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Fair trade actors have to deal with a significant degree of information asymmetry as regard their willingness-to-buy such goods and their willingness-to-pay for them. Many debates and controversies have paved the way for the development of fair trade, in particular concerning the distribution channel that had to be preferred. We use a common agency game framework to analyze the changes in the price level according various schemes of upstream-downstream organization and relationships. Both the private information parameter and the nature of the relationship between suppliers are the key variables that determine the price paid by consumers. If the choice of a dedicated structure does not appear relevant when costs or the number of competing producers are high, the framework of a sequential contracting process always results sub-optimal. What really matters is the nature of the firms involved and the convergence of interests. An equilibrium close to the socially optimal issue may emerge.

Despite a complex transition and geographical isolation, the Kyrgyz Republic has become one of the most open and integrated economies in Central Asia. The country has improved its per capita income and living standards, and is now on the threshold of graduating to the ranks of the lower-middle income economies. Moving forward, the principal challenge for the Kyrgyz Republic is how to translate these achievements and opportunities into stronger, broad-based economic growth. The Kyrgyz Republic Country Diagnostic Study provides an in-depth analysis of the sectors from which the needed economic and governance reforms can emanate and lead to comprehensive growth. The book presents evidence-based policy suggestions for enhancing the country's trade, finance, services and tourism, information and communication technology, energy, transport and logistics, agriculture, and human capital.

The headwinds from the trade war between China and US is dampening export demand from Asian economies. Particularly affected is the ASEAN region. But why is Vietnam thriving when its larger and more developed neighbours are suffering from the trade war?

Multilateral Matters is the quarterly publication of the Centre for Multilateralism Studies (CMS), analysing the most recent developments regarding multilateralism by our team. It covers articles on relevant economic and political issues as well as programmes and latest publications from the research centre. The objective of the newsletter is to promote the research being done by our centre, raising awareness of the many events that we hold on a regular basis.

Azerbaijan rose to upper middle-income country (UMIC) status in 2009 and is a major economic and energy power in the South Caucasus. It is strategically located on a transcontinental crossroad that connects large markets to the country's north, south, and west. An oil price shock in 2014 led to sharp currency devaluation, a finance sector crunch, erosion of fiscal space, and a surge of public debt. It also revealed economic vulnerabilities, institutional inefficiencies, and the urgent need to accelerate economic diversification. Three factors bind the achievement of higher inclusive and sustainable growth in Azerbaijan: (i) low economic diversification because of a weak enabling environment for non-oil private sector development and inefficient finance sector; (ii) public sector inefficiency because of issues with fiscal policy, public financial management, and the public corporate sector; and (iii) inadequate infrastructure and human capital for a diversified and more competitive economy.

The country operations business plan (COBP), 2020–2021 is consistent with the strategic priorities of the country partnership strategy (CPS), 2017–2020 of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for Mongolia. In line with the Government Action Plan, 2016–20202 and ADB's Strategy 2030,3 the overarching goal of the CPS is to help Mongolia sustain inclusive growth in a period of economic difficulty. Given that parliamentary elections will be held in June 2020, the current government has advised ADB to restrict the period of this COBP to 2 years, to avoid prejudging the priorities of the new government. The COBP is aligned with the three strategic pillars set out in the CPS: (i) promoting economic and social stability, (ii) developing infrastructure for economic diversification, and (iii) strengthening environmental sustainability. The COBP will support the crosscutting themes set out in the CPS—public sector management and gender equity. The COBP also recognizes strengthening of portfolio performance as a priority. The COBP, 2020–2021 is the fourth COBP under the CPS, 2017–2020.

The report proceeds by first exploring density's important role in the economic growth, civic health and participation, and environmental sustainability of metropolitan areas. It then defines the methods used to explore job density trends in metropolitan America before describing how they played out over the period from 2004 to 2015, a decade of dramatic economic change. To this end, it traces the shifting distribution of jobs in America's large metro areas during this time, examines the influence of various industry sectors on those patterns, and explores the different types of communities within regions where the clustering of employment increased or declined. In doing so, this analysis provides greater insight into how the relationship between place and economy continues to evolve, and what this might mean for cities and regions seeking to harness these trends to drive more equitable and sustainable economic growth in the digital age.

Frames is a monthly newsletter produced by the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia. Each edition covers news, thoughts and updates involving ASEAN and East Asia.

Frames is a monthly newsletter produced by the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia. Each edition covers news, thoughts and updates involving ASEAN and East Asia.

This ADBI newsletter is published periodically throughout the year to provide information on current events, seminars and summits, Job opportunities, blogs and news and current publications concerning growth and development in Asia and the Pacific.

In order to keep abreast of emerging issues at the National/International and local level, the SDPI China Study Centre brings out a Monthly E-Newsletter. It carries reference information to the News items/Comments/Op-Eds appearing in leading National/International dailies.

In order to keep abreast of emerging issues at the National/International and local level, the SDPI China Study Centre brings out a Monthly E-Newsletter. It carries reference information to the News items/Comments/Op-Eds appearing in leading National/International dailies.

NTS Bulletin is a monthly periodical that discusses current issues concerning Climate change, Energy, food, water and Health security; Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief.

The Annual Meeting of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) Board of Governors is an opportunity to provide guidance on the administrative, financial, and operational directions of ADB. The meetings provide opportunities for member governments to interact with ADB staff; nongovernment organizations; media; and representatives of observer countries, international organizations, academe, and the private sector. ADB's annual meetings have become a premier forum for the discussion of economic and social development issues in Asia and the Pacific. The 52nd ADB Annual Meeting was held for the first time in a Pacific developing member country, Fiji.

This research paper is a comprehensive study of the Azerbaijani government's strategies for the tourism sector. It will gauge the government's policy in affecting tourist patterns and explore whether the existing capacity of tourist infrastructure is aligned with the government's goals. It will be suggested that several issues, such as targeted visa regimes, high prices in air transportation, and lack of adequate accommodations, detract from the sustainable development of the tourism sector in Azerbaijan and, as such, must be addressed by the government in order to make full use of the potential of this sector.