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It elaborates a phenomenologic systematization of corruption; a serious spiritual morbid process, whose genesis starts since the origin of humanity. Nowadays, it`s pandemic in the anethic and dehumanized society, which is ruled by antivalues. In Peru, corruption was not registered in the Tahuantinsuyo empire. It began in the Colony when the conquerors introduced it into our society; and it has continued through the Republic period until our days. It has become a serious problem to our spiritual health, with a devastating impact in every field of our social reality, until it became a factor of destabilization of the state and ungovernability. It presents a , dysfunctional psicosocial profile of Peruvians; defines corruption as a serious spiritual disturbance, in which the individual suffers of a lack of conscience of the damage caused to his fellowmen. The characteristics, etiology, phenomenology and structure are discussed. Also, the different stages of corruption, its main manifestations, the dysfunctional institutionality in its aberrant forms. The informal institutionality, and hidden institutionality, the eschatological culture has been described, the more common expressions of the language of corruption and the image of corrupted leaders. As well as the syndrome of corrupted politics, its semiology and its consequences. Finally, some reflections of this disturbance and the appropiate alternatives with the purpose of contributing in the eradication of this from the heart of the society. ; Se elabora una sistematización fenomenológica de la corrupción; grave proceso mórbido espiritual, cuya génesis se remonta a los orígenes de la humanidad. Actualmente es una pandemia en la sociedad anética y deshumanizada, regida más por los antivalores. En elPerú, la corrupción no tuvo registro en la Época del Tahuantinsuyo. Esta se inició en la Época Colonial con la presencia de los conquistadores, quienes la introdujeron en la sociedad peruana; y continuó en la Época Republicana hasta la actualidad, habiéndose convertido en un grave problema de salud espiritual, con impacto devastador en todos los campos de la realidad social, hasta convertirse en un factor de desestabilización del Estado y de ingobernabilidad. Seguidamente se presenta el perfil psicosocial disfuncional del peruaño; se formula una definición de la corrupción como un grave trastorno espiritual, en el cual el individuo carece de conciencia del daño que ocasiona a sus semejantes. Se abordan sus características, etiología, fenomenología y estructura. También, se mencionan los diversos escenarios de la corrupción, sus principales manifestaciones, la institucionalidad disfuncional en sus formas aberrantes: La institucionalidad informal y la institucionalidad oculta. Luego se describe la cultura escatológica, el lenguaje de la corrupción con las expresiones más comunes del acervo popular y la imagenología de las cúpulas dirigentes. Así como el síndrome de la corruptela política, la semiología correspondiente y las secuelas de la corrupción. Finalmente, unas reflexiones sobre este trastorno y las alternativas pertinentes con el propósito de contribuir a erradicarlo del seno de la sociedad.

La crisis de salud pública causada por la pandemia de COVID-19, junto con la subsiguiente emergencia económica y la agitación social, ha empujado a los gobiernos a aumentar el gasto de manera sustancial y rápida. Debido a la naturaleza apremiante de la crisis, las normas y procedimientos de contratación pública se han relajado en muchos lugares para acelerar las transacciones. Sin embargo, esto también puede crear oportunidades para la corrupción. Utilizando información a nivel de contrato sobre el gasto público de la plataforma de compras electrónicas de Colombia, y una estrategia de identificación de diferencias en diferencias, encontramos que los municipios clasificados por un algoritmo de aprendizaje automático como tradicionalmente más propensos a la corrupción reaccionan al aumento del gasto liderado por una pandemia. utilizando una mayor proporción de contratos discrecionales no competitivos y aumentando su valor promedio. Esto es especialmente así en el caso de los contratos para adquirir bienes y servicios relacionados con la crisis. Nuestra evidencia sugiere que los grandes shocks negativos que requieren un gasto rápido y masivo pueden aumentar la corrupción, compensando al menos parcialmente los efectos atenuantes de este instrumento fiscal. ; The public health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, coupled with the subsequent economic emergency and social turmoil, has pushed governments to substantially and swiftly increase spending. Because of the pressing nature of the crisis, public procurement rules and procedures have been relaxed in many places in order to expedite transactions. However, this may also create opportunities for corruption. Using contract-level information on public spending from Colombia's e-procurement platform, and a difference-in-differences identification strategy, we find that municipalities classified by a machine learning algorithm as traditionally more prone to corruption react to the pandemic-led spending surge by using a larger proportion of discretionary non-competitive contracts and increasing their average value. This is especially so in the case of contracts to procure crisis-related goods and services. Our evidence suggests that large negative shocks that require fast and massive spending may increase corruption, thus at least partially offsetting the mitigating effects of this fiscal instrument.

Two hundred years ago in Great Britain, the political system was dominated by electoral power exercised through rotten boroughs, a system characterized by institutionalized corruption - these electoral boroughs were owned by local elites, and voting was restricted to a handful of people. Whilst industrially she was the wonder of the world, the political system in Great Britain was restricted, corruption was the norm, and it seemed impossible to imagine that such an ancient system could be changed. By the time of the Reform Act of 1832 however, Britain had already been going through a process of constitutional change lasting for hundreds of years – it is only now, from our position of 20/20 hindsight, that we choose to interpret all of the events since the signing of the Magna Carta in 1215 as if it were some seamless whole, an inevitable process that would lead to the position of superior moral governance that we appear to think we are in now ; Two hundred years ago in Great Britain, the political system was dominated by electoral power exercised through rotten boroughs, a system characterized by institutionalized corruption - these electoral boroughs were owned by local elites, and voting was restricted to a handful of people. Whilst industrially she was the wonder of the world, the political system in Great Britain was restricted, corruption was the norm, and it seemed impossible to imagine that such an ancient system could be changed. By the time of the Reform Act of 1832 however, Britain had already been going through a process of constitutional change lasting for hundreds of years – it is only now, from our position of 20/20 hindsight, that we choose to interpret all of the events since the signing of the Magna Carta in 1215 as if it were some seamless whole, an inevitable process that would lead to the position of superior moral governance that we appear to think we are in now.

Desde la crisis económica internacional de 2008 el estudio de la corrupción pública ha cobrado particular protagonismo. Este tipo de acontecimientos demandan mejorar el control del erario para cerrar la brecha entre gastos e ingresos públicos. Sin embargo, en la investigación sobre sus determinantes, aún son ambiguas ciertas asociaciones, tanto teóricas como empíricas, de manera que buena parte de las conclusiones preliminares no se pueden tomar como una guía de acción o política. Además de presentar una revisión de la literatura sobre el tema, en este trabajo se sostiene que un factor central que limita la extensión de la corrupción es la probabilidad de que ésta sea descubierta. Además, se consideran diversas especificaciones econométricas usando un panel de datos no balanceado que incorpora datos de más de 150 países entre los años 1995 y 2010, para identificar hasta qué punto algunas asociaciones estadísticas son robustas de modo que se pueden tomar como un referente para diseñar las estrategias necesarias tendientes a controlar la corrupción.

The lands of the country are at the disposal of the government and the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Studies show that the people in the country, regardless of laws and regulations, use fraudulent methods to seize state-owned land with illegal possession and land use change cause harm and damage to their collective rights of individuals. There are conditions requires that the relevant agencies in order to prevent crimes against national resources and people's rights as well as justice and legal mechanisms to take advantage of this barrier to prevent crimes against them. The crimes against the country's natural resources and national judicial authorities must by resolution of criminal and non-criminal record in economic conditions that cause conflict or corruption in their national resources for their prevention. However, due to the lack of laws codified in the long line of process maturity and the failure to enforce strong sanctions on these crimes is always the problem of the economy is growing. This thesis examines the prevention of criminal and non criminal policy legislation in this regard, that the process of the process of the investigation of the factors Rgzar impact of the rate of rejection.

ABSTRACT Corruption crime has recently received more attention from the police. The management of investigating corruption cases is an interesting problem and it has had a big influence on both political and state life. The purpose of this study was to explain and identify the leadership of the team of investigators in the corruption cases investigating management. This research used a qualitative approach combined with a descriptive research method. The results of this study concluded that leadership is a process used by leaders to direct the organization and to provide examples of behavior for their subordinates in the investigation team.

Based on the methodology of documentary review of scientific sources, materials of public organizations, law enforcement and judicial practice of investigating cases of voter bribery, the most widespread technologies of electoral corruption in Ukraine and other countries were revealed and investigated in the article. Peculiarities of direct and indirect voter bribery have been discovered. The most widespread forms (technologies) of election-related bribery have been identified: "carousel", "bargaining", "conditioning", "bus", "dumping", "election network technology". It has been established that the most insecure technology that poses a serious threat to the smooth conduct of elections is the creation of "election networks", which can significantly influence and undermine the credibility of the will of citizens. It is concluded that the characteristics of such a criminal network are: massive character involving a wide range of participants with different roles; significant territorial distribution; realization of criminal intent through clearly planned step-by-step activities within a temporary criminal group. Based on the results of the research, it has been established that in Ukraine the "carousel" technology has been widely used.

Two hundred years ago in Great Britain, the political system was dominated by electoral power exercised through rotten boroughs, a system characterized by institutionalized corruption - these electoral boroughs were owned by local elites,and voting was restricted to a handful of people. Whilst industrially she was the wonder of the world, the political system in Great Britain was restricted, corruption was the norm, and it seemed impossible to imagine that such an ancient systemcould be changed. By the time of the Reform Act of 1832 however, Britain had already been going through a process of constitutional change lasting for hundredsof years – it is only now, from our position of 20/20 hindsight, that we choose to interpret all of the events since the signing of the Magna Carta in 1215 as if it were some seamless whole, an inevitable process that would lead to the position of superior moral governance that we appear to think we are in now.

Two hundred years ago in Great Britain, the political system was dominated by electoral power exercised through rotten boroughs, a system characterized by institutionalized corruption - these electoral boroughs were owned by local elites, and voting was restricted to a handful of people. Whilst industrially she was the wonder of the world, the political system in Great Britain was restricted, corruption was the norm, and it seemed impossible to imagine that such an ancient system could be changed. By the time of the Reform Act of 1832 however, Britain had already been going through a process of constitutional change lasting for hundreds of years – it is only now, from our position of 20/20 hindsight, that we choose to interpret all of the events since the signing of the Magna Carta in 1215 as if it were some seamless whole, an inevitable process that would lead to the position of superior moral governance that we appear to think we are in now.

Today, sport is one of the most developed and highly profitable industries. According to various sources, the annual revenue of industry participants is estimated at at least $145 billion. The article analyzes the relevant international anti-corruption legal acts. We would like to emphasize that the adoption of these documents and the ratification of most of them is an important step in the fight against corruption in sport. At the same time, most of these international standards are aimed at combating corruption, that is, they offer active and punitive measures to combat it. Instead, the authors insist on the priority of preventive measures against corruption. The author's classified approach to measures to combat corruption in sport is proposed. It is concluded that the first step should be to combat corruption in international sports organizations. The effectiveness of anti-corruption measures in this area depends mainly on the transparency of their activities. Another area of corruption in sport is determined to be grassroots corruption. The oldest form of corrupt sport is that which arises spontaneously during competitions between two participants or two teams.

Based on expert estimates, 17% of corrupt practices are committed in this area, and the authors identify the leading causes of corruption in the educational sphere. The objective is the non-recognition of teachers and lecturers as subjects of criminal corruption offenses, low level of the labor expense, inventory, and logistics management discrepancy in educational institutions of different groups with modern educational methods. Subjective reasons include the mutual "benefit" of corrupt practices to all participants in the educational process; disenchantment with the profession due to burnout; certain aspects of mentality; the sense of impunity for blackmailing offenses and receiving gifts. Regarding scientific research methods, their branched complex and multilevel structure are proposed: philosophical, empirical research, methods of theoretical cognition: general logical methods, specific scientific methods. The principal means to combat corruption in the educational sphere is preventive increasing the level of labor expense in the academic sphere; improving the inventory and logistics management of the educational institutions at all levels and regions; avoiding the mutual "benefit" to all participants in the educational process and anti-corruption means (criminalization for all teaching and research-pedagogical staff for the commission of the criminal offense).

in this article we come up with a multiple definition of corruption that accounts for three kinds of corruption –individual, institutional and systemic- likely to be found in any kind of political regimen. The corruption is not seen as an exceptional or abnormal behavior, is the «normal» result of the human proneness to cooperate. We saw how the systemic corruption was understood in the occidental political tradition as the main cause of regimen change; this causal relation is outstanding to explain the actual threats face by the modern democracies. We study in detail the impacts of corruption and dispute the widespread theory of the life cycle of corruption and its dependency on the economic development. We stress the need of different and better measures of corruption to account for systemic corruption and new institutions designed to reverse their generalization in modern democracies. ; En este artículo se propone una definición múltiple de corrupción que tome en consideración los tres tipos de corrupción -individual, institucional y sistémica- susceptibles de ser encontradas en cualquier régimen político. La corrupción no aparece como una conducta «excepcional» o «anormal» sino en directa continuidad con la propensión humana a la cooperación. Se evidencia como la corrupción sistémica ha sido conceptualizada como causa del cambio de régimen político en la tradición política occidental; esta relación causal es muy relevante para explicar las actuales amenazas a las democracias modernas. Se estudian en detalle los impactos de los diferentes tipos de corrupción y se procede al cuestionamiento de la teoría del ciclo de vida de la corrupción y su relación con desarrollo económico. Se señala la necesidad de diferentes y mejores mediciones de la corrupción, que den cuenta de la corrupción sistémica, y de nuevas instituciones diseñadas para revertir su generalización en las democracias modernas.

This article focuses on the study of corruption as one of the factors influencing and facilitating the socialization of Mexican political elites in the context of political relations based on close friendship, family relations, caciquism or bossism, and patronage. It also analyzes the phenomenon of corruption as a factor in the process of political recruitment, mobility of elites and provides a scheme in the exercise of political power in Mexico. ; El presente artículo se concentra en el estudio de la corrupción como uno de los elementos que influye y facilita la socialización de las élites políticas mexicanas en el marco de relaciones políticas fundadas en compadrazgo, amiguismo, padrinazgo, familiarismo y clientelismo. Asimismo, se analiza el fenómeno de la corrupción como un factor que interviene en el proceso de reclutamiento político, movilidad de las élites y proporciona un referente en el ejercicio del poder político en México.