolution. This U turn can be explained by the new mechanisms of social order in modern differenciated societies. Following Anne Rawls' reading of Durkheim's insights, the article argues for the centrality of "constitutive practices" in modern societies. Legal framework can no longer derive and perform social order through moral rituals. Modern law must fit the procedural morality (instead of a moral consensus) of family interactions in order to be able to solve conflicts. This explanation of the success of mediation in family law is also the key to understand the constitutionalisation of family law via the use of principles (instead of rules) in legal reasoning. Intercultural conflicts arise inside families as well as inside societies. New flexible family law becomes a factor of pluralization of family forms. On this basis, transnationalization of family law can develop, even if state sovereignty remains a powerful brake of this evolution.

The end of the 1965 Indo-Pakistani war: exhaustion or dead-lock?, by Christiane Tirimagni-Hurtig
The end of the 1965 Indo-Pakistani war appears to be perfectly applicable to the analytic model proposed by J.-P. Derriennic, for the salient features of the end of this conflict are: the timing of the cease-fire (shortly before the eventual internationalisation of the conflict) - the circumstances in which both the cease-fire and the subsequent Tashkent settlement were established (through intervention by the Great Powers without clear victory having been obtained) - the substitution of Soviet mediation for the bilateral type of settlement envisaged by the Security Council. In reality, though, the timing of the cease-fire can hardly give rise to a comparative analysis of the costs and stakes in that it was imposed by the Great Powers and, from the standpoint of the only Power capable of continuing hostilities - India, was in line with the policy it had already decided. As to the circumstances of the settlement and the role played by Soviet diplomacy, closer examination shows that in this specific case intervention by the Great Powers in order to prevent the conflict from reaching a higher level froze the situation less than between 1957 and 1963, because this time the United States agreed not only about the need to limit the conflict, but also about the balance of power to be maintained in the sub-continent, and it is this that explains the success of Soviet mediation.
[Revue française de science politique XXIV (2), avril 1974, pp. 309-327.]

The " protective Border" operation, conducted by Israel in the Gaza Strip from July 8th to August 26th, 2014, was one of the hardest ever led by Israel since the Six-Day War back in 1967 in the territory controlled by Hamas. Favoured by particularly precarious geopolitical climate where mistrust reigned not only between Palestinians and Israelis, but also between the Palestinians themselves, rocket attacks claimed by Hamas on the night of July 7th and 8th from Gaza decided Israel to react first by air then by land. After the operation, the number of killed civilians and damage to property has never reached such a dramatic level, Hamas and Israel Defense Force sharing serious violations of the law of armed conflict. The violence of the conflict made moreover powerless the foreign mediations, except the mediation of Egypt which managed to gather both belligerent parties and get them to cease hostilities, after more than forty-five days of bloody fighting for civilians. The cease-fire, however, called for further negotiations, equally sensitive, about reconstruction and the general status of Gaza, including the blockade that was isolating the territory since 2007 : so many points which would, undoubtedly, add in difficulty to the general peace negotiations between Israel and Palestine.

To listen to Stendhal's laughter. The frequency of a verb denoting laughter and the analysis of what is constant and changeable in its use enable the reader to get into the spirit of the novel. The laughter radiates with the power of its sharpness, its attack and its passion to unmask; it gives the characters an ethical and egotistical dimension for it functions as a verbal germ of the conflict between an individual and the society and at the same time as the basic way to escape its real threats. Functioning as a beneficial upheaval, the sign of a political and social emancipation and discourse distancing itself, the laughter shows narcissistic predisposition of Stendhal's character and his/her ontological loneliness. To listen to Stendhal's laughter - and to laugh with him - is to take part in the mediation characterized by irony, nobleness and clarity of vision, the mediation that the writer undertakes in difficult relations between the man and the world, the history, other people and himself. ; To listen to Stendhal's laughter. The frequency of a verb denoting laughter and the analysis of what is constant and changeable in its use enable the reader to get into the spirit of the novel. The laughter radiates with the power of its sharpness, its attack and its passion to unmask; it gives the characters an ethical and egotistical dimension for it functions as a verbal germ of the conflict between an individual and the society and at the same time as the basic way to escape its real threats. Functioning as a beneficial upheaval, the sign of a political and social emancipation and discourse distancing itself, the laughter shows narcissistic predisposition of Stendhal's character and his/her ontological loneliness. To listen to Stendhal's laughter - and to laugh with him - is to take part in the mediation characterized by irony, nobleness and clarity of vision, the mediation that the writer undertakes in difficult relations between the man and the world, the history, other people and himself.