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AbstractThe 1992 Consensus is perhaps the most crucial political term for cross‐strait relations. Surveys show that the public consistently supports it in Taiwan. Despite the alleged broad support, there has not been an academic study examining if Taiwanese people understand the content of the 1992 Consensus. Such an inquiry is important as the administration in Taiwan has yet accepted the Consensus in its interactions with Beijing. A nearly representative online survey was conducted in July 2018, and 1001 Taiwanese respondents were recruited to choose among different "definitions" of the 1992 Consensus. Results show that only one‐third of the respondents chose the version that Kuomintang agreed on, while another one‐third misperceived the 1992 Consensus as a country‐to‐country agreement. Taiwanese people might have supported the Consensus for content that it is not. We then discuss the policy implications of our study for both China and Taiwan and provide future research orientations.

Activists have long justified their egalitarian organizational forms in prefigurative terms. Making decisions by consensus, decentralizing organization, and rotating leadership serves to model the radically democratic society that activists hope to bring into being. Our comparison of consensus-based decision-making in three historical periods, however, shows that activists have understood the purposes of prefiguration in very different ways. Whereas radical pacifists in the 1940s saw their cooperative organizations as sustaining movement stalwarts in a period of political repression, new left activists in the 1960s imagined that their radically democratic practices would be adopted by ever-widening circles. Along with the political conditions in which they have operated, activists' distinctive understandings of equality have also shaped the way they have made decisions. Our interviews with 30 leftist activists today reveal a view of decision-making as a place to work through inequalities that are informal, unacknowledged, and pervasive.

Abstract

We consider here how democracy cannot be reduced to consensus and majorityvoting without taking in count contextual systemic social properties. We intend Democracy as context-sensitive, emergent property of social systems. We consider possible empirical confirmatory approaches to be used in case of strategic decisions as in thecase of the Brexit. We present the example of medical practice where no physician would decide a medical treatment on the base of a diagnosis having little more than fifty percent of probabilities to be true (neither a judge would condemn a defendant in court). In the post-industrial, knowledge societies we must face the end of the identity between universal suffrage and democracy.

Presentado el 22 de mayo de 2013 en el Internal Workshop: Social Choice & Game Theory, de la Unitat de Fonaments de l'Anàlisi Econòmica, UAB, Barcelona (España). Presentado el 3 de abril de 2014 en The 2014 Meeting of the European Public Choice Society, celebrado del 3 al 6 de abril de 2014 en Cambridge (Reino Unido) ; The paper analyses the problem of a committee chair using favours at her disposal to maximize the likelihood that her proposal gains committee support. The favours increase the probability of a given member approving the chair's proposal via a smooth voting function. The decision-making protocol is any quota voting rule. The paper characterizes the optimal allocation of any given level of favours and the optimal expenditure minimizing level of favours. The optimal allocation divides favours uniformly among a coalition of the committee members. At a low level of favours, the coalition comprises all committee members. At a high level, it is the minimum winning coalition. The optimal expenditure level guarantees the chair certain support of the minimum winning coalition if favours are abundant and uncertain support of all committee members if favours are scarce; elitist or egalitarian committees are compatible with a strategic chair. The results are robust to changing the chair's objectives and to alternative voting functions ; Peer Reviewed

[EN] The paper is concerned with the consensus problem in a multi-agent system such that each agent has boundary constraints. Classical Olfati-Saber's consensus algorithm converges to the same value of the consensus variable, and all the agents reach the same value. These algorithms find an equality solution. However, what happens when this equality solution is out of the range of some of the agents? In this case, this solution is not adequate for the proposed problem. In this paper, we propose a new kind of algorithms called supportive consensus where some agents of the network can compensate for the lack of capacity of other agents to reach the average value, and so obtain an acceptable solution for the proposed problem. Supportive consensus finds an equity solution. In the rest of the paper, we define the supportive consensus, analyze and demonstrate the network's capacity to compensate out of boundaries agents, propose different supportive consensus algorithms, and finally, provide some simulations to show the performance of the proposed algorithms. ; The author(s) received specific funding for this work from the Valencian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence (VRAIN) where the authors are currently working. This work is partially supported by the Spanish Government project RTI2018-095390-B-C31, GVA-CEICE project PROMETEO/2018/002, and TAILOR, a project funded by EU Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under GA No 952215. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. ; Palomares Chust, A.; Rebollo Pedruelo, M.; Carrascosa Casamayor, C. (2020). Supportive consensus. PLoS ONE. 15(12):1-30. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243215 ; S ; 1 ; 30 ; 15 ; 12 ; Olfati-Saber, R., Fax, J. A., & Murray, R. M. (2007). Consensus and Cooperation in Networked Multi-Agent Systems. Proceedings of the IEEE, 95(1), 215-233. doi:10.1109/jproc.2006.887293 ; Pérez, I. J., Cabrerizo, F. J., Alonso, S., Dong, Y. C., Chiclana, ...

From publisher's website: The field of performance studies analyses the production and impact of on-stage performance, such as in a theatre or circus, and off-stage performance, such as cultural rituals and political protests. Performance Studies: Key Words, Concepts and Theories introduces students to 34 key topics seen as paramount to the future of performance studies in a series of short, engaging essays by an international team of distinguished scholars. Each essay contributes to the wide-ranging, adventurous and conscientious nature that makes performance studies such an innovative, valuable and exciting field.