Suchergebnisse

The issue of whether employees who work more hours than they want to suffer adverse health consequences is important not only at the individual level but also for governmental formation of work time policy. Our study investigates this question by analyzing the impact of the discrepancy between actual and desired work hours on self-perceived health outcomes in Germany and the United Kingdom. Based on nationally representative longitudinal data, our results show that work-hour mismatches (i.e., differences between actual and desired hours) have negative effects on workers' health. In particular, we show that overemployment - working more hours than desired - has negative effects on different measures of self-perceived health.

The continuous existence of constraint in any system is inevitable, just as the effect of its presence on results/outcomes. Managing these constraints is a very crucial matter. Like every system implementation of government policies and programmes channelled towards entrepreneurship development have its peculiar constraint. This study examined constraint management and entrepreneurship development Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. Snowballing sampling technique was employed for this study, while primary data were collected by administering 250 questionnaires on egg farmers. Variables used in this study included constraint management (financial control, strategic control consistency and theory of constraint) and level of entrepreneurship development. One way ANOVA was used to analyze the effect of constraint management and level of entrepreneurship development. The f-ration and the critical p-value of the constraint management attributes were; strategic control (sc) 0.902 and 0.464, financial control (fc) 2.850 and 0.025, consistency (c) 2.420 and 0.050 and theory of constraint (cm) 3.640 and 0.007. It was observed that financial control (fc) and theory of constraint (toc) had significant effect on level of entrepreneurship development. The study concluded that a relationship existed between constraint management and entrepreneurship development in selected agric-preneurs in the study area. It is therefore recommended that the mode of policy implementation through theory of constraints should be strengthened.

Low college enrollment rates among low income students may stem from credit constraints, low academic skill, low quality schools, or some combination of these. Recent Massachusetts data allow the first use of school district fixed effects in the analysis of credit constraints, leading to four primary findings. First, Massachusetts' low income students have lower intended college enrollment rates than higher income students but also have dramatically lower skills and attend lower quality school districts. Second, inclusion of skill controls greatly reduces but does not eliminate the intended enrollment gap, with low income students seven percentage points less likely to intend enrollment than similarly skilled higher income students. Third, in districts where higher income students are plausibly unconstrained, inclusion of school district fixed effects does little to reduce intended enrollment gaps, with low income students nine percentage points less likely to intend enrollment than similarly skilled higher income students from the same school district. Fourth, low income students in the middle and upper parts of the skill distribution appear the most constrained, particularly with respect to four-year public colleges. State governments could use the methods employed here to identify credit constrained student populations in order to target financial aid more efficiently.

The issue of whether employees who work more hours than they want to suffer adverse health consequences is important not only at the individual level but also for governmental formation of work time policy. Our study investigates this question by analyzing the impact of the discrepancy between actual and desired work hours on self-perceived health outcomes in Germany and the United Kingdom. Based on nationally representative longitudinal data, our results show that work-hour mismatches (i.e., differences between actual and desired hours) have negative effects on workers´ health. In particular, we show that "overemployment" - working more hours than desired - has negative effects on different measures of self-perceived health.

The issue of whether employees who work more hours than they want to suffer adverse health consequences is important not only at the individual level but also for governmental formation of work time policy. Our study investigates this question by analyzing the impact of the discrepancy between actual and desired work hours on self-perceived health outcomes in Germany and the United Kingdom. Based on nationally representative longitudinal data, our results show that work-hour mismatches (i.e., differences between actual and desired hours) have negative effects on workers' health. In particular, we show that overemployment - working more hours than desired - has negative effects on different measures of self-perceived health.

Matching mechanisms have been proposed to improve public good provision in voluntary contributions. However, such decentralized subsidizing mechanisms may not be Pareto‐improving and may suffer from incomplete information and incredible commitment. This paper examines participation constraints of matching mechanisms with small matching rates in two cases of equilibria. At interior equilibria, there always exist small Pareto‐improving matching schemes regardless of preferences. This universal existence is useful for cooperation among heterogeneous players in the context without global information of preferences or at the international level without central governments. At corner equilibria, matching schemes work in different ways and have distinct welfare effects in certain cases, and the existence of Pareto‐improving matching schemes is not universal but is possible under certain conditions. The paper further characterizes Pareto‐improving matching schemes, and shows that it is easier to reach Pareto‐improving matching outcomes if players value more on public goods and have stronger substitution between private and public goods.

This article analyzes the consequences of environmental tax policies when the government imposes a constraint on stabilizing public debt. A public sector of pollution abatement is financed by taxation and by issuing public debt. Considering a simple overlapping-generations model, the tax reform stimulates steady-state investment. Then, the environmental quality and the aggregate consumption increase if and only if (i) pollution abatement is large enough and (ii) there is under-accumulation of the per capita capital stock. This arises if environmental taxation allows a decrease of either income taxation or debt-output ratio.

This article analyzes the consequences of environmental tax policies when the government imposes a constraint on stabilizing public debt. A public sector of pollution abatement is financed by taxation and by issuing public debt. Considering a simple overlapping-generations model, the tax reform stimulates steady-state investment. Then, the environmental quality and the aggregate consumption increase if and only if (i) pollution abatement is large enough and (ii) there is under-accumulation of the per capita capital stock. This arises if environmental taxation allows a decrease of either income taxation or debt-output ratio.

This article analyzes the consequences of environmental tax policies when the government imposes a constraint on stabilizing public debt. A public sector of pollution abatement is financed by taxation and by issuing public debt. Considering a simple overlapping-generations model, the tax reform stimulates steady-state investment. Then, the environmental quality and the aggregate consumption increase if and only if (i) pollution abatement is large enough and (ii) there is under-accumulation of the per capita capital stock. This arises if environmental taxation allows a decrease of either income taxation or debt-output ratio.

This article analyzes the consequences of environmental tax policies when the government imposes a constraint on stabilizing public debt. A public sector of pollution abatement is financed by taxation and by issuing public debt. Considering a simple overlapping-generations model, the tax reform stimulates steady-state investment. Then, the environmental quality and the aggregate consumption increase if and only if (i) pollution abatement is large enough and (ii) there is under-accumulation of the per capita capital stock. This arises if environmental taxation allows a decrease of either income taxation or debt-output ratio.

The purpose of this study is to theoretically examine the various constraints of sharia marketing in Indonesia in the general sector, banking, and insurance. The method used is a descriptive method by studying literature and realistic phenomena that develop in Indonesia. Data analysis was performed using four stages of descriptive analysis. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the marketing constraints in Indonesia can be classified into two major typologies, namely the constraints of Muslim internal marketing itself (micro) and from the outside (macro). Constraints from within can be overcome by increasing the capacity of all Islamic resources owned. Meanwhile, external constraints are overcome by suggesting to the government, the Ministry of Finance, BI, and the FSA to always increase its support for the Islamic economy in the form of regulations and other support.==============================================================================================Analisis Hambatan Marketing Syariah di Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji secara teoritis berbagai kendala pemasaran syariah di Indonesia di sektor umum, perbankan dan asuransi. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif dengan mempelajari literatur dan fenomena realistis yang berkembang di Indonesia. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan empat tahap analisis deskriptif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kendala pemasaran di Indonesia dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi dua tipologi utama, yaitu kendala pemasaran internal Muslim itu sendiri (mikro) dan dari luar (makro). Kendala dari dalam dapat diatasi dengan meningkatkan kapasitas semua sumber daya Islam yang dimiliki. Sementara itu, kendala eksternal diatasi dengan menyarankan kepada pemerintah, Kementerian Keuangan, BI, dan FSA untuk selalu meningkatkan dukungannya bagi ekonomi Islam dalam bentuk regulasi dan dukungan lainnya.

The recent pandemic caused serious losses in the leisure industry worldwide. The recreation facilities and event management companies have suffered the negative economic impact of the pandemic, and some of them even went bankrupt. Due to facility closures and lockdowns people have no choice to spend their leisure time at home and engage in home-based leisure activities. The leisure time activity participation was already low among Turkish people before the pandemic. The fear of getting infected with COVID-19 led people to stay at home even during the summer times when the lockdown was paused. Families have to spend more time together and share leisure activities. The research on family leisure among the Turkish population is limited. There is a need for understanding leisure activity participation and the constraints that families experience to participate in leisure activities. The purpose of this study was to detect the decrease in participation in leisure activities before and after COVID-19 and to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 as a leisure constraint among Turkish families. The data were collected from 65 individuals from 20 families in January 2021. The results showed that the physical activity has decreased after COVID-19, as it is perceived as the strongest leisure constraint. The government should increase the number of parks and outdoor activity spaces to allow people to both perform physical activities and socialize.

The recent pandemic caused serious losses in the leisure industry worldwide. The recreation facilities and event management companies have suffered the negative economic impact of the pandemic, and some of them even went bankrupt. Due to facility closures and lockdowns people have no choice to spend their leisure time at home and engage in home-based leisure activities. The leisure time activity participation was already low among Turkish people before the pandemic. The fear of getting infected with COVID-19 led people to stay at home even during the summer times when the lockdown was paused. Families have to spend more time together and share leisure activities. The research on family leisure among the Turkish population is limited. There is a need for understanding leisure activity participation and the constraints that families experience to participate in leisure activities. The purpose of this study was to detect the decrease in participation in leisure activities before and after COVID-19 and to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 as a leisure constraint among Turkish families. The data were collected from 65 individuals from 20 families in January 2021. The results showed that the physical activity has decreased after COVID-19, as it is perceived as the strongest leisure constraint. The government should increase the number of parks and outdoor activity spaces to allow people to both perform physical activities and socialize.

Constitutional political economy has focused heavily on designing constitutional rules sufficient to constrain governmental power. More attention has been devoted to designing rules that are effective constraints than on the institutions that would be required to enforce them. One problem is that rules are interpreted and enforced by the political elite, who tend to interpret and enforce them in ways that favor their interests over those of the masses. Democratic oversight is ineffective because voters realize they have no influence over public policy, and are therefore rationally ignorant. A system of checks and balances within government is necessary for enforcing constitutional constraints because it divides power among elites with competing interests and enables one group of elites to check the power of others. Checks and balances within governmental institutions are necessary to constrain the government from abusing its power.

Policy transfer and its analogous term lesson drawing have received widespread and continuing attention in the public policy literature. To date, most theoretical and analytical approaches have centred on exploring the characteristics or mechanics of policy transfer, or promoting this concept as a normative project for improving policy-making. Surprisingly less attention has been given to systematically theorising the actual constraints on this process despite inherent and widely recorded difficulties with undertaking policy transfer in practice. This paper therefore reviews the policy transfer literature to draw out critical constraints, classifying them according to their position in the transfer process: demand-side constraints; programmatic constraints; contextual constraints; and, application constraints. One feature of the literature to date is how these constraints have primarily been related to 'hard' policy transfer, peer-to-peer between national governments. This paper therefore begins to examine how constraints for 'soft' policy transfer manifest themselves across the increasingly multi-levelled, collaborative and networked political landscape of contemporary governance; under the wire of national government control. Further development of this theoretical framework could aid the assessment of policies/lessons for potential transfer.