Одной из наиболее актуальных и социально значимых проблем на сегодняшний день остается борьба с коррупцией. Несомненно, что наиболее эффективной мерой борьбы с коррупционными правонарушениями является их профилактика, выявляющая и предупреждающая такие нарушения. При этом важно отметить, что в ходе проведения профилактических мероприятий необходимо учитывать какие обстоятельства способствуют возникновению и распространению коррупционных нарушений, какие области наиболее коррупциогенны, не иначе как подвержены коррупционным рискам. Антикоррупционная политика представляет собой не только механизм устранения причин коррупционных нарушений, но и их предупреждения. А поскольку наступлению и распространению коррупционных нарушений способствует коррупционный риск для формирования эффективной антикоррупционной политики необходимо своевременное выявление коррупционных рисков. В связи с чем в данной статье автор анализирует особенности теоретико-методологического и нормативного подхода к определению коррупционных рисков, а также рассматривает их место и роль в системе антикоррупционного законодательства.
Based on an analysis of the scientific literature and anti-corruption legislation, the article reveals the characteristic features of corruption in education: the sphere of existence, the specifics of subjects of corruption in education, features of corruption goals, types of corruption are classified for various reasons (depending on the type of educational organizations that implement the main educational programs). At the end of the article, the author's definition of corruption in education is proposed, which is understood as a negative social and legal phenomenon existing in public relations in the field of education and consisting in the unlawful use of official position, status of participants in relations in the field of education in order to derive benefits of a tangible or intangible nature.
The article deals with the stages of historical development and formation of compliance control in the world practice. The importance of the compliance service in the public service system is also emphasized. The mechanisms of compliance control in the fight against corruption are listed. The author substantiates the effectiveness of implementing the compliance system in companies with a state share. The article discusses the difficulties of implementing compliance control, and therefore suggests the feasibility of analyzing the accumulated experience of foreign countries in the field of legislation. Based on the practice of mechanisms developed by foreign countries, it is proposed to adapt them to the domestic process of implementing this Institute in institutions.
The article studies determination of corruption-related crimes in health care system. Authors state that health care has become one of three most corrupted spheres recently. Despite the fact that during last four years there has been two-fold increase of federal budget expenditures on health care the quality of medical treatment has not improved. Health care budget funds are often spent for purposes other than that intended and citizens have to pay for those medical services that have to be free of charge. Authors analysed official statistics on corruption in health care system (statistics from General Prosecutor Office, Investigation Committee, Supreme Court of the Russian Federation) along with data received from Russian Public Opinion Research Center. The article defines reasons and conditions of corruption-related crimes committed in health care system. Authors analyse general circumstances that provoke the crimes in question. Those are negative aspects of changes in economical and socio political systems of Russian society; ideological and social psychologic factors; organizational reasons and circumstances; problems in law-enforcement agencies' activity; lacks of legislation regulations. The article provides with characteristics of circumstances that directly conduce corrution-related crimes in health care system. Authors study main reasons for corruption crime latency in health care. Special attention is paid to features of victimity and victimization of analysed crimes' victims. Authors give some practical recommendations that constitute methodological support for preventing corruption crimes in health care system.
This article is devoted to corruption's impact on the functioning of political institutions. In the author's opinion, political corruption leads to informal institutionalization and degradation of political institutions. The author concludes that public control can prevent political corruption.Key words: the political corruption, conflict of interests, formal and informal institutions, political process. ; Статья посвящена проблеме влияния коррупции на деятельность политических институтов. По мнению автора, политическая коррупция неизбежно приводит к неформальной институционализации, а значит, к деградации государственных институтов. Автор делает вывод о том, что контроль со стороны гражданского общества, совершенствование механизмов подотчетности власти могут предотвращать и сдерживать проявления политической коррупции.Ключевые слова: политическая коррупция, конфликт интересов, формальные и неформальные институты, политический процесс.
Following the case of the disappearance of the 43 Ayotzinapa students, the Pandora's Box was opened: pits filled with bodies, corruption, impunity and institutional weakness of a state where politicians, police and authorities at all three government levels have been infiltrated by the organized crime. In Mexico, corruption and drug trafficking are common and the economic reforms are not enough if they do not go together with an effective program of combating corruption and the society is not the main beneficiary of the reforms.This article will explain the background of the Ayotzinapa case, the characteristics of the Mexican political system that allow cases like Ayotzinapa, the consequences of the fight against organized crime launched by ex-President Felipe Calderon, the behavior of a sleeping civil society tired of the reduced economic results and where the state does not have the monopoly of the authority and does not guarantee security.
Following the case of the disappearance of the 43 Ayotzinapa students, the Pandora's Box was opened: pits filled with bodies, corruption, impunity and institutional weakness of a state where politicians, police and authorities at all three government levels have been infiltrated by the organized crime. In Mexico, corruption and drug trafficking are common and the economic reforms are not enough if they do not go together with an effective program of combating corruption and the society is not the main beneficiary of the reforms.This article will explain the background of the Ayotzinapa case, the characteristics of the Mexican political system that allow cases like Ayotzinapa, the consequences of the fight against organized crime launched by ex-President Felipe Calderon, the behavior of a sleeping civil society tired of the reduced economic results and where the state does not have the monopoly of the authority and does not guarantee security.
В работе авторами всесторонне изучаются преступления коррупционной направленности, совершаемые на территории Российской Федерации, а также рассматривается вопрос об условиях, порождающих данный вид преступности, и методах борьбы с ними на уровне исполнительной и законодательной власти. ; In work authors comprehensively study the crimes of corruption orientation committed in the territory of the Russian Federation, and also the question of the conditions generating this type of crime and methods of fight against them at the level of Executive and legislative power is considered
Corruption is linked to the issue of clientelism. This fact establishes a wide understanding of its phenomenon. This wide context and understanding of corruption is simplified by the recognition of the patron-client system that accompanies corruption or is even identified with it. Clientelism may be of a personal or mass character, and it consists of a mutual provision of services, without the need of laying out funds to achieve a common goal. The socio-economic transformation, being a profound and thorough reform of the system and institutions, promotes corruption practices (the process of transfer of resources from public to private sector progressed swiftly). Corruption provides means for maintaining and developing the client networks. Patron-client relations are of secondary nature in some societies; in other societies they substantially influence the shape of the political and economic system, as well as the social structure. Such relations may transgress the borders between classes
Socio-economic transformation as profound and thorough reform of the system and institutions promotes corruption practices and can be the mean to fight against one, too. Two kinds of understanding of corruption may be indicated: narrow (pathologic and functional interpretation) and wider underlined the neo-institutional argumentation, pointing out to systemic and structural causes of corruption. A theoretical and practical problem remains, whether corruption are of systemic nature (fundamental institution), or are secondary (consequence institutuion). The analysis of corruption, may be done by means of the new institutionalism and consequence theories: transaction costs, theory of property rights, theory of clubs, principal-agent theory, theory of asymmetry information, capture theories, rent seeking theory, theory of games and theory of public choice. The dynamics of the polish economy and wide researches of corruption (the differences between perceiving and experiencing) indicates that the corruption factors which paralyse the economic development have not dominated the economic system in Poland as yet, and that system maintains its autonomy. Still, typical corruption-clientelistic societies are contemporary not common, in Poland too. The above problems do not change the fact that corruption are a major problem and in the long run would causes loss of competitiveness polish economy on the global market. ; Społeczno-ekonomiczna transformacja jako głęboka reforma systemu i instytucji przyczynia się do korupcyjnych praktyk, ale może być też narzędziem w walce z tym zjawiskiem. Występują dwa rozumienia korupcji: węższe (patologiczna i funkcjonalna interpretacja) i szersze podkreślające argumentację neoinstytucjonalną (systemowe i strukturalne źródła korupcji). Teoretycznym i praktycznym problemem pozostaje więc, czy korupcja ma naturę systemową (fundamentalna instytucja), czy drugorzędną (instytucja pochodna). Narzędziem badań może być nowy instytucjonalizm i zawierające się w nim teorie: kosztów transakcyjnych, praw własności, klubów, pryncypała-agenta, asymetrii informacji, .zawłaszczenia, pogoni za rentą, teorii gier i teorii wyboru publicznego. Dynamika polskiej gospodarki i szerokie badania korupcji (różnice między jej postrzeganiem a doświadczeniem) wskazują, że korupcyjne czynniki, które ograniczają wzrost ekonomiczny nie zdominowały jeszcze polskiej gospodarki i zachowuje ona swoją autonomię. Typowe społeczeństwa klientelistyczno-korupcyjne nie są obecnie zjawiskiem powszechnym, także w Polsce. Nie zmienia to jednak tego, że korupcja pozostaje głównym społecznym problemem i dłuższym horyzoncie czasowym może powodować utratę konkurencyjności polskiej gospodarki na globalnym rynku.
Socio-economic transformation as profound and thorough reform of the system and institutions promotes corruption practices and can be the mean to fight against one, too. Two kinds of understanding of corruption may be indicated: narrow (pathologic and functional interpretation) and wider underlined the neo-institutional argumentation, pointing out to systemic and structural causes of corruption. A theoretical and practical problem remains, whether corruption are of systemic nature (fundamental institution), or are secondary (consequence institutuion). The analysis of corruption, may be done by means of the new institutionalism and consequence theories: transaction costs, theory of property rights, theory of clubs, principal-agent theory, theory of asymmetry information, capture theories, rent seeking theory, theory of games and theory of public choice. The dynamics of the polish economy and wide researches of corruption (the differences between perceiving and experiencing) indicates that the corruption factors which paralyse the economic development have not dominated the economic system in Poland as yet, and that system maintains its autonomy. Still, typical corruption-clientelistic societies are contemporary not common, in Poland too. The above problems do not change the fact that corruption are a major problem and in the long run would causes loss of competitiveness polish economy on the global market. ; Społeczno-ekonomiczna transformacja jako głęboka reforma systemu i instytucji przyczynia się do korupcyjnych praktyk, ale może być też narzędziem w walce z tym zjawiskiem. Występują dwa rozumienia korupcji: węższe (patologiczna i funkcjonalna interpretacja) i szersze podkreślające argumentację neoinstytucjonalną (systemowe i strukturalne źródła korupcji). Teoretycznym i praktycznym problemem pozostaje więc, czy korupcja ma naturę systemową (fundamentalna instytucja), czy drugorzędną (instytucja pochodna). Narzędziem badań może być nowy instytucjonalizm i zawierające się w nim teorie: kosztów transakcyjnych, praw własności, klubów, pryncypała-agenta, asymetrii informacji, .zawłaszczenia, pogoni za rentą, teorii gier i teorii wyboru publicznego. Dynamika polskiej gospodarki i szerokie badania korupcji (różnice między jej postrzeganiem a doświadczeniem) wskazują, że korupcyjne czynniki, które ograniczają wzrost ekonomiczny nie zdominowały jeszcze polskiej gospodarki i zachowuje ona swoją autonomię. Typowe społeczeństwa klientelistyczno-korupcyjne nie są obecnie zjawiskiem powszechnym, także w Polsce. Nie zmienia to jednak tego, że korupcja pozostaje głównym społecznym problemem i dłuższym horyzoncie czasowym może powodować utratę konkurencyjności polskiej gospodarki na globalnym rynku.
In this article, the specifics of bribery qualification are examined, special attention is paid to the ways of bribery and countering bribery at the legislative level. In practice, the problem also lies in the fact that sometimes the object of a bribe - money (in most cases) - does not reach the official, and the crime is stopped at the stage of its receipt by the intermediary. In conclusion, the author comes to the conclusion that, in spite of the fact that at present the legislative base in the field of combating corruption has been formed in the Russian Federation, appropriate legislative, economic, organizational, political and informational measures have been adopted aimed at state regulation of legal relations in this area, protection of society and the state from corruption manifestations, problems are still preserved.
This article is devoted to the problem of corruption in the public procurement system. The main purpose of the article is to develop possible directions of their elimination on the basis of the revealed features of corruption manifestation. The article defines the object of corruption as a set of financial resources serving financial relations associated with the procurement for state and municipal needs, and the procurement of goods, works and services by individual legal entities. During the period under review, there was an increase in the number of contracts concluded. The bulk of public procurement was conducted by means of electronic auction and procurement from a single supplier. Features of manifestation of corruption in the sphere of public procurement are revealed: criminal conspiracy, bribery, underestimation of the price of the contract, corruption cybercrime. The study of the dynamics of the detected offences in 2016 and 2017, showed an increase of 2.5 times the number of crimes committed for a total of 118.4 billion rubles. The article substantiates the need to expand the systematic approach to combating corruption by including measures of social and psychological impact. In this connection, a systematic approach to combating corruption in public procurement involves a set of legal, economic, political, as well as socio-psychological measures that have both tactical and strategic action of anti-corruption orientation. The main measures implemented to improve the efficiency of anti-corruption in public procurement are revealed. The set of anti-corruption measures considered in the article is presented as a single complex aimed at curbing the growth rate of crime in public procurement.
в статье проанализировано текущее состояние изучения института антикоррупционной экспертизы ; рассмотрены недостаточно урегулированные законодательством вопросы в этой сфере. Авторы отмечают ; что системная работа по совершенствованию нормативного и методического обеспечения антикоррупционной экспертизы в настоящее время должна стать одним из самых приоритетных направлений деятельности органов государственной власти. ; the current state of the study of the institute of anti-corruption expertise is analyzed in the article ; insufficiently regulated issues in the legislation in this area are considered. The authors note that systematic work to improve the normative and methodological support of anti-corruption expertise should now become one of the top priorities of the government.
