Suchergebnisse

On the assumption that participatory approaches and indirect incentives to conservation that were applied in Madagascar did not yield the expected positive results, payment for environmental services (PES) schemes were therefore promoted for biodiversity protection. The forms adopted are "conservation contracts" or contracts for "participatory ecological monitoring activities". To generate optimal impacts and to avoid the same weaknesses as in traditional conservation approaches, PES have to be simultaneously effective towards a targeted objective and fair (according to the theory of Justice of Rawls, the notion of capabilities of Sen and the rariny and hitsiny in the Malagasy society). In Madagascar however, PES contracts seem to be neither effective nor fair. Moreover, the pursuit of effectiveness often makes contracts even more unfair. Nevertheless once improved, PES might be very useful tools. In spite of having a single goal, PES should in that case have a wider objective such as sustainable development: they would be then qualified as "second generation PES". ; Partant principalement du constat du supposé échec des politiques participatives et des incitations indirectes à la conservation, les paiements pour services environnementaux (PSE) sont aujourd'hui promus à Madagascar pour la protection de la biodiversité. Ils y prennent la forme de "contrats de conservation" ou de contrats de "suivi écologique participatif". Pour que les effets des contrats PSE soient optimaux et pour qu'ils ne présentent plus les mêmes faiblesses que les anciens outils de protection de la biodiversité, il faut qu'ils soient à la fois efficaces par rapport à un objectif fixé et équitables (selon la théorie de la Justice de Rawls, la notion de capabilité de Sen et le rariny et hitsiny malgache). Mais les contrats PSE locaux à Madagascar ne sont pas efficaces et équitables. De plus, la recherche d'efficacité peut parfois rendre les contrats moins équitables. Néanmoins, améliorés, les PSE peuvent être un outil utile. Pour pouvoir ...

On the assumption that participatory approaches and indirect incentives to conservation that were applied in Madagascar did not yield the expected positive results, payment for environmental services (PES) schemes were therefore promoted for biodiversity protection. The forms adopted are "conservation contracts" or contracts for "participatory ecological monitoring activities". To generate optimal impacts and to avoid the same weaknesses as in traditional conservation approaches, PES have to be simultaneously effective towards a targeted objective and fair (according to the theory of Justice of Rawls, the notion of capabilities of Sen and the rariny and hitsiny in the Malagasy society). In Madagascar however, PES contracts seem to be neither effective nor fair. Moreover, the pursuit of effectiveness often makes contracts even more unfair. Nevertheless once improved, PES might be very useful tools. In spite of having a single goal, PES should in that case have a wider objective such as sustainable development: they would be then qualified as "second generation PES". ; Partant principalement du constat du supposé échec des politiques participatives et des incitations indirectes à la conservation, les paiements pour services environnementaux (PSE) sont aujourd'hui promus à Madagascar pour la protection de la biodiversité. Ils y prennent la forme de "contrats de conservation" ou de contrats de "suivi écologique participatif". Pour que les effets des contrats PSE soient optimaux et pour qu'ils ne présentent plus les mêmes faiblesses que les anciens outils de protection de la biodiversité, il faut qu'ils soient à la fois efficaces par rapport à un objectif fixé et équitables (selon la théorie de la Justice de Rawls, la notion de capabilité de Sen et le rariny et hitsiny malgache). Mais les contrats PSE locaux à Madagascar ne sont pas efficaces et équitables. De plus, la recherche d'efficacité peut parfois rendre les contrats moins équitables. Néanmoins, améliorés, les PSE peuvent être un outil utile. Pour pouvoir améliorer cette efficacité ainsi que l'équité des contrats PSE, il faut l'entendre différemment. Le contrat PSE ne devrait ainsi plus avoir un unique objectif. Il devrait concourir à un objectif plus large. Dans ce cas, un contrat PSE n'aura plus une portée limitée : il sera ainsi un contrat "PSE de seconde génération" dont l'objectif est le développement durable.

The thesis analyses the role of conservation organizations in the growing contradiction between, on the one hand a continuous and regular formalisation of a framework (political - legal - institutional - financial - media) for Sumatran orangutan conservation, and on the other hand, a proven report of the continuous decline of orangutan habitat and populations. Starting at the global level, the thesis then focuses on the Indonesian context that gives rise to an acute conflict centred on lowland primary tropical forest - the exclusive habitat of Sumatran orangutans - being converted into large-scale oil palm plantations. The role of conservation organizations has been studied through four sociological dimensions: i) the establishment of global paradigms for conservation, analysing in particular the Great Ape Survival Partnership - GRASP; ii) the "scientific" construction of reference indicators that characterise the orangutan; iii) the establishment and implementation of law at Indonesian level; and iv) the application of the voluntary agreement Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil - RSPO. The overall understanding of the role of NGOs is then given by the cross- analysis of the results under these four angles. The thesis has found articulated and conclusive answers for each dimension. Without underestimating the role of the state and the private sector, the cross-analysis shows that NGOs also play a decisive role in maintaining the problem of habitat loss and the decline of emblematic species, in particular the Sumatran orangutan. Two concomitant constants are observed. One is their difficulty to productively engage with the society that supports the wild orangutan populations. The other is their tendency to prioritize their own interests to perpetrate in the social and political sphere at the expense of their initial conservation objectives. To address these two structural shortcomings is the contemporary challenge for conservation. In the conclusion, suggested paths are given, both to reform international ...

The thesis analyses the role of conservation organizations in the growing contradiction between, on the one hand a continuous and regular formalisation of a framework (political - legal - institutional - financial - media) for Sumatran orangutan conservation, and on the other hand, a proven report of the continuous decline of orangutan habitat and populations. Starting at the global level, the thesis then focuses on the Indonesian context that gives rise to an acute conflict centred on lowland primary tropical forest - the exclusive habitat of Sumatran orangutans - being converted into large-scale oil palm plantations. The role of conservation organizations has been studied through four sociological dimensions: i) the establishment of global paradigms for conservation, analysing in particular the Great Ape Survival Partnership - GRASP; ii) the "scientific" construction of reference indicators that characterise the orangutan; iii) the establishment and implementation of law at Indonesian level; and iv) the application of the voluntary agreement Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil - RSPO. The overall understanding of the role of NGOs is then given by the cross- analysis of the results under these four angles. The thesis has found articulated and conclusive answers for each dimension. Without underestimating the role of the state and the private sector, the cross-analysis shows that NGOs also play a decisive role in maintaining the problem of habitat loss and the decline of emblematic species, in particular the Sumatran orangutan. Two concomitant constants are observed. One is their difficulty to productively engage with the society that supports the wild orangutan populations. The other is their tendency to prioritize their own interests to perpetrate in the social and political sphere at the expense of their initial conservation objectives. To address these two structural shortcomings is the contemporary challenge for conservation. In the conclusion, suggested paths are given, both to reform international ...

The thesis analyses the role of conservation organizations in the growing contradiction between, on the one hand a continuous and regular formalisation of a framework (political - legal - institutional - financial - media) for Sumatran orangutan conservation, and on the other hand, a proven report of the continuous decline of orangutan habitat and populations. Starting at the global level, the thesis then focuses on the Indonesian context that gives rise to an acute conflict centred on lowland primary tropical forest - the exclusive habitat of Sumatran orangutans - being converted into large-scale oil palm plantations. The role of conservation organizations has been studied through four sociological dimensions: i) the establishment of global paradigms for conservation, analysing in particular the Great Ape Survival Partnership - GRASP; ii) the "scientific" construction of reference indicators that characterise the orangutan; iii) the establishment and implementation of law at Indonesian level; and iv) the application of the voluntary agreement Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil - RSPO. The overall understanding of the role of NGOs is then given by the cross- analysis of the results under these four angles. The thesis has found articulated and conclusive answers for each dimension. Without underestimating the role of the state and the private sector, the cross-analysis shows that NGOs also play a decisive role in maintaining the problem of habitat loss and the decline of emblematic species, in particular the Sumatran orangutan. Two concomitant constants are observed. One is their difficulty to productively engage with the society that supports the wild orangutan populations. The other is their tendency to prioritize their own interests to perpetrate in the social and political sphere at the expense of their initial conservation objectives. To address these two structural shortcomings is the contemporary challenge for conservation. In the conclusion, suggested paths are given, both to reform international ...

National audience ; The first ministerial conference on the protection of forests in Europe, held in Strasbourg in 1990, engaged 32 signatory countries to initiate or to follow a concerted policy for forest tree gene conservation and to establish a provisional monitoring structure. This resolution has resulted in an international survey on the present status of forest tree genetic resources in Europe and relevant technical and regulatory measures. In parallel the first 4 pilot gene conservation networks concerning Norway spruce (Picea abies), Cork oak (Quercus suber), black poplar (Populus nigra) and the noble hardwoods (Rosaceaes essentially) were established. Each species or group of species represents a distinct model of spatial distribution and mating system. The second ministerial conference on the protection of forests, held in Helsinki in June 1993, has confirmed these orientations and has proposed the creation of a permanent European cooperative programme under the aegis of the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources and the forest department of the Food and Agriculture Organization. Further research is necessary on the structure of the genetic variability, the mechanisms to maintain this variability in natural forests, and management and sylvicultural methods able to generate maximum adaptability. ; La première conférence ministérielle sur la protection des forêts en Europe, réunie à Strasbourg en 1990, a engagé 32 pays signataires à initier ou à poursuivre une politique concertée de conservation des ressources génétiques forestières et mis en place une structure provisoire de suivi. Cette résolution s'est concrétisée par une enquête internationale sur la situation actuelle des ressources génétiques forestières en Europe et un inventaire des mesures techniques et réglementaires prises aujourd'hui dans ce but. Elle s'est accompagnée de la mise en place des 4 premiers réseaux-pilotes de conservation concernant l'épicéa (Picea abies), le chêne liège (Quercus suber), le peuplier noir (Populus nigra) ...

National audience ; The first ministerial conference on the protection of forests in Europe, held in Strasbourg in 1990, engaged 32 signatory countries to initiate or to follow a concerted policy for forest tree gene conservation and to establish a provisional monitoring structure. This resolution has resulted in an international survey on the present status of forest tree genetic resources in Europe and relevant technical and regulatory measures. In parallel the first 4 pilot gene conservation networks concerning Norway spruce (Picea abies), Cork oak (Quercus suber), black poplar (Populus nigra) and the noble hardwoods (Rosaceaes essentially) were established. Each species or group of species represents a distinct model of spatial distribution and mating system. The second ministerial conference on the protection of forests, held in Helsinki in June 1993, has confirmed these orientations and has proposed the creation of a permanent European cooperative programme under the aegis of the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources and the forest department of the Food and Agriculture Organization. Further research is necessary on the structure of the genetic variability, the mechanisms to maintain this variability in natural forests, and management and sylvicultural methods able to generate maximum adaptability. ; La première conférence ministérielle sur la protection des forêts en Europe, réunie à Strasbourg en 1990, a engagé 32 pays signataires à initier ou à poursuivre une politique concertée de conservation des ressources génétiques forestières et mis en place une structure provisoire de suivi. Cette résolution s'est concrétisée par une enquête internationale sur la situation actuelle des ressources génétiques forestières en Europe et un inventaire des mesures techniques et réglementaires prises aujourd'hui dans ce but. Elle s'est accompagnée de la mise en place des 4 premiers réseaux-pilotes de conservation concernant l'épicéa (Picea abies), le chêne liège (Quercus suber), le peuplier noir (Populus nigra) ...

Methods, status of the wild mammals, threatened species: hedghog, bagder, otter, pine marten, stone marten, beaver, common dormouse, edible dormouse, hamster, hare, wildboar, red deer, fallow deer. Problems: hunting, habitat alteration, pollution. Solutions: better legislation, habitat restoration, education.

Noch keine endgültige Doktrin über das Verhältnis von Koran und Umweltschutz; zahlreiche Vorschriften und Hinweise auf die ökologische Herausforderung. (DÜI-Seu)

Die Autorinnen, die der französischen nicht-regierungsgebundenen Entwicklungshilfeorganisation "Peuples solidaires" angehören, stellen ein erfolgreiches lokales Umweltprojekt in der Provinz Passore, Burkina Faso, vor. In Verfolgung der UNDP-Konzeption, betroffene Bevölkerungsgruppen in die Lage zu versetzen, Selbsthilfemaßnahmen gegen Desertifikation und Bodenerosion zu ergreifen, konnten hier durch Eindeichung, Anpflanzung von Bäumen und Entwicklung angepaßter Landwirtschaftsmethoden beachtliche Erfolge erzielt werden. Neben Ertragssteigerungen und Rückgang der Landflucht zeichnet sich ein wachsendes dauerhaftes Engagement dörflicher Vereinigungen zur Verbesserung der Umweltsituation ab. (DÜI-Rwd)

Examines grassroots initiatives to stop soil erosion in Burkina Faso. Summary in English p. 173.

Ce numéro de SEEDS porte sur les moyens mis en oeuvre pour faire participer les femmes à un programme gouvernemental visant à preserver et à restituer la forêt au Népal. Comme il arrive fréquemment lors de la mise en place de projets aussi vastes ayant une portée generale, les femmes n'étaient pas un centre d'intérêt spécifique au moment de la conception du projet. Cependant, lorsque les activités ont demarré, les responsables népalais du projet et leurs collègues de l'étranger se sont tres vite rendus compte que le succès du programme dépendait de la participation directe des femmes aux activités du projet. Au cours des cinq premières années, de 1980 a 1985, on a tenté diverses approches pour mettre en place des activités qui repondaient aux besoins des femmes et suscitaient leur participation. Le rapport détaille les leçons apprises sur l'encouragement des femmes à participer à de tels projets. This issue of SEEDS focuses on ways in which women have been involved in a government forest conservation and restoration program in Nepal. As is common with many large-scale projects with a general impact, women were not a direct focus of the project's original design. As activities got underway, however, both the Nepali staff and their expatriate colleagues quickly realized that the direct involvement of women was crucial to the success of the project's participatory strategy. Over the initial five years, 1980 to 1985, a number of approaches to addressing women's needs and generating their active participation were tried. The report details lessons learned about encouraging women to participate in such projects.

After a reminder and discussion of key concepts, including "gross national happiness", the support for tourism communication in Bhutan, one of the most closed countries in the world, the article asks about the content of a tourism policy fully controlled by the state and the Buddhist monarchy. The government is clearly focusing on elite tourism to get back to an alarming and dependent economic situation on India. Based on two major pillars, culture and the environment, the tourism strategy seeks to reconcile the contradictions of the country's openness in the context of a rigorous policy of "preservation" or even conservation, which distrust the western model, considered consumerist. ; International audience ; After a reminder and discussion of key concepts, including "gross national happiness", the support for tourism communication in Bhutan, one of the most closed countries in the world, the article asks about the content of a tourism policy fully controlled by the state and the Buddhist monarchy. The government is clearly focusing on elite tourism to get back to an alarming and dependent economic situation on India. Based on two major pillars, culture and the environment, the tourism strategy seeks to reconcile the contradictions of the country's openness in the context of a rigorous policy of "preservation" or even conservation, which distrust the western model, considered consumerist. ; Après un rappel et une discussion des concepts clés, dont le « bonheur national brut », support de la communication touristique au Bhoutan, un des pays les plus fermés au monde, l'article interroge le contenu d'une politique touristique entièrement contrôlée par l'État et la monarchie bouddhiste. Le gouvernement mise clairement sur un tourisme d'élite pour remonter une situation économique alarmante et dépendante de l'Inde. Reposant sur deux piliers majeurs, la culture et l'environnement, la stratégie touristique tente de concilier les contradictions de l'ouverture du pays dans le contexte d'une rigoureuse politique de « ...