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In Philosophy of Law, Andrei Marmor provides a comprehensive analysis of contemporary debates about the fundamental nature of law--an issue that has been at the heart of legal philosophy for centuries. What the law is seems to be a matter of fact, but this fact has normative significance: it tells people what they ought to do. Is the normative content of a law entirely determined by the facts that make it a law? Are there some normative moral constraints on what the law can be? And can we fully characterize and define the law without assuming a moral conception about what the law ought to be?

Offering richly detailed portraits as well as an overview of the Ottoman Empire's economic landscape, Hanna incorporates artisans into the historical development of the period, portraying them in the context of their work, their families, and their social relations. These artisans developed a variety of capitalist practices, both as individuals and collectively in their guilds. Responding to the demands of expanding commercial environments in Egypt and Europe, artisans found ways to adapt both production techniques and the organization of production. Hanna details the ways in which artisans defied the constraints of the guilds and actively engaged in the markets of Europe, demonstrating how Egyptian artisan production was able to compete and survive in a landscape of growing European trade

Offering richly detailed portraits as well as an overview of the Ottoman Empire's economic landscape, Hanna incorporates artisans into the historical development of the period, portraying them in the context of their work, their families, and their social relations. These artisans developed a variety of capitalist practices, both as individuals and collectively in their guilds. Responding to the demands of expanding commercial environments in Egypt and Europe, artisans found ways to adapt both production techniques and the organization of production. Hanna details the ways in which artisans defied the constraints of the guilds and actively engaged in the markets of Europe, demonstrating how Egyptian artisan production was able to compete and survive in a landscape of growing European trade.

"Economic and social progress in Solomon Islands has been limited since the country's independence, and the recent global economic crisis has placed more pressure on the country's economy. The resulting fiscal crunch and emerging balance-of-payments pressures demand a coordinated macroeconomic policy response, featuring recurrent expenditure restraint, prudent monetary policy, and public sector reform. Grant-funded infrastructure will also need to play a key role in supporting economic and employment growth. Finally, because the country is a high- cost, risky place in which to do business, the government must focus on removing constraints to private sector growth. This report outlines these recommendations for the medium- to long-term economic growth of Solomon Islands."--ADB website

Yearning to make sense of things -- The crisis of confidence in modern natural theology -- Renewing the vision for natural theology -- Challenges to a renewed natural theology -- Natural theology and the explanation of reality -- The dynamics of a trinitarian natural theology -- Surprising facts: conterfactuals and natural theology -- Augustine of Hippo on creation: a theological lens -- In the beginning: the constants of universe -- Can these bones live? The origins of life -- The matrix of life: the curious chemistry of water -- Chemical catalysts and the constraints of evolution -- The origins of complexity: the mechanism of evolution -- The outcomes of evolution: the directionality of evolution -- An emergent creation and natural theology

Intro -- Contents -- Introduction: The Archaeology of War in Practice -- Part 1 -- 1. Variation in the Practice of Prehispanic Warfare on the North Coast of Peru -- 2. Culture and Practice of War in Maya Society -- 3. War Is Shell: The Ideology and Embodiment of Mississippian Conflict -- 4. Warfare and the Practice of Supernatural Agents -- Part II -- 5. Warfare in Precolonial Central Amazonia: When Carneiro Meets Clastres -- 6. Warfare and Political Complexity in an Egalitarian Society: An Ethnohistorical Example -- 7. Warfare, Space, and Identity in the South-Central Andes: Constraints and Choices -- 8. Ancestors at War: Meaningful Conflict and Social Processin the South Andes -- 9. Wars, Rumors of Wars, and the Production of Violence -- Notes -- References Cited -- About the Contributors -- Index.

This new volume on language contact and contact languages presents cutting-edge research by distinguished scholars in the field as well as by highly talented newcomers. It has two principal aims: to analyze language contact from different perspectives – notably those of language typology, diachronic linguistics, language acquisition and translation studies; and to describe, explain, and elaborate on universal constraints on language contact. The individual chapters offer systematic comparisons of a wealth of contact situations and the book as a whole makes a valuable contribution to deepening our understanding of contact-induced language change. With its broad approach, this work will be welcomed by scholars of many different persuasions.

What are the recent trends and prospects for investment in power generation? What are the main drivers and barriers? This book assesses these issues and gives special emphasis to the question of how uncertainties may affect investment decisions. Uncertainties on CO2 constraints, on power plant licensing, on acceptability of nuclear power, on local opposition to any new energy infrastructure, on government support for specific generation technologies and on government policies on energy efficiency are particularly disturbing. Market liberalisation can also be a key uncertainty, but this may be greatly reduced and deliver considerable benefits if liberalisation is implemented whole-heartedly and backed by on-going government commitment.

Intro -- Contents -- Foreword by Michael F. Scheuer -- Preface -- 1. Cracks in the System: Sanctuary and Terrorism After 9/11 -- 2. Critical Reflections on Counter-Sanctuary Discourse -- 3. Netwar, the Modern Geopolitical Imagination, and the Death of the Civilian -- 4. The Failure of al Qaeda Basing Projects from Afghanistan to Iraq -- 5. Constraints and Opportunities in Ungoverned Spaces: The Horn of Africa -- 6. Iraq and the Edges of Terrorist Space -- 7. Terrorist Finance and the Criminal Underground -- 8. Legal Sanctuaries and Predator Strikes in the War on Terror -- 9. Exploring the Role of Virtual Camps -- 10. Hiding in Plain Sight in Londonistan -- 11. From Sanctuaries to Protostates -- Notes -- Select Bibliography -- Index -- About the Editor and Contributors.

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- PART I: CONCEPTS -- 1 Medicalization: Context, Characteristics, and Changes -- PART II: CASES -- 2 Extension: Men and the Medicalization of Andropause, Baldness, and Erectile Dysfunction -- 3 Expansion: From Hyperactive Children to Adult ADHD -- 4 Enhancement: Human Growth Hormone and the Temptations of Biomedical Enhancement -- 5 Continuity: Homosexuality and the Potential for Remedicalization -- PART III: CONSTRAINTS AND CONSEQUENCES -- 6 Measuring Medicalization: Categories, Numbers, and Treatment -- 7 The Shifting Engines of Medicalization -- 8 Medicalization and Its Discontents -- Notes -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.

The goal of this paper is to test the Husted model and to inspect the long-run sustainability of Brazilian current account in a very specific period of time (1996- 2005) by the use of monthly data. We have tested the inter-temporal budget constraints (IBC) condition via unit root test with structural break and co-integration through Gregory-Hansen test in a 117 long nominal, GDP normalized and CPI normalized series for the Brazilian economy. The results indicated that the pure IBC condition does not hold for the Brazilian economy. However, there is co-integration among the series used in this work and the balance of accounts is sustainable. (IPEA/GIGA)

"The Ethics of War is a much-needed anthology addressing issues both timely and age-old about the nature of war. When is recourse to arms morally justifiable? What moral constraints should apply to military conduct? How can a lasting peace be achieved? Over the past two and a half millennia a substantive body of ethical reflection has emerged in response to these and similar questions. This volume offers a collection of texts by ancient, medieval, and modern thinkers." "Never before have such seminal texts on the ethics of war been gathered together in a single volume. The Ethics of War is an indispensable resource for philosophers, students, and general readers alike."--Jacket

We consider whether Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries are mainly poor because they are governed worse than other countries, as suggested by recent studies on the supremacy of institutions. Our empirical results show that the supremacy of institutions does not hold. SSA countries appear to face very specific development problems. Given their geographic and economic constraints, we conclude that SSA countries are on average not governed worse than other comparable countries. Our finding supports the basic argument of a recent UN report (UN Millennium Project 2005). However, we find that the UN report is based on empirical evidence that appears to imply the supremacy of institutions.

From 1 January 2005 onwards the European Union has launched the first largescale international carbon emissions trading program. As the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS) covers only part of domestic carbon emissions, it implies a hybrid environmental regulation scheme: Each EU Member State must specify additional domestic abatement policies for the sectors that are not covered by the emissions trading scheme in order to meet its emissions budget under the EU Burden Sharing Agreement. Based on numerical simulations for Germany, we illustrate the efficiency drawback of hybrid carbon regulation which becomes particularly relevant when distributional constraints of the current EU-ETS design are taken into account.

"This paper reviews the role of micro non-convexities in the study of business cycles. One important non-convexity arises because an individual can work only one workweek length in a given week. The implication of this non-convexity is that the aggregate intertemporal elasticity of labor supply is large and the principal margin of adjustment is in the number employed--not in the hours per person employed--as observed. The paper also reviews a business cycle model with an occasionally binding capacity constraint. This model better mimics business cycle fluctuations than the standard real business cycle model. Aggregation in the presence of micro non-convexities is key in the model"--Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis web site