Suchergebnisse

The former manifests in cases when the official negotiating a transaction with the briber invokes administ- rative, material and financial resources of the institution that he/she represents only. In these cases interference of the hierarchically above-standing organizations or legislature is unnecessary. Political corruption determined by supply manifests in participation of political layers in corrupt transactions. Transactions of this kind can be implemented completely only after political approval is received or after special changes of legal norms have been passed. According to range of corrupt relations in organizations narrow-range and systematic corruption are distinguished. Narrow-range corruption manifests in cases when the solution of a problem that is important to the briber depends on one or a few corrupt persons only. Political corruption manifests in cases where solution of a certain problem in corrupt ways is a feature of the whole organization and different layers of organization (for example, separate departrnents) that take part in the process. According to subordination of layers of organization horizontai and vertical corruption are distinguished. HorizontaI corruption manifests when an important question (permit, licence, regulation) is being solved in a corrupt way in different parallel and unsubordinated departrnents of organization. Vertical corruption manifests in cases when a chain of corrupt acts unites persons standing on different steps of hierarchy. The practice reveals that horizontaI corruption in the last segment of a chain often turns to a vertical one while vertical corruption is practically impossible without support of horizontal segrnents of the chain.

The former manifests in cases when the official negotiating a transaction with the briber invokes administ- rative, material and financial resources of the institution that he/she represents only. In these cases interference of the hierarchically above-standing organizations or legislature is unnecessary. Political corruption determined by supply manifests in participation of political layers in corrupt transactions. Transactions of this kind can be implemented completely only after political approval is received or after special changes of legal norms have been passed. According to range of corrupt relations in organizations narrow-range and systematic corruption are distinguished. Narrow-range corruption manifests in cases when the solution of a problem that is important to the briber depends on one or a few corrupt persons only. Political corruption manifests in cases where solution of a certain problem in corrupt ways is a feature of the whole organization and different layers of organization (for example, separate departrnents) that take part in the process. According to subordination of layers of organization horizontai and vertical corruption are distinguished. HorizontaI corruption manifests when an important question (permit, licence, regulation) is being solved in a corrupt way in different parallel and unsubordinated departrnents of organization. Vertical corruption manifests in cases when a chain of corrupt acts unites persons standing on different steps of hierarchy. The practice reveals that horizontaI corruption in the last segment of a chain often turns to a vertical one while vertical corruption is practically impossible without support of horizontal segrnents of the chain.

The former manifests in cases when the official negotiating a transaction with the briber invokes administ- rative, material and financial resources of the institution that he/she represents only. In these cases interference of the hierarchically above-standing organizations or legislature is unnecessary. Political corruption determined by supply manifests in participation of political layers in corrupt transactions. Transactions of this kind can be implemented completely only after political approval is received or after special changes of legal norms have been passed. According to range of corrupt relations in organizations narrow-range and systematic corruption are distinguished. Narrow-range corruption manifests in cases when the solution of a problem that is important to the briber depends on one or a few corrupt persons only. Political corruption manifests in cases where solution of a certain problem in corrupt ways is a feature of the whole organization and different layers of organization (for example, separate departrnents) that take part in the process. According to subordination of layers of organization horizontai and vertical corruption are distinguished. HorizontaI corruption manifests when an important question (permit, licence, regulation) is being solved in a corrupt way in different parallel and unsubordinated departrnents of organization. Vertical corruption manifests in cases when a chain of corrupt acts unites persons standing on different steps of hierarchy. The practice reveals that horizontaI corruption in the last segment of a chain often turns to a vertical one while vertical corruption is practically impossible without support of horizontal segrnents of the chain.

The former manifests in cases when the official negotiating a transaction with the briber invokes administ- rative, material and financial resources of the institution that he/she represents only. In these cases interference of the hierarchically above-standing organizations or legislature is unnecessary. Political corruption determined by supply manifests in participation of political layers in corrupt transactions. Transactions of this kind can be implemented completely only after political approval is received or after special changes of legal norms have been passed. According to range of corrupt relations in organizations narrow-range and systematic corruption are distinguished. Narrow-range corruption manifests in cases when the solution of a problem that is important to the briber depends on one or a few corrupt persons only. Political corruption manifests in cases where solution of a certain problem in corrupt ways is a feature of the whole organization and different layers of organization (for example, separate departrnents) that take part in the process. According to subordination of layers of organization horizontai and vertical corruption are distinguished. HorizontaI corruption manifests when an important question (permit, licence, regulation) is being solved in a corrupt way in different parallel and unsubordinated departrnents of organization. Vertical corruption manifests in cases when a chain of corrupt acts unites persons standing on different steps of hierarchy. The practice reveals that horizontaI corruption in the last segment of a chain often turns to a vertical one while vertical corruption is practically impossible without support of horizontal segrnents of the chain.

This article attempts to qualify categories of modern corruption in all areas of public life. The author of this article aims at classifying the categories of corruption on the basis of decisions made by corrupt individuals with regard to state management, public administration and private sector. It is important to look at corruption through the eyes of the corrupt individual who is authorized to make certain decision and of the individual who is interested in gaining certain benefit while they carry out their corrupt interchange. On the basis of this approach six categories of corrupt relationship are defined. Three of them are called extra-categories- this is corruption that manifests itself only among public servants, politicians and entrepreneurs. Often these corruption categories are undermined with regard to the others as they very rarely manifest themselves and facts come to light also very rarely, however, from the scientific point of view they are no less important than others. Many explanatory models of corruption may easily be fitted in this qualification system with participation of corruption subjects (administrative decision-making process) in unlawful corrupt interchange as a starting point. The list of decision-making processes bearing features of corrupt practices is inexhaustible, however, all categories obviously lack introduction of and compliance with principles of integrity, accountability and openness in public and private sectors. The national legislation (e.g., codes of conduct) should provide for these humanistic principles. ; Įvairūs korupcijos reiškinio tyrinėtojai skirtingai skirsto korupcijos formas. Kartais jos tapatinamos su korupcijos rūšimis ir atmainomis. Šio straipsnio autorės tikslas – suklasifikuoti korupcijos kategorijas remiantis korumpuotų asmenų priimamais sprendimais tiek valstybinio valdymo, tiek viešojo administravimo, tiek privataus sektoriaus atžvilgiu. Svarbu į korupciją pažvelgti per korumpuoto asmens, kuris įgaliotas priimti tam tikrą sprendimą, ir kito, tam tikra nauda suinteresuoto asmens, elgesio prizmę jiems dalyvaujant korupciniuose mainuose. Remiantis šiuo požiūriu apibūdinamos šešios korupcinių santykių kategorijos. Trys jų vadinamos ekstrakategorijomis – tai korupcija, pasireiškianti tiesiogiai tik tarp valstybės tarnautojų, politikų ar verslininkų. Dažnai šios ko-rupcijos kategorijos sumenkinamos kitų atžvilgiu dėl itin reto pasireiškimo ir faktų iškėlimo į viešumą, tačiau moksliniu požiūriu yra ne mažiau svarbios nei kitos.

The article analyses corrupt practices inherent in public procurement. The existence of the different types of corruption enables authors to examine various cases of corrupt behaviour and motivation for corruption. A comparative analysis of public procurement legislation allows the authors to identify changes in the public procurement process after Lithuania joined the European Union. The study is primarily focused on the objectives of the legislation, types of public procurement, ethics and changes in the public procurement processes. After defining corruption in public procurement, the authors examine the public procurement legislation in Lithuania. The following research methods were used in this study: logical analysis and synthesis, analysis of scientific literature, comparative analysis and content analysis of the legislation. [.]

The article analyses corrupt practices inherent in public procurement. The existence of the different types of corruption enables authors to examine various cases of corrupt behaviour and motivation for corruption. A comparative analysis of public procurement legislation allows the authors to identify changes in the public procurement process after Lithuania joined the European Union. The study is primarily focused on the objectives of the legislation, types of public procurement, ethics and changes in the public procurement processes. After defining corruption in public procurement, the authors examine the public procurement legislation in Lithuania. The following research methods were used in this study: logical analysis and synthesis, analysis of scientific literature, comparative analysis and content analysis of the legislation. [.]

The article analyses corrupt practices inherent in public procurement. The existence of the different types of corruption enables authors to examine various cases of corrupt behaviour and motivation for corruption. A comparative analysis of public procurement legislation allows the authors to identify changes in the public procurement process after Lithuania joined the European Union. The study is primarily focused on the objectives of the legislation, types of public procurement, ethics and changes in the public procurement processes. After defining corruption in public procurement, the authors examine the public procurement legislation in Lithuania. The following research methods were used in this study: logical analysis and synthesis, analysis of scientific literature, comparative analysis and content analysis of the legislation. [.]

The article analyses corrupt practices inherent in public procurement. The existence of the different types of corruption enables authors to examine various cases of corrupt behaviour and motivation for corruption. A comparative analysis of public procurement legislation allows the authors to identify changes in the public procurement process after Lithuania joined the European Union. The study is primarily focused on the objectives of the legislation, types of public procurement, ethics and changes in the public procurement processes. After defining corruption in public procurement, the authors examine the public procurement legislation in Lithuania. The following research methods were used in this study: logical analysis and synthesis, analysis of scientific literature, comparative analysis and content analysis of the legislation. [.]

Corruption is an old social phenomenon intrinsic to governments, individuals, organizations, and countries, both developed and developing. Despite sustained efforts of many states and international organizations to curb it, corruption as an ethical and legal problem still exists. The author aim at tackling the phenomena of corruption and responsibility not only at a theoretical level but also with attempts to model possibilities fighting corruption and increasing public servants responsibility. Paper starts with proposition that media role informing the public about corrupt behaviour of elected and appointed officials are controversial in Lithuania as it creates the feeling of helplessness, mistrut, etc. Detailed analyses of various concept of corruption are provided together with conclusion on three developing tendencies trying to define this social phenomenon. 1)Term was expanded from seeking private towards organizational or group benefit from the corrupt deal (personal/group interests). 2) Attention of researchers and practitioners moved from solely public towards private, non-profit sectors as well (traditional/modern definition). 3) The context of the problem had changed together with globalisation and internationalisation processes (national/global). Political, administrative, private and international types of corruption are distinguished, naming several forms of corrupt conduct (bribe, missue of official position, conflict of interest, etc.). [.]. ; Straipsnyje gvildenama korupcijos ir atsakomybės viešojo administravimo sistemoje tema. Analizuojama korupcijos sąvoka, išskiriant jos kitimo tendencijas, atskleidžiamas korumpuotos veikos turinys. Detalizuojant korupcijos tipus ar formas, atskiras dėmesys skiriamas korupciją paaiškinti bandančioms teorijoms. Akcentuojama administracinės atsakomybės svarba bei būdai ją didinti antikorupcinės politikos kontekste.