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Why does ethnicity matter in certain societies and contexts but not in others? Drawing on the boundary-making perspective first championed by anthropologist Fredrick Barth, Andreas Wimmer introduces a comparative analytic of ethnic group formation that overcomes essentialist approaches while also avoiding the pitfalls of excessive constructivism. Cautioning against seeing ethnicity and race wherever one looks, Wimmer shows how to disentangle ethnic and non-ethnic group formation processes and proposes a set of research designs, analytical principles, and strategies of interpretation appropriate for the task.

Cover -- Contents -- List of Boxes, Tables and Figures -- List of Abbreviations -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- Part I: Why Integrate? Theories of Integration -- 1 Original Debates -- 2 Neofunctionalism -- 3 Intergovernmentalism -- Part II: Mainstreaming European Studies -- 4 Institutionalist Approaches -- 5 Governance -- 6 Europeanization and Public Policy Transfer -- 7 Constructivism(s) -- 8 Sociological Perspectives on European Integration -- 9 Political Theory -- Part III: The European Union and the World -- 10 International Relations and European Integration -- 11 Comparing Forms of Regional Integration: Beyond European Studies -- Conclusion -- References -- Index.

The study of international relations has changed rapidly in recent years. Firstly as a consequence of major political and economic change - the end of the cold war and the fall of communism, the resurgence of nationalism, terrorism and forms of fundamentalism, globalization - and secondly, linked with these developments, because of the vitality of the discipline, with ongoing debates on the fundamental paradigms for the understanding of international relations and the emergence of the perspectives of feminism, postmodernism, constructivism and critical theory.The Routledge Encyclopedia of Inte

Today religious concerns stand at the center of international politics, yet key paradigms in international relations, namely realism, liberalism, and constructivism, barely consider religion in their analysis of political subjects. Whether the issue is Islamic terrorism, the Christian Right's foreign policy predilections toward Israel and Southern Sudan, the complications of faith-based Western activism abroad, the potential destabilization of atheist China by the Dalai Lama and Falun Gong, or the threat Burmese monks pose to Myanmar's military regime, the rising prominence of religion challen

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- List of Tables and Figures -- Introduction -- Part I. Frameworks -- 1. Foreign Policy, International Politics, and Constructivism -- 2. Foreign Policy Is What States Make of It: Social Construction and International Relations Theory -- 3. A Constructivist Primer -- 4. Speaking of Policy -- Part II. Constructivists at Work -- 5. Soviet "New Thinking" and the End of the Cold War: Five Explanations -- 6. Thus Spoke Franco: The Place of History in the Making of Foreign Policy

Psychology's approach to sexual orientation has long had its foundation in essentialism, which undergirds psychological theory and research as well as clinical practice and applications of psychology to public policy issues. It is only recently that psychology as a discipline has begun to entertain social constructivism as an alternative approach. Based on the belief that thoughtful dialogue can engender positive change, Conversations about Psychology and Sexual Orientation explores the implications for psychology of both essentialist and social constructionist understandings of sexual orienta

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of tables -- Introduction: what are international relations and why study them? -- 1 (Ir)rationality of international politics -- Studying international relations: nuances of methodology and levels of analysis -- Irrational people and rational decisions they take. Models of decision-making in foreign policy -- Expected utility theory and prospect theory -- Behavioral revolution in theory of international relations -- Recommended reading -- 2 Realism -- The philosophy of realism -- Reinhold Niebuhr, Edward Carr and Hans Morgenthau: the principles of classical realism -- Neorealism. Kenneth Waltz's theory of international politics -- Security dilemma -- International relations in the realist paradigm -- Recommended reading -- 3 Is it all about power? -- Where is power? -- Basics of power calculations -- Great powers in international politics -- Balance of power theory -- Recommended reading -- 4 Neoliberalism -- Philosophy of neoliberalism -- Norman Angell and Woodrow Wilson: theory of idealism -- Complex interdependence theory -- Democratic peace theory -- International relations in the neoliberal paradigm -- Recommended reading -- 5 English school -- Hugo Grotius: natural law, rationality and justice -- Hedley Bull: anarchy, order and system -- History matters. Methodological pluralism of the English school -- International society -- Recommended reading -- 6 Institutionalism -- Institutionalism of rational choice -- Theory of regimes -- Functionalism and neofunctionalism -- Hegemonic stability theory -- Recommended reading -- 7 Constructivism -- Ontology of constructivism -- Socially constructed world -- Identity and cultural norms -- Strategic culture -- Soft power -- Recommended reading -- 8 Marxism and neo-Marxism -- Karl Marx: materialism and capitalism.

Intro -- Preface -- Organization -- Contents -- Innovating and Exploring Children's Learning -- Reading to Level Up: Gamifying Reading Fluency -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Reading Fluency -- 3 Gamifying Reading Fluency -- 4 Let the "Freeze-Frame" Speak: Showing and Sharing Text Understanding -- 5 Addressing Prosodic Reading as a Design Objective: "Emoji Tales" and "Maestro" -- 6 Choral Reading as Collaborative Gameplay: Oratorio Dicer -- 7 Gamifying Speed-Reading and Accuracy: "Speedy Reader" and "Singing in the Read" -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Rethinking the Design of Hotspots in Children's Digital Picturebooks: Insights from an Exploratory Study -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Function and Affordances of Hotspots in Children's Digital Picturebooks -- 3 Exploratory Study -- 3.1 Participants -- 3.2 Study Design -- 3.3 Procedure and Data Collection -- 3.3.1 Assessing Children's Preferred Icons -- 3.3.2 Children's Positioning of Hotspots -- 3.3.3 Children's Hotspot Creation -- 4 Design of Hotspot Icons for a Children's Digital Picturebook -- 4.1 Validation Session -- 5 Results and Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Children's Tinkering Activity with Collapse Informatics: The Internalization of Environmental Consciousness -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Collapse Informatics -- 3 The Work of Vladimir Archipov -- 4 The Diegetic Artefacts -- 5 The Work of Paulo Freire and the Constructivism -- 5.1 The Constructivism -- 5.2 Tinkering -- 6 The Activity -- 6.1 Analyzing the Activity -- 7 Discussion -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- "Play and Learn": Exploring CodeCubes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background -- 3 CodeCubes -- 4 Exploratory Study -- 4.1 Study Context -- 4.2 Participants and Procedure -- 4.3 Data Collection -- 4.4 Observations and Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Limitations and Future Work.

Cover -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Boxes -- Preface to the Second Edition -- 1 Introduction: Analyzing Foreign Policy -- CHAPTER OVERVIEW -- INTRODUCTION -- WHAT IS FOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS? -- DEFINING WHAT FOREIGN POLICY IS -- THE ASSUMPTIONS AND CORE ARGUMENTS OF THE THEORETICAL TOOLS -- CONCLUSIONS: A THEORETICAL TOOLBOX FOR THE STUDY OF FOREIGN POLICY -- SUMMARY -- 2 Research Questions and the Use of Theory -- CHAPTER OVERVIEW -- INTRODUCTION -- CHOOSING FOREIGN POLICY RESEARCH QUESTIONS -- WHAT IS THEORY? -- WHAT ARE GOOD FOREIGN POLICY-RELATED RESEARCH QUESTIONS? -- CONCLUSIONS -- SUMMARY -- 3 Choosing an Appropriate Research Strategy -- CHAPTER OVERVIEW -- INTRODUCTION -- VARIANCE-BASED APPROACHES TO STUDYING FOREIGN POLICY -- CASE-BASED APPROACHES TO STUDYING FOREIGN POLICY -- INTERPRETIVIST APPROACHES -- PARSIMONY VERSUS EXPLANATORY RICHNESS IN DIFFERENT APPROACHES -- CONCLUSIONS -- SUMMARY -- 4 System-Level Factors -- CHAPTER OVERVIEW -- INTRODUCTION -- STRUCTURAL REALISM: THE SURVIVAL OF EGOISTIC STATES IN AN ANARCHIC WORLD -- LIBERALISM: INSTITUTIONS AND INTERDEPENDENCE CREATE A NEW CONTEXT FOR STATES -- CONSTRUCTIVISM: DIFFERENT CULTURES OF ANARCHY, NATIONAL INTERESTS AND IDENTITY -- CONCLUSIONS -- SUMMARY -- 5 Domestic Factors -- CHAPTER OVERVIEW -- INTRODUCTION -- NEOCLASSICAL REALISM: ANARCHY WITH A DOMESTIC FACE -- LIBERALISM: OPENING UP THE BLACK BOX -- WEAK LIBERAL THEORIES AT THE STATE LEVEL -- STRONG LIBERALISM AT THE STATE LEVEL: THE TRANSFORMATION OF STATE INTERESTS AND IDENTITIES -- SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM AT THE STATE LEVEL: INTEREST AND IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION -- CONCLUSIONS -- SUMMARY -- 6 Understandings of the Choice Situation -- CHAPTER OVERVIEW -- INTRODUCTION -- THE RATIONAL ACTOR MODEL (RAM) -- COGNITIVE THEORIES -- CONCLUSIONS -- SUMMARY -- 7 Making Foreign Policy Decisions.

Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- 1 Introduction: Aging, Immigration, and Second Language Learning in the Hispanic Population -- Language Matters for Aging Hispanic Immigrants -- Framing Our Study -- Organization of Book -- References -- 2 A Case Study of an English Learner Speech Community -- How (Older Adult) Second Language Learners Have Been Studied -- Study Sample -- Interviewing Strategies -- Active Interviewing with Hispanic Older Adult Second Language Learners -- References -- 3 Minority Aging in an Immigrant Context -- Transitions and Immigration -- The Structure of Minority Aging and Immigration -- Aging in Culture and Family -- Familial Social Exchange: Benefits and Barriers to Minority Aging -- Social Networks and Neighborhood Context -- Building Language Capital Through Place -- References -- 4 Late-Life Second Language Acquisition: Cognitive and Psycholinguistic Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities -- Review of Linguistic Areas of Interest for SLA and Aging Research -- Question Formation in English (Developmental Sequence) -- Four Linguistic Areas Researched in Psycholinguistics -- Research in SLA and Cognition -- The Critical Period Hypothesis -- Interactionalism and Environmental Factors -- Language Acquisition and Attrition Among Older Adults -- The Paucity of Research on Late-Life Language Learning -- Language Aptitude in Late-Life L2 Learning -- Fluid Intelligence and Working Memory -- Crystallized Intelligence and Long-Term Memory -- Challenges and Issues with Late-Life SLA Research -- Beyond a Deficit-Model -- References -- 5 Social Constructivism and the Role of Place for Immigrant Language Learners -- Socio-SLA: Social Constructivism in Adult L2 Learning -- Applied Linguistics and Aging -- Older Adult Learners and the "Right to Speak" -- Investments -- Aging in Place: ESL Classes as Safe Zones

Intro -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION -- CREATIVE EMERGENCE, ORDER, AND CHAOS: GRAPPLING WITH THE COMPLEXITY OF COMPLEXITY THEORY -- THE DUAL-EDGED SWORD OF SIMPLISTIC REDUCTIONISM -- TRAPPED WITHIN METAPHORS -- AN OVERVIEW OF THE CONTENTS IN THE VOLUME -- REFERENCES -- SECTION 2: COMPLEXITY IN STEM PROCESSES AND STRUCTURES -- LEARNING: CREATION OR RE-CREATION? FROM CONSTRUCTIVISM TO THE THEORY OF DIDACTICAL SITUATIONS -- INTRODUCTION -- CREATION AND EDUCATION -- CREATION AT THE CROSSROADS OF PARADOXES -- MATHEMATICAL EDUCATION - CREATION OR REPRODUCTION? -- Example of a Situation -- CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF CONDITIONS OF CREATION: RESPONSIVENESS TO DIDACTICAL CONTRACT -- Methodology -- Didactical Environment and Responsiveness to Didactical Contract -- Analysis of Effects of Didactical Environments on Creativity -- Results and Comments -- Conditions of the Experiment -- Results and Comments -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- INVESTIGATING MATHEMATICAL CREATIVITY IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL THROUGH THE LENS OF COMPLEXITY THEORY -- MATHEMATICAL CREATIVITY IN THE CLASSROOM -- THE CLASSROOM AS A COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEM -- CLASSROOM EPISODES -- Setting -- Episode 1: Internal Diversity, Redundancy, and Occasioning Mathematical Creativity -- Episode 2a: Balancing Stability and Change in a Fifth Grade Classroom -- Episode 2b: Adapting to the Emergence of Creativity -- Episode 3: How Can Insight Displayed by One Individual be Viewed through the Lens of Complexity Theory? -- RELATING COMPLEXITY THEORY TO EMERGENT CREATIVITY -- REFERENCES -- ON THE EDGE OF CHAOS: ROBOTS IN THE CLASSROOM -- HISTORY AND PROGRAMS -- LEGO MINDSTORMS Kits -- FIRST LEGO League -- Robotics in the Classroom -- Research on Robotics in the Classroom -- ROBOTICS, CONSTRUCTIVISM, AND THE EDGE OF CHAOS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES.

Cover -- Half-Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Figures and Tables -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Emergence of Theoretical and Institutional Coherence in Post Keynesian Economics -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Theoretical coherence -- 2.3 Institutional coherence -- 2.4 Epistemological coherence -- 3 The Principle of Effective Demand and the Keynesian Revolution in Equilibrium Economics -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Demand determined equilibrium versus supply constrained equilibrium -- 3.3 General equilibrium, the Keynesian revolution, and the revival of "supply constraint" economics -- 3.4 Conclusion -- 4 Aggregate Demand and Price Adjustment: Pigou versus Fisher -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 A digression on money and macroeconomic theory -- 4.3 Price level adjustment and the Fisher debt effect -- 4.4 Stability analysis with fixed nominal wages -- 4.5 Stability analysis with flexible nominal wages -- 4.6 Conclusion -- Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2 -- 5 Expected Aggregate Demand, the Production Period, and the Keynesian Theory of Aggregate Supply -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 A brief retrospective on aggregate supply in The General Theory -- 5.3 Time and the production process: a simple model -- 5.4 A full macro model -- 5.5 The model with exogenous price expectations -- 5.6 The model with endogenous price expectations -- 5.7 Conclusion -- Appendix -- 6 Uncertainty and Expectations -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Representations of uncertainty -- 6.3 Constructivism and economists' constructions of decision making in the presence of uncertainty -- 6.4 Expectations and the rational expectations revolution -- 6.5 Knowledge, constructivism, and expectations: a theory of reflexive rational expectations -- 6.6 Conclusion -- 7 The Endogenous Money Supply: Theory and Evidence -- 7.1 Introduction.

Liberalism, libertarianism, and economic justice -- Capitalism in the classical and high liberal traditions -- Illiberal libertarians : why libertarianism is not a liberal view -- Distributive justice and the difference principle -- Rawls on distributive justice and the difference principle -- Property-owning democracy and the difference principle -- Private law and Rawls's principles of justice -- Liberal institutions and distributive justice -- The social and institutional bases of distributive justice -- The basic structure of society as the primary subject of justice -- Ideal theory and the justice of institutions -- Constructivism, facts, and moral justification

Contents Articles Frederic R. Kellogg: Hobbes, Holmes, and Dewey: Pragmatism and the Problem of Order Brian E. Butler: Dews, Dworks, and Poses Decide Lochner Sor-hoon Tan: Our Country Right or Wrong: A Pragmatic Response to Anti-Democratic Cultural Nationalism in China Stephen Harris: Antifoundationalism and the Commitment to Reducing Suffering in Rorty and Madhyamaka Buddhism Eric Thomas Weber: On Applying Ethics: Who's Afraid of Plato's Cave? William Gavin, Stefan Neubert, and Kersten Reich: Language and Its Discontents: William James, Richard Rorty, and Interactive Constructivism Matthew J

The past three decades have witnessed the emergence, at the forefront of political thought, of several Kantian theories. Both the critical reaction to consequentialism inspired by Rawlsian constructivism and the universalism of more recent theories informed by Habermasian discourse ethics trace their main sources of inspiration back to Kant's writings. Yet much of what is Kantian in contemporary theory is formulated with more or less strict caveats concerning Kant's metaphysics. These range from radical claims that theories of justice must be political, not metaphysical, to more cautious calls