Suchergebnisse

The 150th anniversary of the Mendeleev's Periodic Table of elements requires scientists to rethink the outstanding role of this fundamental law in modern areas of chemistry, including such interdisciplinary and high-tech fields as nanochemistry and nanomaterials. The situation analysis shows that the most "nanotechnologically" popular elements belong to 1st, 2nd and partially to the 3rd periods, wherein a special practically important role is played by the noble metals because of their clear «specialization» in the development and implementation of new analytical techniques, in particular, the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). There is an obvious need to develop and introduce fundamentally new, unique approaches and tools for the analysis of functioning living tissue structures. And SERS is precisely such a method, which implements multiplex, nonivasive spatially- and time-resolved control of chromoproteins at the extremely low concentrations in small volumes of samples of biological objects (tissues, cells, cell structures / organelles), and is an important innovative method of practical biomedical diagnostics.

Stable ethylene glycol (EG) and propylene glycol (PG) electrolytes containing СuCl2 · 2H2O, SnCl4 · 5H2O and Trilon B have been developed, which provide electrodeposition of Cu – Sn alloy with tin content varying from 34 to 52 at. % in case of EG and from 51 to 91 at. % in case of PG electrolytes. It is found that the coatings contain phases of Cu6Sn5 и Cu10Sn3 intermetallic compounds, and metallic tin is also present in case of its highest content in the alloy. It is revealed that tin content can be simply varied by the change of current density or concentrations of tin and copper compounds in glycols. The effect of electrolyte composition, deposition conditions, a nature of a substrate on the coatings deposition rate (in the limits of 0.9‒2.9 μm ∙ h‒1), total metal current efficiency (from 40 to 95 %), the ratio of metals in the alloy (from 34 to 91 at. %), its phase composition and microstructure is determined. The conditions for the deposition of Cu – Sn alloy close to the eutectic composition have been found.

Introduction. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The role of occupational hazards in the CVD prevalence remains to be clarified. Material and methods. Here we report the results of the study of risk factors and CVD prevalence in 590 workers at the largest copper production plants in the Sverdlovsk region, exposed to heavy metals in the workplace. The workers' health information was obtained during a regular medical examination in 2018. The lead concentration increase to 1.3-1.8 occupational exposure limits was registered in the working areas of the concentrating mill (for bunkerman) and copper smelting workshops (transporter, smelter, converter, non-ferrous metal spreader, repairman, electrician). Results. We studied the exposure indices (Pb level in blood), the response markers (reticulocyte count, erythrocytes basophilic stippling, coproporphyrin, and aminolevulinic acid in the urine), and their correlation to a working tenure. Based on this analysis, we attributed CVD risk factors and cardiovascular diseases to the occupation, in order to potentially modify some of those risk factors and ultimately inform the risk management. Hypertension occurred in 57% of the examined workers, which is higher than in the general population. We calculated relative risk, confidence intervals and attributable fraction. We developed a predictive mathematical model (stepwise logistic regression) to predict high-stage hypertension and identified the risk factors associated with its development. Conclusions. Correlation analysis revealed direct correlations between stages 2 and 3 hypertension and a working tenure over 20 years. We think it's reasonable to consider the documented CVDs as related to the toxic effects of heavy metals (lead and cadmium). © 2020 Izdatel'stvo Meditsina. All rights reserved. ; The work of Solodushkin was supported by Act 211 Government of the Russian Federation, contract No 02.A03.21.0006.

The nickel – phosphorus – copper functional coating was deposited on aluminum alloys substrate by chemical deposition method from malonate­glycinate nickel plating solution. The chemical and phase coatings composition was studied by X­ray fluorescence and X­ray phase analyze. Thermally stimulated phase transitions in deposited Ni – P – Cu coating were detected by differential scanning calorimetry method. The annealing at 250 and 400 °С was shown to lead to the changes in coating structure involving the transition from amorphous to amorphous­crystalline at 250 °С and to crystalline at 400 °С with Ni and Ni3P1 –  δ phases forming. Changes in the structure of Ni–P coating results in the increase of microhardness by 1.6–1.7 times and wear resistance by 3– 4 times. Annealing at 400 °С led to decreasing of corrosion stability of the coatings in 3.5 % sodium chloride solution. The optimum physical, mechanical and protective properties has the attained in the case of Ni – P – Cu coating annealed at 250 °C.

The crystalline complexes CuL2X2 and CuL4X2 , where X = Cl or X = Br were synthesized by the interaction of copper(II) chloride or bromide with 1-tert-butyl-1,2,4-triazole (L) in water or organic solvents. The structure of metal complexes have been studied by elemental analysis, X-ray analysis and IR-spectroscopy in the medium (4000 –500 cm –1 ) and long-wavelength (400–50 cm –1 ) regions. Quantum chemical calculations of the vibrational spectra of the CuL2Cl2 and CuL4Cl2 complexes have been carried out to perform the assignment of the signals in the IR-spectra. It is shown that the polymer structure of CuL2X2 complexes is formed due to bridging of one of their halide ions. In the CuL4X2 complexes, the halide ions and 1-tert-butyl-1,2,4-triazole form an island type structure. In all metal complexes 1-tert-butyl-1,2,4-triazole is coordinated by N(4) atom of heterocycle.

The subject. This article discusses the taxation of copper and nickel extraction in Australia, Canada, Chile, Kazakhstan and USAThe purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that the experience of taxation of copper and nickel extraction in Australia, Canada, Chile, Kazakhstan and USA may be used for modifying the mineral extraction tax (MET) in Russia in order to increase the share of resource rent collected by the government.The methodology of research includes legal interpretation and economic analysis of the tax legislation in United States, Canada, Australia, Chile and Kazakhstan as countries with a well-developed tax system and a significant size of the mining sector in overall GDP.The authors select the legislative acts of these countries and regions that determine the procedure for collecting taxes in the extraction of metal ores, including those containing copper and nickel, as well as in the production of copper and nickel. The selected legislative acts are analyzed to determine the essential parameters of taxation. Particular attention is paid to the method of calculating the tax base, taking into account the approach to assessing the value of the taxable object, permissible tax deductions and exceptions, which allows authors to test the hypothesis put forward by determining which part of the value of a mineral resource is withdrawn during taxation.The main results, scope of application. Mineral extraction tax is the main tool for collecting natural resource rent in Russia. However, the level of taxation of solid minerals and coal is disproportionately low compared to their share in the production and export of raw materials. Thus, in 2018, the amount of MET on all minerals totaled 100.5 billion rubles, while the MET collected from oil and natural gas amounted to 5,979.6 billion rubles, i.e. 60 times as much. At the same time, the role of solid minerals in the Russian economy is comparable to the role of oil and gas. The share of the main types of minerals in the exports of the Russian Federation in 2018 was 20.4% compared to 56% for oil and gas, i.e. the difference of less than three times. The contribution of the industries related to the extraction of minerals and production of metals (mining of coal, ores, diamonds, metallurgy, fertilizer production) to the Russian GDP is about half as much as that of industries involved in the extraction and processing of oil and natural gas (7% and 14% of GDP respectively).In view of the above, it is important to develop a new approach to the taxation of solid minerals in Russia based on the world's best practices. In order to identify the general principles of their taxation, we have conducted a detailed analysis of the tax legislation in a number of countries with a well-developed tax system and a significant size of the mining sector (the United States, Canada, Australia, Chile and Kazakhstan). We focused on the taxation of copper and nickel ores mining.Conclusions. The analysis of the international experience of taxation of copper and nickel mining sector reveals the following trend: the tax is calculated based on the market value of the extracted minerals, which is linked to the price quotes for the relevant product on an organized metal exchange (for example, the price of pure metal on the London Metal Exchange). This approach can be used in the Russian tax practice in several ways. First, Russia can adopt the Australian model where royalty on a mineral resource can be levied at the time of sale of the useful component irrespective of the processing stage (ore, concentrate or metal). The second potential model is based on the actual sale price of the product (provided it is sold in an arm's length transaction) after deducting the costs of processing (i.e., smelting, enrichment etc., depending on the stage of processing) to arrive at the market value of the ore at the "mine mouth". The third is the Canadian model which is similar to the second one, but with the extraction costs also deducted from the sale price. ; Налог на доход от добычи полезных ископаемых (НДПИ) является главным способом изъятия природной ренты в России. Однако этот налог в основном ложится на нефтегазовую отрасль, в то время как уровень налогообложения руд цветных металлов (в частности, многокомпонентных комплексных руд, содержащих медь и никель) очень низок и не соответствует их доли в производстве и экспорте сырья. Ввиду этого становится актуальной задача поиска новых подходов к налогообложению медеи никельсодержащих руд исходя из принципов, принятых в мировой практике. В работе детально исследовано налоговое законодательство в отношении добычи и производства меди и никеля в странах с развитой налоговой системой на примере Австралии, Канады, США, Чили и Казахстана. На основе проведенного анализа сформулированы подходы к совершенствованию НДПИ в отношении руд цветных металлов и многокомпонентных комплексных руд, предполагающие связать размер налога с рыночной стоимостью добытых полезных ископаемых.

Статья посвящена образу Алтая на рубеже XIX– XX вв. в сибирской горнопромышленной прессе, представленной двумя журналами — «Горные и промышленные известия» и «Вестник золотопромышленности». В центре внимания горнотехнических специалистов был «серебряный вопрос», потому что падение мировых цен на серебро было ведущей причиной ликвидации пяти сереброплавильных заводов Алтая в 1893–1897 гг. Приводится много нового фактического материала о мировой экономической конъюнктуре и динамике падения мировых цен на серебро по отношению к золоту во второй половине XIX в. Опираясь на материалы сибирской горнопромышленной прессы, автор выяснил, что в 1892 г. Кабинет сделал решительный шаг по перепрофилированию предприятий на производство меди, тогда как 150 лет специализация Алтая состояла в производстве серебра. Новый план Кабинета предусматривал копирование новейшей, но непроверенной технологии — рафинирования меди. В 1892– 1897 гг. электролитическое производство на Алтае приносило одни убытки и не оправдало надежд, однако эта технология с успехом применялась как в России, так и в Европе и США. После неудачного эксперимента с электролизом на Зыряновской и Змеиногорской фабриках Кабинету не было смысла в производстве меди на Сузунском заводе, которое продолжалось в условиях растущих цен на медь скорее по инерции до 1914 г. После этой крупной неудачи у Кабинета больше не было политической воли развивать горную промышленность своими средствами, что никак не соответствовало давно укоренившимся представлениям об Алтае как богатом горнопромышленном районе.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2016)4-04 ; The article deals with the image of Alai between the 19th and 20th centuries in Siberian mining press which was represented by two journals: "Mining and Manufacturing News" and "Bulletin of Gold Mining". The specialists' attention was focused on the so called "silver question" as the decline of the world prices on silver was main reason for closing of five silver smelting factories in Altai in 1893–1897. The author uses a lot of illustrative materials on the global economic conditions and the dynamics of the world silver prices fall in the 2nd half of 19th century. Researching the materials of the Siberian mining press, the author of the article has found out that in 1892 the Emperor's Cabinet took a decisive step to change the specialization to copper after 150 years of silver production which was caused by the high world copper prices. The new Cabinet's plan involved the borrowing of the new but untested technology of copper refining. In 1892–1897 electrolytic production in Altai was unprofitable and did not equal the hopes; however the technology was successfully implemented in Russia, in Europe and in the USA. After unsuccessful experiments with electrolysis at the Zyrianovskaya and Zmeinogorskaya factories the Cabinet had no purpose to continue the copper production at the Suzun factory that went on till 1914 in the conditions of growing copper prices by inertia. After that big failure the Cabinet did not have any political wishes to support Altai mining with its own funds in spite of deep-rooted imaginations about Altai as a reach mining region.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2016)4-04

В статье изложены результаты трибологических испытаний конструкционных материалов, подвижных сопряжений из алюминиевых сплавов, применяемых в агрегатостроении, модифицированных электроискровой наплавкой меди и твердосплавного материала ВК-95 в различных сочетаниях. ; У статті надані результати трибологічних випробувань конструкційних матеріалів, рухливих сполучень з алюмінієвих сплавів, що застосовуються в агрегатобудуванні, модифікованих електроіскровим наплавленням міді і твердосплавного матеріалу ВК-95 у різних поєднаннях. ; The results of teratology tests of construction materials are expounded in the article, mobile interfaces from aluminum alloys, applied in asmconstruction, modified by electro-sparks melting of copper and hard-alloy material of ВК- 95 in different combinations.

International audience ; The present paper analyses the historiographyof researches on the bell of 6849 AM fromthe cathedral of Saint George in Lviv, Ukraine,and estimates the potential of its Cyrillic inscriptionand chemical composition of its copper alloyas historical sources. The author publishesfor the fi rst time the photographs of the bell andthe tracing of its inscription made at the end ofthe 19th century, probably by Isidor Szaraniewicz.All materials were send to the ImperialArcaheological Commission in St Petersburg,Russia, in 1897 via Polish Academy of Arts andSciences in Krakow thank to eff orts of GregoryWorobjow, Russian administrative offi cial inPlock, Kingdom of Poland, and the researcher ofthe Polish history. The author notes the lack ofserious publication on the bell in Russian historiography,where the erroneous opinion that thebell was originally made for the monastery of St.George in Trembowla was established. The nameof the bell "trembowelski" should be explained byits dedication to the Icon of the Mother of Godtransferred to Lviv from Trembowla in 1675 AD.The article indicates the date of the manufacturingof the bell as the second half of 1341 – February1342 AD. This period corresponds well to thenew political situation in the region after reconcilingbetween Lvov and Polish King Casimir IIIthe Great, arri ving of the European merchantsand craftsmen in the city, and active circulationinto the city of Prague groschens that createdeconomic circumstances for the production of thebell. The article also notes that the productionof new bells in the 1340s was very characteristicof the whole of Europe. The author interpretsthe high content of antimony in the metal of thebell (6%) by the insuffi cient level of the master'squalifi cations, as well as by the initial stage ofthe imports of copper from the mines of Hungary,the Harz and the Eastern Alps. In conclusion,historiographical examples are analyzed,in which the interpretations of historians do notcorrespond to the informative possibility of ...

The long-term interannual and seasonal variability of the chemical runoff along the main branches of the Kuban River delta was investigated. We analyzed the data of systematic observations on water runoff and the concentrations of the main ions, biogenic and organic substances, phenols, oil products and heavy metals for the period from 2008 to 2018. The annual and seasonal runoff of dissolved chemicals in the main branches of the Kuban River delta, i. e. the Protoka branch and the Kuban branch, was calculated. The chemical composition of water in the main branches of the Kuban River delta is practically the same, and the greatest differences are characteristic of the con-centrations of chlorides, iron compounds, copper and oil products. Multidirectional trends of changes in the ionic composition and content of biogenic elements were revealed. There was a synchronous increase in the concentration of sulphates and ammonium nitrogen in both deltaic branches of the Kuban River; the content of nitrates and nitrites in the Kuban branch practically did not change, while it was decreasing in the Protoka branch. At the same time, the maximum frequency of exceeding the MPC for all components is rather low, and a low level of water pollution is typical. The chemical runoff along the delta branches is rather similar, especially in terms of the runoff of sulphates, organic substances and biogenic elements. The greatest differences by 20-22% are observed in the runoff of chlorides, iron and copper compounds. It is shown that the runoff of chlorides and sulphates, as well as biogenic and organic substances, is interconnected with water runoff. In general, the distribution of chemical runoff along the delta branches is uniform, its seasonal variability corresponds to changes in water amount during the principal seasons, while some differences are observed only for chlorides and iron compounds. Under actual climatic changes and anthropogenic impact, the revealed features and trends of variability of chemical runoff along the main branches of the Kuban River delta are of great practical importance. The data obtained can be used for predictive estimates of the removal of chemicals into the coastal zone of the Sea of Azov.

В статье дан морфологический анализ предметов торевтики поясных наборов и конских уздечек из курганов Басандайского могильника и могильника у устья Малой Киргизки. Погребения из курганов №27 и 77 из могильника у устья Малой Киргизки по погребальному обряду и найденным в них предметам являются «элитными». Это воины-всадники. В первом из них найдена портупея, возможно, с частью пояса, а во втором – пояс, украшенный позолоченными бляхами. Эти предметы указывают на высокий социальный статус погребенных людей. Всего из двух могильников на анализ было отобрано 11 предметов. Для изучения технологий изготовления металлических предметов торевтики применен метод масс-спектрометрического анализа с индуктивно связанной плазмой на 61 элемент (ИСП-МС). По химическому составу выделены четыре типа медных сплавов: медь, бронза свинцовистая, бронза оловянно-свинцовистая, латунь. Часть предметов позолочена с применением амальгирования. Возможно, для позолоты использовался также сплав золота с серебром типа «электрум». Выявлены конструктивные особенности металлических частей воинских поясов и уздечек, а также способы их изготовления. ; The paper presents a morphological analysis of toreutics, such as belt sets and horse bridles, from mounds of the Basandaika burial ground and the burial ground at the mouth of the Malaya Kirgiska River. Graves from mounds No. 27 and No. 77 in the burial ground at the mouth of the Malaya Kirgiska River can be classified as elite graves in terms of funeral rites and the artifacts found in them. These are graves of military horse riders. In mound No. 27 a shoulder harness, possibly with a belt fragment, was found. In mound No. 77, a belt decorated with gilded plaques was found. These items indicate a high social status of the buried men. In total, 11 items were sampled from two mounds for analysis. In order to study manufacturing techniques of the metal toreutics, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used. The analysis for 61 chemical elements identified four types of copper alloys: copper, lead bronze, tin-lead bronze, and brass. Some items are gilded using amalgamation. Possibly, an alloy of gold and silver (electrum) was also used for gilding. Some design features of the metal parts of military belts and bridles, as well as associated manufacturing techniques were identified.

International audience ; The present paper analyses the historiographyof researches on the bell of 6849 AM fromthe cathedral of Saint George in Lviv, Ukraine,and estimates the potential of its Cyrillic inscriptionand chemical composition of its copper alloyas historical sources. The author publishesfor the fi rst time the photographs of the bell andthe tracing of its inscription made at the end ofthe 19th century, probably by Isidor Szaraniewicz.All materials were send to the ImperialArcaheological Commission in St Petersburg,Russia, in 1897 via Polish Academy of Arts andSciences in Krakow thank to eff orts of GregoryWorobjow, Russian administrative offi cial inPlock, Kingdom of Poland, and the researcher ofthe Polish history. The author notes the lack ofserious publication on the bell in Russian historiography,where the erroneous opinion that thebell was originally made for the monastery of St.George in Trembowla was established. The nameof the bell "trembowelski" should be explained byits dedication to the Icon of the Mother of Godtransferred to Lviv from Trembowla in 1675 AD.The article indicates the date of the manufacturingof the bell as the second half of 1341 – February1342 AD. This period corresponds well to thenew political situation in the region after reconcilingbetween Lvov and Polish King Casimir IIIthe Great, arri ving of the European merchantsand craftsmen in the city, and active circulationinto the city of Prague groschens that createdeconomic circumstances for the production of thebell. The article also notes that the productionof new bells in the 1340s was very characteristicof the whole of Europe. The author interpretsthe high content of antimony in the metal of thebell (6%) by the insuffi cient level of the master'squalifi cations, as well as by the initial stage ofthe imports of copper from the mines of Hungary,the Harz and the Eastern Alps. In conclusion,historiographical examples are analyzed,in which the interpretations of historians do notcorrespond to the informative possibility of theinscription on the bell as a historical source. Theauthor confi rms that the bell was made by a Europeanmaster, while Yakov Skora was only a calligrapher,and gives the proof that the inscriptionitself can not be used as evidence of the constructionof a new cathedral of St. George in 1341 AD.

The present paper focuses on the new results of elemental analysis of 94 metal objects attributed to the Christian and pagan artifacts. They have been found at the excavation of Medieval Novgorod and the Novgorod region. The analytical data obtained by EDXRF in the frame of interdisciplinary research project. It includes mostly pendant-crosses as well as the round pendants and mounts with Saints, fragments of the church polycandelons and the pagan pendant-amulets. Obtained results have been examined statistically. Tin-lead bronzes clearly dominate the selection. There are also mixed copper alloys (gunmetal) with tin, zinc, and lead and lead brass. The proportions of silver and pewter alloys as well as pure tin and lead are modest. Obtained data supplemented by further research on the base of Pb-isotope methods and ICP MS results and their geological interpretation will allow to trace the ore sources of the metal objects from Novgorod.

The study of the spatial distribution of heavy metals in urban soils is very important in order to identify the areas of pollution and assess the ecological state of the urban environment. The present study conducted as a survey of soils in the suburban area of St. Petersburg with a view to identify spatial distribution of several heavy metals and of possible geochemical anomalies. The study of the spatial distribution pollutants was conducted using geographic information system (GIS) technique. The results indicated that soils were significant enriched with lead and copper in the field of research. Spatial distribution maps of total pollution index (Zc), based on GIS моделировании, indicate existence of complex polyelement geochemical anomaly, which is located in a northeast part of the territory of research. We obtained estimates of the area of the spatial distribution of geochemical anomaly. The research results may be helpful for the city government. ; .