Suchergebnisse

This article marks the fiftieth anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and Israel. It is divided into two parts, assessing the status of this unique relationship in 2015 and in 1965, respectively. Angela Merkel's recent criticism of Benjamin Netanyahu's stance on the peace process with the Palestinians and the heavy protests that took place in Germany in the wake of Operation Protective Edge in Gaza in summer 2014 have cast doubt on the strength of the bilateral partnership fifty years after the first exchange of ambassadors between the two countries. However, by examining the state of German-Israeli cooperation in a number of areas (security, commerce and knowledge exchange, among others), the first part of the article challenges popular interpretations of contemporary German-Israeli relations as being 'at a nadir'. Fifty years ago, Chancellor Ludwig Erhard proposed to his Israeli counterpart Levi Eshkol the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries amid a severe political crisis in Bonn, following a visit of the East German leader Walter Ulbricht to Gamal Abdel Nasser. While much has changed since then, the second part of the article argues that looking at the momentous events of 1965 can provide useful reference points for understanding the current state of relations between Germany and Israel. (International Affairs (Oxford) / SWP)

At the dawn of the 20th century, the United States was a nation unsure about the role it wanted to play in the world, if any. Robert Kagan, New York Times best-selling author and one of the country's most influential strategic thinkers, provides a comprehensive and historical account of America's rise to global superpower. While many Americans preferred to avoid being drawn into what seemed an ever more competitive, conflictual, and militarized international environment, many also were eager to see the United States take a share of international responsibility and work with others to preserve peace and advance civilization. The story of American foreign policy in the first four decades of the 20th century is about the effort to do both - "to adjust the nation to its new position without sacrificing the principles developed in the past," as one contemporary put it. This would prove a difficult task. The collapse of British naval power, combined with the rise of Germany and Japan, suddenly placed the United States in a pivotal position. American military power helped defeat Germany in the First World War, and the peace that followed was significantly shaped by a U.S. president. But Americans recoiled from their deep involvement in world affairs, and for the next two decades, they sat by as fascism and tyranny spread unchecked, ultimately causing the liberal world order to fall apart. America's resulting intervention in the Second World War marked the beginning of a new era, for the United States and for the world.

Part I. Rethinking institutions -- The rise (and fall?) of transitional gender justice : a survey of the field / Lucy Fiske -- Ebola and post-conflict gender justice : lessons from Liberia / Pamela Scully -- Making clients out of citizens : deconstructing women's empowerment and humanitarianism in post-conflict interventions / Rita Shackel and Lucy Fiske -- Using war to shift peacetime norms : the example of forced marriage in Sierra Leone / Kiran Grewal -- More than a victim : thinking through foreign correspondents' representations of women in conflict / Chrisanthi Giotis -- Part II. Rethinking interventions -- WPS, gender and foreign military interveners : experience from Iraq and Afghanistan / Angeline Lewis -- Addressing masculinities in peace negotiations : an opportunity for gender justice / Philipp Kastner and Elisabeth Roy-Trudel -- Recalling violence : gender and memory work in contemporary post-conflict Peru / Jelke Boesten -- International Criminal Court prosecutions of sexual and gender-based violence : challenges and successes / Rita Shackel -- Part III. Learning from the field -- Speaking from the ground : transitional gender justice in Nepal / Punam Yadav -- Quechua women : agency in the testimonies of the CVR-Peru public hearings / Sofia Macher -- The effects of indigenous patriarchal systems on women's participation in public decision-making in conflict settings : the case of Somalia / Fowsia Abdulkadir and Rahma Abdulkadir -- "Women are not ready to [vote for] their own" : remaking democracy, making citizens after the 2007 post-election violence in Kenya / Christina Kenny -- "An education without any fear?" : higher education and gender justice in Afghanistan / Anne Maree Payne, Nina Burridge, and Nasima Rahmani -- Transitioning with disability : justice for women with disabilities in post-war Sri Lanka / Dinesha Samararatne and Karen Soldatic -- Conclusion / Rita Shackel and Lucy Fiske

Chapter 1: Civil Society Concepts, Challenges, and Contexts: An Introduction to Helmut Anheier's Festschrift -- Chapter 2: Scholarship, Leadership, and Institution Building: Helmut Anheier and the Nonprofit and Philanthropic Sectors -- Part I: Developing Concepts and Theoretical Frames -- Chapter 3: The Theory of the Public Sphere Revisited -- Chapter 4: Dealing with Civility: Citizenship, Real Citizens and the Science of Civil Society -- Chapter 5: Successful Failure: Functions and Dysfunctions of Civil Society Organizations -- Chapter 6: Social Innovation – Not Without Civil Society -- Chapter 7: The Hiding Hand, Persistent Fragile Action, and Sustainable Development -- Chapter 8: Using the System of National Accounts Framework to Measure Social Impacts of Social Economy Institutions -- Chapter 9: From Anheier's Civil Society Diamond to a Principled Fundraising Jurisprudence for Civil Society -- Chapter 10: Legitimizing Foundations: Functions, Expectations, and Regulation -- Chapter 11: Foundations and Democracy: The Changing Case for the Defense -- Chapter 12: Foundations: Is Measurement the Enemy of Creativity -- Part II: Charting Global Challenges -- Chapter 13: Planetary Politics: Reviving the Spirit of the Concept "Global Civil Society" -- Chapter 14: Global Civil Society in Retreat: Is It Cyclical or Existential -- Chapter 15: The Offensive Against Global Civil Society: Diffusion of NGO Restrictions -- Chapter 16: Civil Society Actors in International Cultural Diplomacy -- Chapter 17: Arts, Cultural Participation, and Democracy. Analyzing the Indicator Framework on Culture and Democracy -- Chapter 18: Global Civil Religion -- Chapter 19: Civil Society and the Problem of Knowledge -- Chapter 20: The Dark Side of the Nonprofit Sector: Polarization in Contemporary Society -- Part III: Changing Contexts: Local and Regional Case Studies -- Chapter 21: Civil Society Encroachment in Non-liberal Democracies: The Case of Israel -- Chapter 22: Policy Controversies and Challenges for Organized Civil Society: The Case of England Before the COVID-19 Crisis -- Chapter 23: Transformation of Civil Society Organization Functions in Modern Russia -- Chapter 24: The Skeptic Who Came in from the Cold? The Formation of a Climate-skeptic Alliance in Germany -- Chapter 25: The Recent Evolution of Foundations in France -- Chapter 26: Pluralism and Inequality: Brief Reflections on Philanthropic Foundations and their Study in the United States -- Chapter 27: Businesses as Civil Society Actors? An Engagement and Cooperation Analysis Based on German Company Data -- Chapter 28: Scenarios for Civil Society Impact in Norway -- Chapter 29: Women in the German Nonprofit Sector: Working Conditions and Promotion Opportunities -- Chapter 30: Los Angeles and the State of the Nonprofit Sector: A Review of Findings and Examination of Three Theses -- Appendix: Helmut K. Anheier's publications -- Index.

Introduction to the Handbook of Theories of Public Administration and Management /Thomas Andrew Bryer --Part 1: Theories on the role of public administration --Public administration and politics: the art of separation /Patrick Overeem --Public administration and citizen participation: from isolation to activism to skepticism /Thomas Andrew Bryer and Nina Alvandipour --Public administration ethics: looking back and moving forward /So Hee Jeon --Social equity and public administration /Susan Gooden and Anthony Starke --Social justice theory in public administration: a review of critical perspectives in public administration /Kareem Willis and Tia Sherèe Gaynor --Part 2: Theories on the function of public administration --Performance: making sense of forests and trees /Kathryn Newcomer and Clint Brass --Collaborative governance: processes, benefits and outcomes /Sofia Prysmakova-Rivera and Olga Pysmenna --Public sector branding: understanding and applying the concept /Staci M. Zavattaro and M. Blair Thomas --Digital government: analytical models, underlying theories, and emergent theoretical perspective /Qianli Yuan, Mila Gasco-Hernandez and J. Ramon Gil-García --Understanding administrative law: an essential skillset for public sector management /Stephanie P. Newbold --Municipal management: seeking a theoretical perspective on form of government and performance /Kimberly Nelson --Theories on the people in public administration --Public service lala-land: public service motivation research and its researchers /Palina Prysmakova --Personnel management: improving employee and organizational performance /Mauricio Astudillo-Rodas and Norma M. Riccucci --Religiosity: emphasizing public service /Daniel Hummel --Leadership: the demise and rebirth of charisma in public administration and management research /Ulrich Thy Jensen --Diversity: what it is and what it isn't /Brandi Blessett --Gender: expanding theory in public administration and policy /Nicole M. Elias and Maria J. D'Agostino --Theories on the organization of public administration --Evolution and change in public organizations: efficiency, legitimacy and the resilience of core organizational elements /Jesse W. Campbell --Strategic management: public sector view /Jan-Erik Johanson --Inter-organizational relations: citizen-centered resource integration in times of complexity /Erik Eriksson and Andreas Hellström --International perspective on public administration and management --Chile: public administration after the New Public Management /Cristian Pliscoff --Lithuania: public administration reforms during 2008-20 /Vitalis Nakrošis --Chinese public administration research in mainstream PA journals: a systematic review (2002-20) /Hui Li and Jiasheng Zhang --United Kingdom: the rise and fall and rise of contemporary public administration /John Diamond --Decentralisation in Pakistan and India: a comparative review and policy implications /Aamer Taj and Muhammad Nouman --Russia: transformation of public administration in the context of digitalization /Nina Symanuk

"While the number of domestic leisure travelers has increased dramatically in reform-era China, the persistent gap between urban and rural living standards attests to ongoing social, economic, and political inequalities. The state has widely touted tourism for its potential to bring wealth and modernity to rural ethnic minority communities, but the policies underlying the development of tourism obscure some complicated realities. In tourism, after all, one person's leisure is another person's labor.A Landscape of Travel investigates the contested meanings and unintended consequences of tourism for those people whose lives and livelihoods are most at stake in China's rural ethnic tourism industry: the residents of village destinations. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in Pingan (a Zhuang village in Guangxi) and Upper Jidao (a Miao village in Guizhou), Jenny Chio analyzes the myriad challenges and possibilities confronted by villagers who are called upon to do the work of tourism. She addresses the shifting significance of migration and rural mobility, the visual politics of tourist photography, and the effects of touristic desires for "exotic difference" on village social relations. In this way, Chio illuminates the contemporary regimes of labor and leisure and the changing imagination of what it means to be rural, ethnic, and modern in China today.Jenny Chio is assistant professor of anthropology and associated faculty in film and media studies at Emory University. A Landscape of Travel is about China becoming a nation that travels, and one way of traveling is to be a tourist. Tourism is of course only one mode through which China's mobility expresses itself, and we must remember that most villages have no tourists at all. But if we want to understand why tourists see and experience what they do. and how this reflects China as a nation that travels, [this book] is both delightful and essential." - From the foreword by Stevan Harrell"This book explores how 'travel' can be a useful framework with which to better understand how rural China is changing. While it has not been uncommon to view rural China as an increasingly 'mobilized' landscape of excess labor seeking better livelihoods in the cities, Chio's study approaches mobility in both more abstract and broad-ranging terms. Her work offers an important contribution. Anyone interested in ethnography, ethnicity in China, and anthropologies of tourism will find A Landscape of Travel interesting." - Tim Oakes, University of Colorado at Boulder"--

The social sciences are intimately linked to understanding the societies in which we live. This is why the question of the historical and political anchoring of this knowledge arises. As postcolonial studies have shown, the social sciences have produced theories, concepts, and paradigms in Southern societies conveying a discourse on "modernity." According to Edward Saïd, scientific knowledge is a form of power that confers authority on the person who produces it. However, knowledge is largely controlled and produced by the West, which therefore has the power to name, represent, and theorise (Saïd 1995). By entering into the field of these theories, indigenous researchers impose on themselves a representation of themselves and the other that endorses these power relationships. In order to finally break with this type of domination, indigenous societies are encouraged to move away from the Western ethnocentrism carried by the social sciences, and their particular vision of modernity, in order to construct their own narratives. Issues of domination are therefore at the heart of the social sciences, and in China as elsewhere, in the modern and contemporary period, these issues have not ceased to be taken into account, discussed, and thwarted. Historically, the birth of the human and social sciences in China at the turn of the twentieth century is closely linked to the desire of intellectuals to contribute to the emergence of a "powerful and prosperous" China (fuqiang 富强) following its traumatic encounter with the Western powers during the Opium Wars. As an integral part of the "self-reinforcing movement" (yangwu yundong 洋务运动), which consisted of learning from the West in order to better counter it, the human and social sciences, in China as in other non-Western societies, from the start engaged the relationship to the Other (the West) and to the Self. Trained for the most part abroad and especially in Japan, a country through which Western concepts first passed, Chinese researchers quickly strove to situate themselves in relation to this Western knowledge. As early as the 1930s, in the wake of the sociologist and anthropologist Fei Xiaotong in particular, many sought to "indigenise" the social sciences, in order to better understand the issues specific to their country and to move in the direction of a specifically Chinese modernity. The same dynamic is found in the aftermath of the Maoist period, marked by the isolation of China and the ban on social sciences. The"feverish" re-introduction of Western theories to fill the three-decade gap, which marked the 1980s, was followed by a movement of critical re-appropriation of these theories (Merle and Zhang 2007). The lecture given by Xi Jinping in May 2016, during which the President of the PRC called on Chinese researchers to "accelerate the construction of a philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics" (jiakuai goujian Zhongguo tese zhexue shehui kexue 加快构建中国特色哲学社会科学), raises the question of the extent to which national characteristics are linked to the social sciences of each country and to question the validity of epistemological relativism. Is the assertion of a national specificity of the disciplines compatible with the aim of the human and social sciences, and to what extent can a scientific discourse or approach have cultural or national characteristics? Xi Jinping's speech also calls for an update on the longstanding opposition between Western and Chinese social sciences, inherited from postcolonial studies, which this discourse seems to mirror. What is the significance of such an injunction today in China, and how do Chinese researchers respond to it? Ultimately, this special issue aims to question the relationship between knowledge and power, science and ideology in the light of the Chinese case. (China Perspect/GIGA)

1. Constructing transnational studies / Sanjeev Khagram and Peggy Levitt -- 2. Transnational relations and world politics : an introduction / Joseph S. Nye, Jr. and Robert O. Keohane -- 3. "Conclusions" and "Post Scriptum" from Dependency and Development in Latin America / Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Enzo Faletto -- 4. The homeland, Aztlan / El otro Mexico / Gloria Anzaldua -- 5. Global ethnoscapes : notes and queries for a transnational anthropology / Arjun Appadurai -- 6. The real new world order / Anne-Marie Slaughter -- 7. "Introduction" and "the state and the global city" from globalization and its discontents / Saskia Sassen -- 8. Discipline and practice : "the field" as site, method, and location in anthropology / Akhil Gupta and James Ferguson -- 9. Methodological nationalism, the social sciences, and the study of migration : an essay in historical epistemology / Andreas Wimmer and Nina Glick Schiller -- 10. Assimilation and transnationalism : determinants of transnational political action among contemporary migrants / Luis Eduardo Guarnizo, Alejandro Portes and William Haller -- 11. "Introduction" from forces of labor : workers' movements and globalization since 1870 / Beverly J. Silver -- 12. "Transnational struggles for water and power" and "dams, democracy, and development in transnational perspective" / Sanjeev Khagram -- 13. Breakthrough to history / William H. McNeill -- 14. The world system in the thirteenth century : dead-end or precursor? / Janet Lippman Abu-Lughod -- 15. The historical sociology of race / Howard Winant -- 16. The Black Atlantic as a counterculture of modernity / Paul Gilroy -- 17. Of our spiritual strivings / W.E.B. Du Bois -- 18. The cosmopolitan perspective : sociology of the second age of modernity / Ulrich Beck -- 19. The nation-state and its others : in lieu of a preface / Khachig Tololyan -- 20. "Nigerian Kung Fu, Manhattan fatwa" and "the local and the global : continuity and change" / Ulf Hannerz -- 21. Introduction : transnational feminist practices and questions of postmodernity / Inderpal Grewal and Caren Kaplan -- 22. "Transnational projects : a new perspective" and "theoretical premises" / Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller and Cristina Szanton Blanc -- 23. The local and the global : the anthropology of globalization and transnationalism / Michael Kearney -- 24. The study of transnationalism : pitfalls and promise of an emergent research field / Alejandro Portes, Luis Eduardo Guarnizo and Patricia Landolt -- 25. Conceptualizing simultaneity : a transnational social field perspective on society / Peggy Levitt and Nina Glick Schiller -- 26. Systemic religion in global society / Peter Beyer -- 27. Introduction : religion, states, and transnational civil society / Susanne Hoeber Rudolph -- 28. Theorizing globalization and religion / Manuel A. Vasquez and Marie Friedmann Marquardt -- 29. Locations of culture / Homi K. Bhabha -- 30. Interstitial subjects : Asian American visual art as a site for new cultural conversations / Elaine H. Kim -- 31. Cultural reconversion / Nestor Garcia Canclini -- 32. Living borders / Buscando America : languages of latino self-formation / Juan Flores and George Yudice -- 33. World society and the nation-state / John W. Meyer ... [et al.] -- 34. Norms, culture, and world politics : insights from sociology's institutionalism / Martha Finnemore -- 35. Do regimes matter? Epistemic communities and Mediterranean pollution control / Peter M. Haas -- 36. Cross-national cultural diffusion : the global spread of cricket / Jason Kaufman and Orlando Patterson -- 37. Transnationalism, localization, and fast foods in East Asia / James L. Watson -- 38. "Introduction" from transnational corporations and world order / George Modelski -- 39. Imperialism, dependency, and dependent development / Peter Evans -- 40. The organization of buyer-driven global commodity chains : how U.S. retailers shape overseas production networks / Gary Gereffi -- 41. "Flexible citizenship : the cultural logics of transnationality" and "afterword : an anthropology of transnationality" / Aihwa Ong -- 42. Bringing transnational relations back in : introduction / Thomas Risse-Kappen -- 43. World culture in the world polity : a century of international non-governmental organization / John Boli and George M. Thomas -- 44. Social movements and global transformation / Louis Kriesberg -- 45. Conclusions : advocacy networks and international society / Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink -- 46. The challenges and possibilities of transnational feminist praxis / Nancy A. Naples -- 47. Global prohibition regimes : the evolution of norms in international society / Ethan A. Nadelmann -- 48. Transnational organized crime : an imminent threat to the nation-state? (transcending national boundaries) / Louise Shelley -- 49. "Introduction" from New and Old Wars : organized violence in a global era / Mary Kaldor -- 50. Smuggling the state back in : agents of human smuggling reconsidered / David Kyle and John Dale

Futuring Africa : an introduction / Steven Van Wolputte, Clemens Greiner, Michael Bollig -- African futures : polymorphous, polycentric, heterogenous, unpredictable (as everywhere and always) / Hana Horakova -- COVID-19, disrupted futures, and challenges for African studies / Steven Van Wolputte, Clemens Greiner, Michael Bollig -- African pastoralism : plus ça change? From constant herders to social differentiation / Clemens Greiner -- Religious practices and/as future making in Africa : some cautionary remarks / Dorothea Schulz -- Rethinking the ethnographic museum / Ciraj Rassool -- The future of helath in sub-Saharan Africa : is there a path to longer and healtheir lives for all? / Richard G. Wamai and Hugh C. Shirley -- A new politics of uncertainty : towards convivial development in Africa / Ian Scoones -- Twenty-first century conservation in Africa : contemporary dilemmas, future challenges / Michael Bollig -- Forest crime in Africa : actors, moarkets and complexities / Eric M. Kioko -- Framing the future of national parks / Thomas Widlok and Ndapewa Fenny Nakanyete -- The future of communal lands in Africa : experiences from Namibia / Romi Vonki Nghitevelekwa -- Connected Sahel-Sahara in turmoil : the past in the future / Mirjam de Bruijn -- Black swan, grey swan? Pandemic scenarios and African peace and security futures / Ulf Engel -- The youth and land access challenges : critical reflections from post-fast track land reform Zimbabwe / Clement Chipenda and Tom Tom -- "We will not watch like monkeys" : development visions and conflict potentials in Northern Kenya / Kennedy Mkutu Agade -- Spells of moral panic and flashes of pride : Digital Kinois' engagements with the search for a COVID-19 cure / Katrien Pype -- Beyond the dead end : Gikuyus and Englishes in colonial and postcolonial debates on language and decolonizing (Kenya) / Inge Brinkman -- Animating the future : storytelling and super heroes in Africa / Ute Fendler -- Conceptual design and fashion's futures in the Afropolis -- Future tense / Anne Storch -- CityLabs : making cities, making futures / Steven van Wolputte, Ann Cassiman, and Filip de Boeck -- Innovation, music and future making by young Africans in a challenging environment : examples from Cameroon and Nigeria / Jonathan Ngeh and Michaela Pelican -- A future of hope : artists in a context of insecurity / Ludovic Ouhonyioué Kibora -- 'Girling' the future and 'futuring' girls in Niger / Adeline Masquelier -- Queer futures, national utopias : notes on objects, intimacy, time, and the state / George Paul Meiu -- Futuring together : inside and outside of marriage on Namibia / Julia Pauli -- The future of female genital cutting : an evolution of its medicalization / Tammary Esho -- Imagination of the past and memory for the future : re-establishment of the Lifeworld through rituals among the Glua/Gllana / Akira Takada and Yuriko Sugiyama -- Visitations / Martha Ndakalako -- Academic cooperation in the humanities and social sciences : a post-COVID future / Andreas Mehaler and Francis B. Nyamnjoh.

Modernizing Democracy brings together scholars focusing the role of associations and associating in contemporary societies. Organizations and associations have been identified as the "meso level of society" and as the "basic elements of democracy". They are important providers of welfare services and play an important role between the individual and political spheres. In recent years the environment of associations and associating has changed dramatically. Individualization, commercialization and globalization are challenging both democracy and the capability of associations to fulfill the functions attributed to them by social sciences. This change provides the central question of the volume: Is being part of an organization or association becoming an outdated model? And do associations still have the capacity of modernizing societies or are they just outdated remnants of post-democracy? The contributions to Modernizing Democracy will be organized into: Studying Association and Associating in the 21st Century, Associating in Times of Post-Democracy and Associations and the Challenge of Capitalist Development. The book will be attractive to third sector researchers as well as a broader academic community of political scientists, sociologists, economists, legal scientists and related disciplines. Matthias Freise received his Ph.D. in Political Science from Münster University, Germany where Annette Zimmer was his doctoral advisor. Currently, he is Assistant Professor of Political Science and executive director of the Graduate School of Politics at the same place. Previously, he supervised a doctoral research group on "European Civil Society and Multilevel Governance" at Münster University together with Annette Zimmer. His research interests include civil society theory, third sector research, European multilevel governance and interest representation. He is co-editor of the series "European Civil Society" at Nomos Publishers. Recent publications include A Panacea for all seasons? Civil Society and Governance in Europe (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2010) and several articles on civil society organisations in public private partnerships. In addition, Matthias Freise is a teacher in the advanced training course on Nonprofit Management and Governance at Münster University. Thorsten Hallmann received his Ph.D. in Political Science from Münster University, Germany, in 2008. His dissertation dealt with the public discourse on drug policy and the "drug scene" in Münster. He is mainly working on third sector and local policy issues. From 2011 to 2013 he was a member of the WILCO research team, a EU-funded international project on welfare innovations on the local level. As a student, he joined the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project team in Münster, headed by Annette Zimmer. Later they conducted further research on local associations together. Hallmann also worked as a volunteer and board member in a local refugee relief organisation and is an active member of further civic associations.

The Caribbean stage -- Geographies of opportunity, geographies of constraint / David Barker -- Contemporary Caribbean ecologies: the weight of history / Duncan McGregor -- The earliest settlers / Antonio Curet -- Old world precedents: sugar and slavery in the Mediterranean / William D. Phillips Jr -- The making of a colonial sphere -- The columbian moment: politics, ideology, and biohistory / Reinaldo Funes Monzote -- From tainos to Africans in the Caribbean: labor, migration, and resistance / Jalil Sued-Badillo -- Negotiations of conquest / Lynne A. Guitar -- Toward sugar and slavery / Stephan Palmié -- Masterless people: maroons, pirates, and commoners / Isaac Curtis -- Colonial designs in flux -- The Caribbean between empires: colonists, pirates, and slaves / Josep M. Fradera -- Imperial decline, colonial adaptation: the Spanish islands during the long 17th century / Francisco A. Scarano -- The Atlantic framework of 17th-century colonization / Alison Games -- Servants and slaves during the 17th-century sugar revolution / Hilary Mcd. Beckles -- The French and Dutch Caribbean, 1600-1800 / Philip Boucher -- Slaves and tropical commodities: the Caribbean in the south Atlantic system / Selwyn H. H. Carrington and Ronald C. Noel -- Capitalism, slavery, and revolution -- Slave cultures: systems of domination and forms of resistance / Philip Morgan -- Rivalry, war, and imperial reform in the 18th-century Caribbean / Douglas Hamilton -- The Haitian revolution / Laurent Dubois -- The abolition of slavery in the non-hispanic Caribbean / Diana Paton -- Econocide?: from abolition to emancipation in the British and French Caribbean / Dale Tomich -- Missionaries, planters, and slaves in the age of abolition / Jean Besson -- A reordered world -- A second slavery? the 19th-century sugar revolutions in Cuba and Puerto Rico / Christopher Schmidt-Nowara -- Peasants, immigrants, and workers: the British and French Caribbean after emancipation / Gad Heuman -- War and nation building: Cuban and Dominican experiences / Robert Whitney -- The rise of the American Mediterranean, 1846-1905 / Luis Martínez-Fernández -- The conundrum of race: retooling inequality / Elizabeth Cooper -- Africa, Europe, and Asia in the making of the 20th-century Caribbean / Aisha Khan -- The new empire -- Building US hegemony in the Caribbean / Brenda Gayle Plummer -- The American sugar kingdom, 1898-1934 / César J. Ayala -- Culture, labor, and race in the shadow of US capital / Winston James -- Labor protests, rebellions, and the rise of nationalism during depression and war / O. Nigel Bolland -- Toward decolonization: impulses, processes, and consequences since the 1930s / Anne S. Macpherson -- The Caribbean and the cold war: between reform and revolution / David Sheinin -- The Caribbean in the age of globalization -- The long Cuban revolution / Michael Zeuske -- Independence and its aftermath: Suriname, Trinidad, and Jamaica / Anthony P. Maingot -- The colonial persuasion: Puerto Rico and the Dutch and French Antilles / Humberto García Muñiz -- An island in the mirror: the Dominican Republic and Haiti / Pedro L. San Miguel -- Tourism, drugs, offshore finance, and the perils of neoliberal development / Robert Goddard -- Caribbean migrations and diasporas / Christine M. Du Bois

Place Matters: Metropolitics for the Twenty-first Century is the latest entry in this debate. It takes issue with the description I have just presented. Based largely on analyses of voting behavior, it claims to see a systematic geographic social pattern. Dreier et al. see the demarcations of place as the crucial determinants of the life of the poor. In their schema the political divide between center city and suburbs is a crucial social divide. Within the metropolitan suburbs they see a further demarcation between what they term older 'inner ring' suburbs that they define as working class and poor and newer 'outer ring' suburbs that they define as middle class. The language of metropolitan rings that they employ derives from the 1920s social ecology work of the University of Chicago sociologists Robert Parks and Ernest Burgess. Based on studies of metropolitan Chicago, Parks and Burgess concluded that as a result of the urban land market, social classes sorted themselves out in rings in which real estate values were based on the convenience of the ring to the central business district. The contemporary metropolitan social ecology described by Dreier et al. is determined by a politics of exclusion. For these authors central cities are inhabited by poor people. Around this center are some affluent city dwellers and then 'inner' suburbs, post-World War II Levittown-style tracts that are 'quite depressing places.' These places are depressing because they lack 'public spaces, universities, cultural institutions, nightlife and downtowns that make central cities exciting places, even when they house many poor people.' The data used to support their argument are surprisingly weak. The principal evidence for their assertion that concentrated poverty is on the rise comes from a study by Douglas Massey. Massey measured the percent of poor people living in the neighborhoods of the average poor person and the percent of 'affluent people' (defined as four times poverty level income) living with the average 'affluent' person. Massey's data show that in 1970 the average 'affluent' person lived in a census tract in which 39 percent of the population was similarly endowed. In 1990, the comparable figure had risen to 52 percent. At the same time, the proportion of poor people living with the average poor person rose from 19 percent to 20 percent. Dreier et al. conclude from this that the percentage of poverty concentration in the poorer census tracts 'increased steadily.' Most statisticians would conclude that such a slight movement, about 1 percent over two decades, was meaningless. Although the authors base a great deal of their moral urgency on the asserted increase in ghettoization of the poor, the data they marshal do not make a compelling argument for the case.