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This article analyzes the relationship between Afghanistan and Uzbekistan on a historical and modern basis, highlights the development of the two countries, ensuring political and economic stability. The works on strengthening cooperation in the sphere of culture and education between Afghanistan and Uzbekistan are indicated

This article analyzes the relationship between Afghanistan and Uzbekistan on a historical and modern basis, highlights the development of the two countries, ensuring political and economic stability. The works on strengthening cooperation in the sphere of culture and education between Afghanistan and Uzbekistan are indicated

This article analyzes the relationship between Afghanistan and Uzbekistan on a historical and modern basis, highlights the development of the two countries, ensuring political and economic stability. The works on strengthening cooperation in the sphere of culture and education between Afghanistan and Uzbekistan are indicated

The subject of the study is the financial and economic activities of the subjects of domestic credit cooperation at the present stage. The purpose of the work is to determine the contradictions in the functioning of credit consumer cooperatives (at the micro and macro levels) and to develop practical measures to resolve them. The article singles out seven main groups of problems an unbalanced structure of the rights and obligations of the shareholders of credit cooperatives, low degree of state regulation of the credit cooperative market, instability in the subject composition of the credit cooperative market, low degree of security of the invested funds in credit cooperatives, ultra-low openness of financial statistics of credit cooperation, low transparency of the conditions for the provision of financial services by credit 83 cooperatives, insufficient attention to strategic planning and conducting scientific and practical consultations.

The article discusses the problems of international energy cooperation (IEC) mechanisms development in East Asia, taking into account the specific features of the region, expressed in the complex nature of interstate contacts and low rates of reaching agreements on the implementation of joint projects. Nevertheless, there is a process of gradual formation of common energy markets, which leads to the emergence of new IEC mechanisms that can and should be applicable both for large players (China, Japan) and for countries with less opportunities (Republic of Korea, Taiwan). East Asian countries now encounter the necessity to build a transparent and effective system of international relations in the energy sector at the level of governments, energy companies, and the organization of joint R&D groups, including other scientific and practical activities.

The article discusses the main problems and prospects for the development of BRICS as an organization that is important for fostering international cooperation of developing countries. For a detailed study of areas of cooperation, Starn examines the history and background of the organization, reviews existing international legal acts relating to the cooperation of the BRICS member countries, analyzes the current state of economic and political relations between states and the results achieved. In conclusion, it offers topical methods and measures to improve the cooperation of states within the framework of this organization in order to most effectively achieve common goals.

The European Union pursues an active foreign policy both in a form of bilateral ties with sovereign states and while interacting with regional associations. The article considers the strategic attractiveness of the Persian Gulf region for the European Union as well as EU's external regional policy (European interregionalism) towards the Gulf Cooperation Council. The paper analyzes the methodological basis of the European interregionalism, the goals and specific directions of the EU's policy in the region, the mechanisms for its implementation, strategic changes in the EU's policy while taking into account the Arab Spring. The authors conclude that the cooperation initially planned in Brussels on the basis of exporting the liberal values could not stand the test of the Arab Spring. In the Global Strategy of 2016 the EU introduced changes that envisage a differentiated approach in the policy of European interregionalism. In the final part, the authors draw the conclusion about the effectiveness of the new EU Global strategy towards the GCC. © 2019 Institute of Europe Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

The article discusses the role and importance of regional trade and economic cooperation of Uzbekistan with the countries of Central Asia in modern conditions. The necessity of further deepening of the cooperation in order to increase the competitiveness of national producers, ensure sustainable economic growth and reduce poverty is emphasized. The geographical location and remoteness from the main centers of the world market, the similarities of customs, mentality, tastes and preferences of the population of the countries of the region, awareness of the legislation of neighboring countries in the field of foreign trade, logistics, production management reinforce significance of the problem of further deepening of trade and economic cooperation between the countries of the region. The reforms carried out in Uzbekistan in recent years, significant liberalization of the foreign trade regime and the implementation of a new open, good-neighborly and friendly policy with neighboring countries, enshrined in the Action Strategy for the five priority areas of development of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2017 - 2021, are reflected in the dynamic development of trade and economic cooperation of Uzbekistan with the states of the region. However, there are significant unrealized potentials in this area. In order to implement tthese potentials, the article proposes measures to reform customs services, suggests initiatives to simplify trade procedures, create various forms of international special economic zones, form a common market for agricultural products, and make conditions for building regional agricultural-food clusters. According to the author's views, the implementation of suggested measures will become important factor to reduce transport expenditure in the cost of goods, expand market capacity and achieve economies of scale, diversify choices of raw materials, form competitive commodity markets in the region and reduce price volatility on them. All this, in turn, will lead to increase in the attractiveness of the regional market for foreign investment, growth of export potential and more efficient use of the advantages of the international labor division and international trade.

This article touches upon the world-scale policy which is being carried on providing tolerance and tranquility, plus accomplishing international political-legal basis, as well as effective cooperation and international initiatives of Uzbekistan with UNESCO

Studies the experience of cooperation between the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and Russia with the focus on the planned and already implemented environmental projects of the Global Environment Facility in Russia. Analyzes the main activities of the Fund and the features of GEF's environmental projects in Russia, evaluates the prospects for further cooperation. Presents the classification of environmental projects supported by the GEF depending on the scale of funding. Examines the mechanism and the degree of participation of stakeholders (Russia and GEF) in financing environmental projects in our country. It is pointed out that Russia is of great investment interest for the Global Environmental Facility, especially in the implementation of projects on biodiversity conservation, combating global climate change and protecting international waters. Considers the prospects for a possible development of Russia's cooperation with the GEF in addressing ecological problems.

The article discusses the participation of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and the influence of the organization as the main factor of regional cooperation in today's context. Today Pakistan considers membership in the SCO as a cornerstone of its regional policy. Participation in the Shanghai organization allows Islamabad to strengthen its international position, facilitate the realization of geostrategic and geo-economic potential, develop relations with the Russian Federation, People's Republic of China, Central Asian countries, strengthen its positions in the field of regional security, and also "restrain" its traditional opponent – India. The effectiveness of the Shanghai organization in a new format is studied. The expansion of the SCO through the accession of Pakistan and India has turned the organization into one of the main instruments of multilateral cooperation. It began to be perceived as the Asian counterpart of the G7 group, which could become a new center of power of global importance. Pakistan and India have changed the balance of power within the organization, and the contradictions between Islamabad and Delhi, as well as between Delhi and Beijing, may reduce the effectiveness of the Shanghai organization in a new format. Finally, the article discusses promising areas of cooperation between Pakistan and the member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Islamabad is counting on strengthening cooperation with the countries of the Shanghai organization, enhancing the effectiveness of a regional approach to the problems of terrorism and extremism, making its contribution to regional development, security and stability, and informing about its point of view on regional issues. Islamabad is counting also on more active involvement of the Shanghai organization in resolving the problem in Afghanistan with the participation of Russia, China and the states of Central Asia. In economic terms, for Pakistan the Shanghai Organization is the main platform for promoting its interests in the energy and transport and communications sectors. Among its most important goals in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Islamabad considers gaining access to the energy resources of Central Asian countries for consumption and transit, as well as providing the Shanghai Organization with its territory for access to the World Ocean, the Middle East, and South and Southeast Asia.