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Financial constraints reflect either company's lack of capability to raise the necessary external financing or excessively high cost of such financing. One way to reduce financial constraints is to diversify company's activities. The article presents a comparative analysis of the impact of different types of diversification (geographical and product) on telecommunication companies' financial constraints. The sample consists of 103 companies over the period from 2010 to 2018. The level of financial constraints is measured as ASCL-index which allows for more comprehensive characteristics of companies' financial capabilities on the basis of four indicators: average cash flow, average financial leverage, age and size of the company. The impact of diversification on financial constraints is analyzed by evaluating several models of ordered logit regression. Regression and statistical analysis shows that both product and geographical diversification reduce the company's level of financial constraints. Moreover, in developing countries, geographical diversification is a priority strategy of reducing financial constraints level for telecommunication companies. The findings of the study can be used by companies' management to choose an optimal diversification strategy.

The article is based on the discourse analysis of non-formalized interviews. The author explores regional political and administrative elite's views on the main problems in their activities and identifies the systemic contradictions, which are caused by the recent local changes (new governor of the region, corruption, etc.). The author highlights psychological discomfort that regional officials experience at the moment.Key words: regional political elite, administrative elite, systemic constraints ; В статье на основе дискурс-анализа неформализованных интервью проанализированы представления региональной политико-административной элиты об основных проблемах профессиональной деятельности. Выделены системные противоречия профессиональной деятельности субфедеральной политической элиты, порождаемые особенностями политических процессов (смена губернатора в регионе, коррупция и т. д.) в современной России. Кроме того, определены факторы психологического дискомфорта в работе чиновников регионального уровня. Отмечены проблемы, которые рассматриваются управленцами как несущественные.

Importance The paper analyzes the mechanisms to boost the investment activity of the Russian business sector under restricted borrowings in foreign markets. Objectives The aim is to address comprehensively the investment activity of the Russian business sector at the present stage of development, identify key problems having a negative impact on investment activity, formulate mechanisms to encourage investment. Methods The methodology rests on general and special methods of scientific research, like empirical study (comparison, data gathering and analysis), integrated approach, comparative study, synthesis of theoretical and practical material. Results The paper analyzes the current state of the country's business sector in the system of investment activity. Due to economic sanctions of western countries, the Russian business is characterized by a loss of a channel to support the investment process with resources from global financial markets, a decline in support to investment projects by Russian banks, and a reduction in government funding. Under limited borrowings in external markets, the key task is to search for prospects to bolster the sector. Conclusions The chilling effect of economic sanctions' consequences necessitates guidelines to resume investment in fixed assets and mechanisms to boost the investment activity in the Russian business sector. ; Предмет. Механизмы стимулирования инвестиционной активности предпринимательского сектора РФ в условиях ограниченного заимствования на внешних рынках. Цели. Проанализировать уровень инвестиционной активности предпринимательского сектора Российской Федерации на современном этапе развития. Определить ключевые проблемы, оказывающие негативное влияние на уровень инвестиционной активности; сформулировать механизмы стимулирования инвестиционной деятельности предпринимательского сектора РФ. Методология. Использованы общие и специальные методы научного познания: методы эмпирического исследования (сравнение, сбор и изучение данных), комплексный подход, сравнительное исследование, синтез теоретического и практического материала. Результаты. Проанализировано текущее состояние предпринимательского сектора страны в аспекте инвестиционной деятельности. Вследствие экономических санкций потерян действенный канал обеспечения инвестиционного процесса ресурсами с мировых финансовых рынков, снизилась поддержка инвестиционных проектов российскими банками, сократилось государственное финансирование. В связи с этим актуальной задачей для возобновления инвестиционной активности является поиск и адаптация перспективных направлений поддержки предпринимательского сектора. Выводы. Финансирование инвестиций в основной капитал в 2013-2016 гг. осуществлялось в условиях ресурсных ограничений. Низкая доступность ресурсов на мировых рынках для предприятий реального и финансового секторов экономики РФ определили кризисную структуру источников финансирования инвестиций в основной капитал. Дестимулирующий эффект экономических санкций определяет необходимость разработки направлений возобновления роста инвестиций в основной капитал и механизмов стимулирования инвестиционной активности предпринимательского сектора РФ в условиях ограниченного заимствования на внешних рынках.

Russian poet Irina Ratushinskaya's poetic output was presented in the article by paying attention to two aspects in her creativeness. The subject of the past is connected with Polish roots, Polish subject matter, religion and faith. Elements of contemporaneousness аre found in works about constraint, persecution, the fight for democracy and freedom, and describing the lack of agreement to restrict an individual`s freedom. ; Russian poet Irina Ratushinskaya's poetic output was presented in the article by paying attention to two aspects in her creativeness. The subject of the past is connected with Polish roots, Polish subject matter, religion and faith. Elements of contemporaneousness аre found in works about constraint, persecution, the fight for democracy and freedom, and describing the lack of agreement to restrict an individual`s freedom. ; Russian poet Irina Ratushinskaya's poetic output was presented in the article by paying attention to two aspects in her creativeness. The subject of the past is connected with Polish roots, Polish subject matter, religion and faith. Elements of contemporaneousness аre found in works about constraint, persecution, the fight for democracy and freedom, and describing the lack of agreement to restrict an individual`s freedom.

In Polish organizations one can recognize a lot of barriers in the mentoring implementation. According to the author, at the root of these barriers are hierarchies of values: social, national, organizational, and hierarchies of values represented by individual employees. The purpose of this article is to trace the sources of constraints in the mentoring implementation process. The analysis is carried out on several levels: from the broadest social perspective, through the national to the perspective of the organization. In the article, there are also presented actions that should be taken by Polish organizations to overcome barriers and constraints in the mentoring implementation process. ; W polskich organizacjach dostrzega się wiele barier we wdrażaniu mentoringu. Zdaniem autorki u podstaw tych barier leżą hierarchie wartości: społecznych, narodowych, organizacyjnych, a także indywidualne hierarchie wartości pracowników. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest prześledzenie źródeł ograniczeń we wdrażaniu mentoringu. Analiza prowadzona jest na kilku poziomach: od najszerszej perspektywy społecznej, przez narodową do perspektywy organizacyjnej. W artykule omówione są również działania, jakie powinny podjąć polskie organizacje na rzecz przełamywania barier i ograniczeń dla wprowadzania mentoringu.

To discuss the scientific community presents the author's approach to the construction of a model of sustainable development of industrial enterprise. The author studied and marked urgent problems in the industry, identified resource constraints and the expediency of building a model of sustainable enterprise development based on innovation. Substantiated structure of theories and methods, which should make the methodology of the proposed model and given them a description. A conclusion about the effectiveness of implementation of the model ensuring the sustainable development of industrial enterprise a conclusion about the effectiveness of implementation of the model ensuring the sustainable development of industrial enterprise is formulated. ; К обсуждению в научной среде представлены авторские подходы к построению модели устойчивого развития промышленного предприятия. Автором проведены исследования и обозначены актуальные проблемы в промышленности, выявлены ресурсные ограничения и обоснована целесообразность построения модели устойчивого развития предприятия на основе инноваций. Обоснован состав теорий и методов, которые должны составить методологию построения предложенной модели и дана им характеристика. Сформулирован вывод об обеспечении эффективности реализации модели устойчивого развития промышленного предприятия.

The article is devoted to the analysis of factors that prevent or limit the development of broadly understood science. The following types of limitations have been distinguished: psychosocial, biological, political, resource barriers and the final nature of science. Biological barriers lie in human sensory endowment. Psychosocial barriers are determined by the conditions of the functioning of human societies. Resource barriers are constraints on economic and energy reserves. The problem of the scope of science is understood as the finite scope of the mysteries of science itself – the fact of a limited number of possible discoveries.

In the article the instrumental base solution of the problemof creating new jobs in the defense industry, focused on the maximum possible amount of output in terms of financial and other constraints is suggested. Presented in its modelsand algorithms suitable for solving the two major problemscurrently facing front of the complex: its innovative modernization and increasing the production of military products. ; В статье предложена инструментальнаябаза решения задачи создания новых рабочих мест на предприятиях оборонно-промышленногокомплекса, ориентированная на максимально возможный объём выпуска продукции в условиях финансовых и других ограничений. Представленныевнеймоделииалгоритмыприемлемыпри решениидвухосновныхпроблем, стоящихвнастоящее времяпередкомплексом: егоинновационноймодернизацииинаращиванияпроизводствапродукциивоенного назначения.

This article is devoted to the concept of "woman" in world culture. The study examines the icons of the female image in different cultures of the peoples of the world. In a world where there is no science, the biological characteristics of a woman, many aspects of the relationship between men and women remain in the dark, behind a screen of shyness. However, as the scientific way of thinking spreads in a culture, untimely constraints decrease. From this point of view, the topic of this study is still relevant for cultural consideration. It also addresses the issue of female semiosis in world culture.

The article presents the current approaches to reform the health care system. Strategies and reforms that meet the interests of progress, vary in different institutional settings in a wide range and are dependent on the structural and political constraints. ; В статье представлены современные подходы к реформированию системы здравоохранения. Стратегии и реформы, отвечающие интересам прогресса, варьируют в разных институциональных условиях в широком диапазоне и зависят от структурных и политических ограничений. ; У статті представлені сучасні підходи до реформування системи охорони здоров'я. Стратегії та реформи, що відповідають інтересам прогресу, варіюють у різних інституційних умовах в широкому діапазоні і залежать від структурних та політичних обмежень.

Scientific connections between Polish People's Republic and The Second Yugoslavia were a very important element of the bilateral relations between both countries. The mechanisms and rules of the scientific cooperation were similar to the rules and mechanisms of the cultural cooperation and faced the same constraints and possibilities. Types of institutions existing in the field of culture had their correspondences in the field of science and education. Developing of the scientific cooperation was not a strategic aim for both countries in the interwar period as well as during the Communism due to the situation on the international political scene. In the era of globalization, in the context of international scientific cooperation, interslavic relations has become the weakest in the last two centuries. Nowadays, even more than before, the scientific cooperation between all Slavic countries depends on individuals and their involvement. ; Scientific connections between Polish People's Republic and The Second Yugoslavia were a very important element of the bilateral relations between both countries. The mechanisms and rules of the scientific cooperation were similar to the rules and mechanisms of the cultural cooperation and faced the same constraints and possibilities. Types of institutions existing in the field of culture had their correspondences in the field of science and education. Developing of the scientific cooperation was not a strategic aim for both countries in the interwar period as well as during the Communism due to the situation on the international political scene. In the era of globalization, in the context of international scientific cooperation, interslavic relations has become the weakest in the last two centuries. Nowadays, even more than before, the scientific cooperation between all Slavic countries depends on individuals and their involvement.

The formation of a logistics chain with the use of a freight customs complex for customs and logistics service provision requires detailed research and investigation into technical, technological and organizational constraints that may affect overall cargo delivery time. Actors in the transport market, while interacting with customs authorities, have to take into account customs legislation requirements and road transport complex operational characteristics, since non-compliance with them will cause a number of delays due to the need for corrective actions and will also entail a number of penalties. In order to increase the accuracy of delivery time planning, it is considered the procedure for customs and logistics service provision involved in cargo export and import as well as for stowing cargo in a customs warehouse or a temporary storage warehouse. It is also addressed the issue of comprehensive service provision to entities engaged in foreign economic activities using a freight customs complex. The most widespread violations requiring additional correction time are identified. It is considered the technological constraints connected with the handling capacity of the research object. The influence of the organization and planning of a freight customs complex`s operation on its efficiency is determined. It is proposed to consider the lack of available resources provided by customs infrastructure facilities and the excessive idle time of vehicles as a factor in delivery time planning The paper findings can be implemented in the operation of freight customs complexes in cooperation with private sector enterprises and state organizations when performing foreign trade operations. ; Формирование логистической цепи с привлечением грузового таможенного комплекса к предоставлению таможенно-логистических услуг требует изучения и исследования полного перечня ограничений технического, технологического и организационного характера, которые могут влиять на общую продолжительность доставки груза. Субъекты транспортного ...

In contemporary political science time is becoming a portmanteau-concept. It forms terminological concatenations in all fields of theoretical and applied researches. At the same time methodological status of time in political science is still not clear. Author suggests a systematization of those researches there time is viewed as a meaningful factor in political process. On the analysis of theoretical basis, methodology and tools four approaches are introduced: narrative approach, psychological approach, institutionalist approach and cyclic approach. The order of introduction of these approaches is based on the degree of intentionality of political actors in their treatment of time: from the most to the least conscious end. ; В современной политической науке время все более становится концептом-портманто. Оно входит в состав терминологических конкатенаций в самых различных сферах прикладных и теоретических исследований. Вместе с тем, методологический статус времени остается почти не изученым вопросом в политологии. Автор предлагает систематизацию тех исследований в политической науке, в которых время представлено как значимый фактор политического процесса. Было выделено четыре подхода, исходя из анализа их теоретического обоснования, методологии и практического инструментария: структуралистский, психологический, институциональный и циклическовременной подходы. Предложенная последовательность подходов основана на степени интенциональности субъектов политического интереса в их обращении со временем: от наиболее к наименее осознанному порядку.