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ABSTRACTReasons are given for doubting the currently fashionable thesis that economic growth and industrialisation in the case of England derived from establishing secure property rights after 1688. Customary and public rights remained at risk. Ancient arrangements often persisted far into Victorian times. Detailed evidence is presented of survivals and of illiquid features in the land market. Evidence is also given of endemic disputes over enclosure and tithes. Unlike some European countries, England failed to establish a land registry. Limited transactions probably reflected unwillingness to risk litigation. That unsatisfactory property rights did not, however, stifle growth is tribute to the underlying power of the market.

"World System History" published on by Oxford University Press.

A test of two different versions of the "persistence hypothesis" concerning the origins of social tolerance -- (1) a "traditional" view that preadult political socialization leaves attitudinal residues that persist through adulthood, & (2) a "revisionist" view that preadult learning is supplemented by socialization that continues into adulthood -- against a "lifelong openness" view that attitudes are quite open to change in adulthood. Effects of environmental change on racial tolerance, attitudes toward women's place in society, & acceptance of sexual practices are examined, using data from 6 cross-sectional General Social Surveys (1972-1977, with a maximum of 6,021 available cases). It is found that adult levels of social tolerance are influenced by both preadult & early adult attitudinal environments, supporting the persistence hypothesis, especially in its revisionist version. Microenvironment tolerance norms typically show great continuity across most individuals' lifespans, minimizing the clash of adult environments with preadult socialization. In the unusual cases when the two environments do conflict, both significantly influence the individual's level of social tolerance. Persistence may thus be due both to the lasting power of early experience & to environmental continuity through the lifespan. 4 Tables, 2 Figures, 1 Appendix, 40 References. Modified HA

AbstractHuman children possess the ability to approximate numerical quantity nonverbally from a young age. Over the course of early childhood, children develop increasingly precise representations of numerical values, including a symbolic number system that allows them to conceive of numerical information as Arabic numerals or number words. Functional brain imaging studies of adults report that activity in bilateral regions of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) represents a key neural correlate of numerical cognition. Developmental neuroimaging studies indicate that the right IPS develops its number‐related neural response profile more rapidly than the left IPS during early childhood. One prediction that can be derived from previous findings is that there is longitudinal continuity in the number‐related neural responses of the right IPS over development while the development of the left IPS depends on the acquisition of numerical skills. We tested this hypothesis using fMRI in a longitudinal design with children ages 4 to 9. We found that neural responses in the right IPS are correlated over a 1–2‐year period in young children whereas left IPS responses change systematically as a function of children's numerical discrimination acuity. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that functional properties of the right IPS in numerical processing are stable over early childhood whereas the functions of the left IPS are dynamically modulated by the development of numerical skills.

The partisan realignment of the White South, which transformed this region from being solidly Democratic to being the base of the Republican Party, has been the focus of much scholarship. Exactly how it occurred is unclear. Widespread individual-level attitude changes would be contrary to the well-known within-person stability of party identification. However, according to the impressionable-years hypothesis, events that occur during adolescence and early adulthood may have a lasting impact on later political attitudes. This would suggest that cohort replacement may be driving partisan realignment. We test this possibility using data from the American National Election Studies from 1960 to 2008. Consistent with the impressionable-years hypothesis, Southern Whites from the pre-Civil Rights cohort (born before 1936) maintained their Democratic Party identification longer than their younger counterparts. However, all cohorts in the South have changed their partisan attitudes at comparable rates over time, contrary to the impressionable-years hypothesis. These data suggest that the partisan realignment of the South was driven by both cohort replacement and within-cohort attitude change. More targeted case studies of older cohorts living through the civil rights era, and of younger cohorts in the post-Reagan era, yield results generally consistent with the impressionable-years hypothesis. More generally, our findings suggest that very large scale events are required to disrupt the normal continuity of party identification across the life span. Adapted from the source document.

We test the hypothesis that demographic continuity was a necessary condition of performable token post-communist social restorations. Demographic continuity means sufficient overlapping between populations of original and restored systems. Token social restoration refers to restorations where original and restored systems are identical. It is opposed to type restoration where original and restored systems are numerically different instances of the same type. The identity of original and restored systems in token restorations is achieved by performing various practices in the restored system to establish institutional continuity with the original system. The restitution of property rights is the most important of them in the post-communist restorations. So our hypothesis claims that these practices cannot be performed without sufficient demographic continuity. We abstract the demographic continuity thresholds by measuring shares of survivors from the precommunist times in the population of Baltic countries by 1990. Our data confirm the hypothesis as in none of post-communist countries with demographic continuity below these thresholds there was property rights restitution.

ABSTRACTThe study documents fluctuations of proto-industrial income, of occupation, debt and presence on land markets across the life course for rural households in a major proto-industrial region during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. These fluctuations are interpreted on the basis that a major objective of households is to equalize their income across different stages of their development. The permanent income hypothesis is then extended to take into account land purchases and debt-contracting that result from the need to adjust land and capital to fluctuations in the size of the family labour force across the family cycle and from endeavours to improve the family's welfare by increasing the labour to land ratio. The empirical material presented shows marked fluctuations of income from proto-industrial work across the life course and suggests the existence of permanent income-cum-accumulation strategies to cope with these fluctuations.

Two longitudinal studies conducted with early adolescents (ages 10–13) examined the hypothesis that self‐continuity, or the degree to which individuals feel that they remain the same person over time regardless of how their specific characteristics may change, would moderate the association between victimization and depressed affect. Both Study 1 (N = 141) and Study 2 (N = 100) provided evidence of the moderating role of self‐continuity as a buffer on the effect of peer victimization. Study 2 confirmed that self‐continuity had a moderating effect after controlling for academic performance, number of friends, self‐esteem, self‐concept clarity, hopelessness, and self‐blame. Findings support self‐continuity as being protective with regard to negative peer environments.

Objective: Using Klein's model of team coordination, we explored the null hypothesis that intensive care unit (ICU) care coordination unfolds as a linear sequence. Our intent was to generate hypotheses for further research and to provide interim recommendations for improving care coordination. We also explored factors contributing to care coordination (e.g., role responsibilities, support tools). Background: Although the body of clinical communications research is considerable, few studies address broader team processes in real-world environments; hence, these processes are not well understood. Methods: All bedside communications for 5 ICU patients were recorded for 5 days per patient and were coded using Klein's model. Markov analysis was used to describe the care coordination process. Multivariate contingency table analysis and standardized parameter estimates described important contributing factors, and support tools were described using descriptive statistics. Results: First-, second-, and third-order Markov analyses show that care coordination does not unfold as a linear sequence; however, Markov diagrams suggest some process structure. Standardized parameter estimates of factors contributing to care coordination were calculated from a statistically significant three-way model (χ 2[ df = 18] = 36.95, p < .005). Role-based differences depend on context, with important differences in contributions to care coordination occurring within rounds. Tools supported only 48% of conversations. Conclusion: Three alternative research hypotheses were defined with at least a minimal level of support. Testing these hypotheses present substantial theoretical, methodological, and data analysis challenges. Application: Within a research framework, recommendations for change could achieve significant gains for understanding and for reducing breakdowns in care coordination.

A cross national data set consisting of 122 national chief executives who were in office in 1990 is used to test the validity of a model of American elite generational continuity. The hypothesis is that the model will be as useful in explaining the kinship dimensions of elite continuity in other political systems as it is in the study of American political leadership. In broad terms the findings with respect to national chief executives correspond closely to the expectations of the model. Most of the differences between the expected and the discovered kinship patterns may be accounted for by the fact that descendants of at least some of the leaders still have time to enter the political arena.

La vie dans les maisons à famille simple (familles nucléaires) prive beaucoup d'individus de support familial. L'hypothese de la privation nucléaire affirme que plus il existe de maisons à famille simple dans une société, plus ces individus auront besoin du support de la collectivité, c'est-à-dire les organisations de charité telles que l'Eglise, les municipalités et l'Etat. On a particulièrement pris en considération le support provenant des membres de la famille autres que ceux avec qui l'individu réside et l'ampleur du transfert à travers la collectivité. On conclut qu'en Angleterre et dans le Nord-Ouest de l'Europe, où la maison à famille simple prédominait, les transferts à travers la collectivité avient effectivement une grande importance dans ce but à l'époque pré-industrielle et les transferts à partir de la famille étaient peu importants. Cependant, les transferts à travers la collectivité étaient également considérables dans les autres régions et on ne peut pas affirmer que la proportion pour l'hypothèse de la privation nucléaire en tant que telle ait été clairement démontrée.

Following a recent re-evaluation of evidence from an archaeological site in SE Australia, the possibility of a 120 thousand years (ka) old human presence in the Fifth Continent has been suggested. However, the commonly accepted date for the peopling of Australia remains within the range of 50 - 65 ka. Even if the newly proposed date were halved, an uninterrupted 60 ka continuity in the same territory would raise a few questions regarding the transmission mechanisms that have enabled the retention of the massive amount of knowledge acquired during such an extended period, especially when considering the lack of demographic strength, which is believed to be a prerequisite for effective social learning. I argue that the emergence, developmental rate, and extent of Australian culture reflect an 'additive' evolutionary strategy centred on a ritually regulated feedback loop between the volume of information flow and the level of social elaboration. The model forwarded in this paper is at odds with current theoretical approaches to cultural evolution in which Aboriginal traditions are often portrayed as living examples of Pleistocene cross-cultural universals.