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Aggression and competition are customarily presented as the natural state of affairs in both human society and the animal kingdom. Yet, as this book shows, our species relies heavily on cooperation for survival as do many others-from wolves and dolphins to monkeys and apes. A distinguished group of fifty-two authors, including many of the world's leading experts on human and animal behavior, review evidence from multiple disciplines on natural conflict resolution, making the case that reconciliation and compromise are as much a part of our heritage as is waging war. Chimpanzees kiss and embrace after a fight. Children will appeal to fairness when fighting over a toy. Spotted hyenas, usually thought to be a particularly aggressive species, use reconciliation to restore damaged relationships. As these studies show, there are sound evolutionary reasons for these peacekeeping tendencies. This book also addresses the cultural, ecological, cognitive, emotional, and moral perspectives of conflict resolution

Examines the effectiveness of various techniques and the underlying assumptions about conflict, power, and justice; 11 articles. Includes case studies of dispute resolution in the former Yugoslavia, Africa, Germany, and Philadelphia.

Feminhm has focused our aittention on gender coflicts; but paradoxically, it has long embraced the ideal of an egalitarian and peaceful social onder. Three theories are plumbed for their contributions to this ideal: the social construction perpective, the theory of gender differences, and the theoretical dmmand for epistemological revision. Among those theorists given sustained attention are Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, Gerda Lerner Carol Gilligan, and Susan Griffin. The relevance of numerous feminist ideas to other areas of conflict resolution is noied.

Contains papers presented at a conference, entitled 'Cutting Edge Theories and Recent Developments in Conflict Resolution'. This work explores some of the major themes of conflict analysis, including how dominant discourses can soothe and exacerbate confl

While dramatic changes are taking place on the international scene and among the major powers, Africa continues to suffer from a multitude of violent conflicts. The toll of these conflicts is monumental in terms of war damage to productivity, scarce resources diverted to armaments and military organizations, and the resulting insecurity, displacement, and destruction. At the same time, Africans, in response to internal demands as well as to international changes, have begun to focus their attention and energies on these problems and are trying innovative ways to resolve differences by nonviolent means. The outcomes of these attempts have urgent and complex implications for the future of the continent with respect to human rights, principles of democracy, and economic development. In this book, African, European, and U.S. experts examine these important issues and the prospects for conflict management and resolution in Africa. They review the scholarship in resolution in light of international changes now taking place. Addressing the undying, internal causes of conflict, they question whether global events will promote peace or threaten to unleash even more conflict. The authors focus their analysis on the issues involved in African conflicts and examine the areas in need of the most dramatic changes. They offer specific recommendations for dealing with current problems, but caution that unless policymakers confront the security situation in Africa, further destruction to national unity and political and economic stability is imminent. Case studies and themes for further, long-term research are recommended.

The objective of this research is to investigate the causes of conflict in Africa. Further, it discusses the role played by the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in ensuring political order during its period of existence. The study employs content analysis of historical documents, academic works, internet sources and also current conflict situations in Africa as a baseline for its argument. Mainly, the study shows which major sources of tension need to be resolved to enjoy a sound, stable, peaceful, political and economic environment in the new millennium. Auszug aus dem Text Text sample

Law is seen as having 2 basic interconnected tasks: (1) to solve conflicts, & (2) to foster conformity to legal rules. While a world-wide soc system may be emerging, the present paper is considered a preliminary to such an understanding. It is based exclusively upon certain aspects of conflict resolution within the framework of one state. The judge is viewed as a decisionmaker & lawyers are considered experts on the use of power. The judge exerts power over `clients' or over citizens by playing a passive role. As such he is diff from those decisionmakers whose function depends upon outside initiative & those who can take the initiative themselves. The reasons why clients go to court are analyzed both re criminal cases & litigation. To some extent, a lawsuit is a game of chance, the parties being at the mercy of rules over which they have no control. The implications to be drawn from internal lawsuits & justice for the development of internat'l law are examined. Internat'l conflict resolution, it is concluded, will tend to be restricted to methods which rely heavily upon the shared intellectual tools & norms & upon the divided nat'l bases of force & authority. The world may also be viewed as a system. Self-righteousness is a characteristic of individuals as well as of nations in conflict. The relationship between law & set is explored. Modern thinking about world problems has been dominated by sci'fic disciplines. Systems can be derived from empirical premises. The cooperation between law & the other soc sci's is considered very important for the development of the internat'l soc system. Law must be understood sci'ly as a structure of action & roles with a specified set of soc functions. M. Maxfield.