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The relevance of the research topic is the need to systematize the theoretical basis of public debt and credit, which underlies the study of practical aspects and is the initial stage of the study of this issue. Separation of macroeconomic effects will allow to reveal the main negative consequences, which brings an excessive increase in the size of public debt. Formulation of the problem. Income and expenditure discrepancies often accompany the budget process. At the same time, smaller amounts are usually revenues, especially when it comes to the budget of a certain country. The theoretical component, which is to study the basic essential characteristics of public debt, the systematization of scientists' views on various aspects of the emergence of public debt, the effects of public debt in the economy – the basis that serves as the basis for scientific research in the area of optimization of state coverage. The purpose of the article is to systematize the theoretical aspects of public debt and credit in terms of distinguishing features of macroeconomic effects. Research methods. A number of general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge were used, among which: generalization, systematization, induction, deduction, abstraction. The results of this study allowed us to define the concept of public debt, which is based on the study of the features of credit relations in which the state acts as a borrower. The main macroeconomic effects arising from excessive debt growth were distinguished. The results of the study can be used as a theoretical basis for further scientific developments in this field. The conclusions of this study are to prove the continuity of the concept of public debt with the concept of public credit, with the hierarchy of interdependence of concepts has the form of the following sequence: 1) the disproportion between the revenue and expenditure; 2) deficit of the state budget; 3) state credit; 4) public debt. The effects of the national debt on the economy and the peculiarities of ...

The subject of the research is the influence of the institutional problems of the economy on the development of the credit market of Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to identify macroeconomic problems and risks that affect the development of the credit market and to develop recommendations for improving institutional support for the development of the credit market. Methods of research - researches are based on the application of general scientific and economic-mathematical methods. Results of work. The article deals with the institutional problems of the economy, connected with excessive inflation, servicing domestic and external debt, an unstable political situation, high interest rates, which create high risks for the development of the credit market. In particular, they increase the number of problematic and expensive loans, which reduces the investment attractiveness of Ukraine's economy. Improving the situation in this segment of the banking services market, the author sees in the acceleration of the adoption of the bill, which provides for the creation and maintenance of a credit register of the NBU. This will reduce the probability of lending to unscrupulous borrowers and reduce the number of bad loans in the future. The field of results utilization. The obtained results contribute to the improvement of the institutional environment for the development of the banking services market and are intended for use by the NBU and banks to address lending problems. Conclusions. It is established that risks in the development of the credit market are connected with the institutional problems of the development of the Ukrainian economy at the present stage. It is substantiated that overcoming of risks requires the introduction of new anti-crisis instruments for the development of the credit market, changes in the institutional and legal support and strengthening of coordination of monetary policy of the NBU.

The article shows that in order to create a fundamentally new in structure and content of the credit system of Ukraine it is necessary to use practically oriented provisions of the basic theories of credit - naturalistic and capital-creating. Accordingly, the purpose of the article is to highlight those provisions of credit theories that in the current conditions can form a theoretical basis for the successful implementation of credit reform in Ukraine. It is noted that within the framework of naturalistic theory the following provisions are of practical importance: classical political economy - loan interest in the context of its impact on investment dynamics and inflation; banking school - the feasibility of "throwing" into the stagnant economy of additional investment money; neoclassics - the danger of separation of the financial sector of the economy from the real and the importance of strengthening the deposit base of banks. The provisions of the Marxist theory of credit, which occupies an intermediate position between naturalistic and capitalist theories, are important in the context of creating a full-fledged securities market in Ukraine and the formation of financial-industrial groups. It is emphasized that within the framework of capital-creating theory the following provisions are constructive: "Lo system" - control by the central bank of the issue of credit money; G. McLeod's theory of bank credit - the role of banks in the national economy; Manchester School of Political Economy - the transfer of capital from less profitable industries to more profitable; J. Schumpeter's theories of economic development - the role of credit in financing innovation; M. Tugan-Baranovsky's theories of market conditions - accumulation of financial capital at different stages of the economic cycle; L. Ghana's theory of conjuncture - its maintenance on the basis of credit expansion; A. Pigou's theory of industrial cycles - the distribution of capital between industries on the basis of investment risks; Keynesian theory - credit expansion of the state in times of crisis and the fight against speculation in the financial market; theories of portfolio infestations - their diversification and investment guarantee. The article concludes that although scientists differently determine the degree of influence of the financial market on economic development in Ukraine, it should be transformed in such a way as to subordinate the tasks of development of the real sector of the economy, including neo-industrialization. ; У статті показано, що для створення принципово нової за структурою і змістом кредитої системи України необхідно використати практично орієнтовані положення базових теорій кредиту – натуралістичної та капіталотворчої. Відповідно, метою статті є виокремлення тих положень кредитних теорій, які в нинішніх умовах можуть скласти теоретичне підгрунтя для успішного проведення в Україні кредитої реформи. Відмічено, що в рамках натуралістичної теорії практичне значення мають такі її положення: класичної політичної економії– позичкового процента в контексті його впливу на динаміку інвестицій та рівень інфляції; банківської школи – доцільності «вкидання» в стагнуючу економіку додаткових інвестиційних грошей; неокласики – небезпеки відриву фінансового сектору економіки від реального та важливості зміцнення депозитної бази банків. Наведено положення марксистської теорії кредиту, яка займає проміжне положення між натуралістичною й капіталотворчою теоріями, важливі в контексті створення в Україні повноцінного ринку цінних паперів та формування фінансово-промислових груп. Підкреслено, що в рамках капіталотворчої теорії конструктивними є такі положення: «системи Ло» – контролю центральним банком емісії кредитних грошей; теорії банківського кредиту Г.Маклеода – ролі банків в національній економіці; манчестерської школи політичної економії – переливу капіталу із менш дохідних галузей у більш дохідні; теорії економічного розвитку Й.Шумпетера – ролі кредиту у фінансування інновацій; теорії ринкової кон'юнктури М.Туган-Барановського – нагромадження фінансового капіталу на різних стадіях економічного циклу; теорії кон'юнктури Л.Гана – підтримання її на основі кредитної експансії; теорії промислових циклів А. Пігу – розподілу капіталу між галузями на основі інвестиційних ризиків; кейнсіанської теорії – кредитної експансії держави в кризові періоди та боротьби зі спекуляціями на фінансовому ринку; теорії портфельних інфестицій – їх диверсифікації та гарантування вкладень. У статті зроблено висновок, що хоча вчені по-різному визначають ступінь впливу фінансового ринку на економічний розвиток в Україні його слід трансформувати таким чином, щоб підпорядкувати завданням розвитку реального сектору економіки, зокрема неоіндустріалізації країни.

The research is devoted to identification of levels of standard regulation of borrower's credit solvency assessment and development of the directions of their improvement at the national level. It is specified that the regulation of solvency assessment process is the set of standard levels and rules of organizing regulation of credit relations reflected in legislative, standard and legal and intra bank documents directed to a specific object, namely a solvency assessment. The article allocates three standard levels of regulation of solvency assessment of a borrower as a legal entity (international, national, and intra bank); the condition of their functioning is investigated and the directions of regulation improvement at national and intra bank levels are created. On the basis of the carried-out analysis of opportunities of introduction to the Basel recommendations about solvency assessment and credit risks in domestic banking practice, the author comes to the conclusion that economic conditions are not formed for their full realization in Ukraine. The realization of the assessment system of credit risks based on external ratings regulated at the supranational level at the present stage is possible for large system banks. The article specifies the structure and content of legal support of the allocated level of credit process national regulation presented by the Civil, Economic Code, the Law of Ukraine «About banks and banking activities» and Resolutions of the NBU. It is proved that the operating system of regulations according to borrower's credit risks leads to essential increase in expenses of banks for reservation and to additional capitalization. The reasons of functioning imperfection at the national level of regulation are allocated: frequent changes and additions in acts concerning regulation of banking activities; discrepancy of separate standards of the legislation; incompleteness of conceptual framework in a number of acts; orientation of regulations to the demands set by a regulator without considering the specifics of domestic banking system. The author gives the requirements to improvement of the normative and legislative providing solvency assessment (harmonization of the legislation regulating banking activities and credit process with other acts of allied industries of the law, the accounting of domestic traditions of banking while implementation of international standards in the domestic legislation, formation of the separate law called «About Bank Credit»). ; Роботу присвячено ідентифікації рівнів нормативної регламентації оцінки кредитоспроможності позичальника та розробці напрямків їх удосконалення на національному рівні. Уточнено, що регламентація процесу оцінки кредитоспроможності – це сукупність нормативних рівнів та правил організації правового регулювання кредитних відносин, відображених у законодавчих, нормативно-правових та внутрішньобанківських документах, спрямованих на конкретний об'єкт – оцінку кредитоспроможності. У дослідженні виокремлено три нормативні рівні регламентації оцінки кредитоспроможності позичальника-юридичної особи (міжнародний, національний та внутрішньобанківський), досліджено стан їх функціонування та сформовано напрямки вдосконалення регламентації на національному та внутрішньому рівнях. На підставі проведеного аналізу можливостей запровадження Базельських рекомендацій щодо оцінки кредитоспроможності та кредитних ризиків до вітчизняної банківської практики, зроблено висновок про несформованість економічних умов для їх повноцінної реалізації в Україні. Реалізація регламентованої на наднаціональному рівні системи оцінки кредитних ризиків, заснованої на зовнішніх рейтингах, на сучасному етапі можлива для великих системних банків. Уточнено склад та зміст правового забезпечення виокремленого рівня національної регламентації кредитного процесу, представлений Цивільним, Господарським Кодексом, Законом України «Про банки та банківську діяльність» та Постановами НБУ. Обґрунтовано, що чинна система нормативних актів щодо оцінки кредитних ризиків позичальника призводить до суттєвого збільшення витрат банків на резервування та додаткової капіталізації. Виокремлено причини недосконалості функціонування національного рівня регламентації: часті зміни та доповнення до законодавчих актів з питань регулювання банківської діяльності; суперечливість окремих норм законодавства; неповнота понятійного апарату низки законодавчих актів; зорієнтованість нормативних актів на висунуті вимоги регулятора, без урахування специфіки вітчизняної банківської системи. Сформовано вимоги до вдосконалення нормативно-правого забезпечення оцінки кредитоспроможності (гармонізація законодавства, що регламентує банківську діяльність та кредитний процес, з іншими актами суміжних галузей права; врахування вітчизняних традицій банківництва за імплементації міжнародних стандартів у вітчизняне законодавство; формування окремого закону «Про банківський кредит»).

Introduction. The article discusses the relationship of the real economy and the credit sector. An attempt has been made to assess the financial consequences of the over-indebtedness of business entities and its impact on the state of the banking sector of the Republic of Belarus.Purpose. Based on a study of theoretical and applied aspects of the relationship between the real and financial sectors, to assess the impact of bank lending on the state and development of the economy of the Republic of Belarus and the financial consequences of the borrowing of business entities.Results. It has been established that there is a contradiction between the sectors, which is reflected in the fact that with the improved financial results of economic entities, there is an increase in credit risk in the banking sector, which is caused by many factors, including key lending and refinancing of loans. It was concluded that the growth is not due to the effective use of credit resources, but to excessive government intervention in the regulation of credit processes. Originality. It has been established that there is a contradiction between sectors, which is manifested in the fact that with the improving financial performance of business entities, there is an increase in credit risk in the banking sector, which is due to many factors, among which a key role is played by directed lending and refinancing of loans. It is concluded that the growth is caused not by the efficient use of credit resources, but by excessive government intervention in the regulation of credit processes.Conclusion. Studying the relationship between the real sector of the economy and the credit market, it was found that they are in contradiction, which is expressed in the fact that with the growth of financial results in the first, credit risk in the banking sector increases. This is due to excessive government interference in lending processes through direct lending, refinancing of loans, and the fact that the regulator recommends issuing loans to insolvent state enterprises. Excessive borrowing of the non-financial sector of the Belarusian economy, associated with the constant refinancing of credit debts, cannot be considered in the long term as a means of solving the problem of maintaining sustainable growth and can aggravate the situation not only in this sector, but also in the banking sector, which is the main supplier of financial resources. ; Introduction. The article discusses the relationship of the real economy and the credit sector. An attempt has been made to assess the financial consequences of the over-indebtedness of business entities and its impact on the state of the banking sector of the Republic of Belarus.Purpose. Based on a study of theoretical and applied aspects of the relationship between the real and financial sectors, to assess the impact of bank lending on the state and development of the economy of the Republic of Belarus and the financial consequences of the borrowing of business entities.Results. It has been established that there is a contradiction between the sectors, which is reflected in the fact that with the improved financial results of economic entities, there is an increase in credit risk in the banking sector, which is caused by many factors, including key lending and refinancing of loans. It was concluded that the growth is not due to the effective use of credit resources, but to excessive government intervention in the regulation of credit processes. Originality. It has been established that there is a contradiction between sectors, which is manifested in the fact that with the improving financial performance of business entities, there is an increase in credit risk in the banking sector, which is due to many factors, among which a key role is played by directed lending and refinancing of loans. It is concluded that the growth is caused not by the efficient use of credit resources, but by excessive government intervention in the regulation of credit processes.Conclusion. Studying the relationship between the real sector of the economy and the credit market, it was found that they are in contradiction, which is expressed in the fact that with the growth of financial results in the first, credit risk in the banking sector increases. This is due to excessive government interference in lending processes through direct lending, refinancing of loans, and the fact that the regulator recommends issuing loans to insolvent state enterprises. Excessive borrowing of the non-financial sector of the Belarusian economy, associated with the constant refinancing of credit debts, cannot be considered in the long term as a means of solving the problem of maintaining sustainable growth and can aggravate the situation not only in this sector, but also in the banking sector, which is the main supplier of financial resources.

Introduction. The functioning of the residential real estate market in Ukraine has a number of problems related to the loss of investor confidence in the financing mechanisms used by developers. This is justified by the fact that existing ways of financing construction do not have reliable preventive mechanisms to guarantee the protection of the rights and interests of investors.Purpose of the research: to improve the mechanism of functioning of the residential real estate market in the region, which is focused on satisfaction the housing needs of territorial communities.Methods. In the process of research general and special methods were used: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, abstraction and concretization, systematization and elements of comparative analysis.Results. It is determined that the main ways of investing and financing the construction of housing construction facilities, which are provided by current legislation, are: forward scheme, sale of apartments under previous agreements, investment agreements between investment funds and buyers, target bonds. Such pluralism of ways, on the one hand, creates the preconditions for the rational choice by market participants of those that allow the most efficient use of money and makes the purchase of housing more affordable. On the other hand, the insufficient level of financial literacy of the population complicates the process of such a choice. A study of existing ways of financing housing construction has shown that they do not guarantee the protection of the rights and interests of investors. Thus, we proposed a mechanism for the functioning of the residential real estate market in the region, based on a combination of market mechanisms and state guarantees, and focused on satisfaction the housing needs of territorial communities.Discussion. Implementation of our proposals to improve the mechanisms of using financial-credit instruments on the housing market, focused on satisfaction the housing needs of territorial communities, will help solve ...

The strategic goal of Ukraine development is to build a strong and modern European democratic country with a strong economy to ensure a decent life for every citizen.Currently in Ukraine, processes of overcoming structural imbalances of transition period, technological modernization, improvement of fixed assets, forming an effective economic base were put on the brake.

To date, the major threat to the economic security of Ukraine and any other state is the legalization (laundering) of proceeds of crime, as it violates the legitimate rights and interests of society. The constant development of modern technologies and methods in the field of payment transactions leads to the emergence of new ways of laundering shadow money for illicit profits, which need continuous monitoring and control. The set of measures of financial monitoring entities that are aimed at overcoming the economic threat through the control and analysis of doubtful financial transactions is called financial monitoring. Therefore, in order to improve the exercise of the oversight function of the entities of financial control over the entities of primary financial monitoring, I consider it advisable to carry out the following measures: - conducting a psychophysiological survey with the use of a polygraph and psychological testing of PFMS in the field of preventing and counteracting the legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime, terrorist financing and financing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction for compliance with the requirements of legislation for at least one year; - performing diligent work on the verification of the applicant for the position of responsible employee for financial monitoring, his close relatives, and check whether such a person has related persons related to national, public figures; - Defining mandatory requirements for the responsible employee's business reputation, as well as defining a clear mechanism for carrying out the audit. - perform unjustified unplanned audits of the entities of the initial financial monitoring; - involvement of scientists and staff with extensive practical experience in preventing and counteracting to the legalization (laundering) of proceeds of crime, terrorist financing and financing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction in the organization of educational and practical training of representatives of the entities of the subject ...

The historical stages of the formation of credit cooperatives were explored. Authors studied the international experience of agricultural credit cooperatives, which allowed making certain generalizations and proposing ways to stimulate their activity inUkraine, where the credit cooperatives are only beginning to recover. Confirmed that one of the most serious problems in the activities of credit unions is attraction and maintenance of the required level of capital in order to ensure its consistent growth. The analysis of exogenous and endogenous factors, which are influencing on the establishment of credit unions inUkraine, was conducted.Author proved the necessity of improvement of the regulatory framework, expansion of market share, increase of the credit union's capital. Not clearly defined status of credit unions leads to many economic and legal issues of cooperative societies and creates problems in their work. Thus, in the current legislation, the notion "cooperative societies" does not exist, and in the Law of Ukraine "About credit unions" they (credit unions) are defined as "financial institutions", while in the tax law "credit unions" are attributed to the non-profit organizations. ; Приведены исторические этапы возникновения кредитной кооперации. Изучен опыт работы сельских кредитных кооперативов в разных государствах мира, что позволило сделать определенные обобщения. Самые лучшие достижения в этом направлении могут быть использованы в Украине, где кредитная кооперация только начинает возрождаться. Подтверждено, что одной из наиболее серьезных проблем в деятельности кредитных союзов является привлечение и поддержание необходимого уровня капитала, обеспечение его последовательного увеличения. Проведен анализ факторов создания кредитных союзов в Украине. ; Наведено історичні етапи виникнення кредитної кооперації. Вивчено досвід роботи сільських кредитних кооперативів у різних державах світу, що дозволило зробити певні узагальнення. Найкращі досягнення в цьому напрямі можуть бути впроваджені в Україні, де кредитна кооперація тільки починає відроджуватися. Підтверджено, що однією з найбільш серйозних проблем в діяльності кредитної спілки, є залучення та підтримка достатнього обсягу капіталу, забезпечення його послідовного збільшення. Проаналізовано фактори створення кредитних спілок в Україні.

The article analyzes the main tools of the financial risk management system that have an influence on the decisions on the allocation of financial resources in the world market. There are such indicators among them as credit spread, yield curve, credit rating determined by a reputable international rating agency, credit default swaps spreads on corporate and sovereign securities.The article outlines current international credit derivatives market trends and the reasons for the credit default swaps (CDS) market decline after the global financial crisis of 2007-2009.Based on an analysis of contemporary publications, the functions and values of CDS in today's economy have been identified. It is concluded that CDS play an important role in the monitoring of financial sustainability and effective macroprudential policy, as well as being a key financial risk management tool used for efficient financial resource management and investment decision-making.The article also analyzes the current sovereign securities market trends in Ukraine and the factors that determine the foreign investors` demand for these sovereign securities.The econometric analysis concludes that the CDS spread on 5-year Ukrainian sovereign securities is an adequate indicator of sovereign risks, which plays an important role in the risk management system when investment decisions on Ukrainian securities are made. There is a close correlation between the value of these credit derivatives and the yield on domestic government loan bonds (OVDPs). Dynamics of CDS spreads on Ukrainian sovereign securities in the international CDS market plays an important role in monitoring and assessment of systemic risks in the Ukrainian economy, has an impact on the national financial market liquidity, influences its pricing processes, and plays an important role in making decisions on investing in domestic securities.Keywords: credit default swap, credit spread, yield curve, domestic government loan bonds, sovereign bonds, macroprudential policy. ; У статті проаналізовано основні інструменти системи фінансового ризик-менеджменту, що впливають на ухвалення рішень щодо алокації фінансових ресурсів на світовому ринку. Серед них виділяють спреди за кредитно-дефолтними свопами на корпоративні та суверенні цінні папери. На основі аналізу сучасних публікацій зроблено висновок про те, що CDS відіграють важливу роль у системі моніторингу фінансової стійкості та формуванні ефективної макропруденційної політики, а також є ключовим інструментом фінансового ризик-менеджменту задля ефективного управління фінансовими ресурсами та прийняття інвестиційних рішень.У статті також проаналізовано сучасні тенденції на ринку суверенних цінних паперів в Україні та чинники, що визначають попит іноземних інвесторів на суверенні цінні папери України. Проведений економетричний аналіз дав підстави зробити висновок про те, що котирування CDS на 5-річні українські суверенні цінні папери є адекватним індикатором суверенних ризиків, який відіграє важливу роль у системі ризик-менеджменту при ухваленні інвестиційних рішень щодо українських цінних паперів. Існує тісний кореляційний зв'язок між значенням спредів за даними кредитними деривативами та дохідністю облігацій внутрішньої державної позики ОВДП.Ключові слова: кредитно-дефолтний своп, кредитний спред, крива дохідності, облігації внутрішньої державної позики, суверенні облігації, макропруденційна політика.

Summary. The purpose of the study is to reveal the activities of credit unions in Drohobych region in the interwar period, to show their role in the economic protection of the Ukrainian population of Galicia in interwar Poland. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systematicity, scientificity, authorial objectivity, as well as the use of general scientific and special-historical methods. The scientific novelty lies in the study of the development of credit cooperation in Drohobych in the 1920‒1930's. Conclusions. An important place in the cooperative movement of Eastern Galicia in the interwar period belonged to credit cooperatives. In 1938, there were 25 credit cooperatives of Raiffeisen type (rural associations) and Ukrainian banks (Schulze-Delich city cooperatives) in Drohobych region, which were united around Central Bank (Central Cooperative Bank of "Krai Credit Union"). The capital of these institutions consisted of shares of members and contributions of the population. Credit cooperation protected Ukrainians, increased their solvency and economic independence, national consciousness. The main financial institution of the Ukrainian credit cooperative was Central Bank. With well-developed cooperation, Ukrainians could work effectively even under unfavourable conditions and hostility from the Polish occupation regime. The cooperation protected not only the material but also the spiritual needs of Ukrainian citizens, it was a natural manifestation of social and economic self-organization of the people, a source of its cultural self-development. The financial and credit system contributed to the development of cooperation through the organization of affordable credit for the population, the facilitation of mutual relations between national organizations and the strengthening of the legal status of cooperation. ; Анотація. Мета дослідження – розкрити діяльність кредитних кооперативів на Дрогобиччині у міжвоєнний період, показати їх роль в економічному захисті українського населення Галичини у міжвоєнній Польщі. Методологія дослідження спирається на принципи історизму, системності, науковості, авторської об'єктивності, а також на використання загальнонаукових та спеціально-історичних методів. Наукова новизна полягає у дослідженні розвитку кредитної кооперації Дрогобиччини в 20–30-х рр. ХХ ст. Висновки. Важливе місце у кооперативному русі Східної Галичини у міжвоєнний період належало кредитній кооперації. У 1938 р. на Дрогобиччині діяло 25 кредитних кооперативів типу «райфайзенки» (сільські об'єднання) та «українбанки» (міські кооперативи типу Шульце-Деліча). Капітал цих установ складався з паїв членів та вкладів населення. Кредитна кооперація захищала українців, підвищувала їхню платоспроможність та економічну самостійність, національну свідомість.

Credit operations are the most profitable and dynamic, respectively, belong to the most risky activities of banks. In modern conditions of the banking system, special importance is attached to the management of credit risk and reduction of problem loans (inactive assets) of the bank. Over the past years, the financial services sector has faced problems that may be due to inadequate lending, ineffective risk management, or lack of flexibility in adapting to economic change. The share of nonperforming loans in the total amount of loans of the banking system of Ukraine over the past three years is more than 50%, which needs to find ways to solve this problem. The purpose of the work is to analyze credit activities and to comply with the NBU regulations regarding the credit risk of the banking system in general and the largest banks in terms of the amount of assets in particular, as well as to find practical recommendations for managing the credit risk of the banking institution. The article assesses the activity of the banking system of Ukraine, in particular, the credit, as well as the five largest banks in terms of assets. The dynamics of credit risk standards and the share of overdue loans in the total amount of loans of the banking system of Ukraine are researched. It was revealed that economic and political instability in the state led to a deterioration of the financial situation of certain economic entities and the banking system of Ukraine as a whole, as well as the appearance of negative tendencies of indicators of lending activity of banks. The practical recommendations for managing the credit risk of the bank in the direction of creation of an ideal environment of credit risk, formation of the complete process of crediting, control over credit risks, intellectual recruitment of the bank, implementation of an effective information system are formed. The proposed practical recommendations on credit risk management will allow the banking institution to provide a continuous process for the formation, monitoring, regulation and optimization of this risk. ; У статті проведено оцінювання діяльності банківської системи України, зокрема кредитної, а також п'яти найбільших банків за розміром активів. Досліджено динаміку нормативів кредитного ризику та частки простроченої заборгованості за кредитами в загальній сумі кредитів банківської системи України. Сформовано практичні рекомендації щодо управління кредитним ризиком банку в напрямках створення ідеального середовища кредитного ризику, формування повного процесу кредитування, забезпечення контролю за кредитними ризиками, інтелектуального набору персоналу банку, впровадження ефективної інформаційної системи.

Credit operations are the most profitable and dynamic, respectively, belong to the most risky activities of banks. In modern conditions of the banking system, special importance is attached to the management of credit risk and reduction of problem loans (inactive assets) of the bank. Over the past years, the financial services sector has faced problems that may be due to inadequate lending, ineffective risk management, or lack of flexibility in adapting to economic change. The share of nonperforming loans in the total amount of loans of the banking system of Ukraine over the past three years is more than 50%, which needs to find ways to solve this problem. The purpose of the work is to analyze credit activities and to comply with the NBU regulations regarding the credit risk of the banking system in general and the largest banks in terms of the amount of assets in particular, as well as to find practical recommendations for managing the credit risk of the banking institution. The article assesses the activity of the banking system of Ukraine, in particular, the credit, as well as the five largest banks in terms of assets. The dynamics of credit risk standards and the share of overdue loans in the total amount of loans of the banking system of Ukraine are researched. It was revealed that economic and political instability in the state led to a deterioration of the financial situation of certain economic entities and the banking system of Ukraine as a whole, as well as the appearance of negative tendencies of indicators of lending activity of banks. The practical recommendations for managing the credit risk of the bank in the direction of creation of an ideal environment of credit risk, formation of the complete process of crediting, control over credit risks, intellectual recruitment of the bank, implementation of an effective information system are formed. The proposed practical recommendations on credit risk management will allow the banking institution to provide a continuous process for the formation, monitoring, regulation and optimization of this risk. ; У статті проведено оцінювання діяльності банківської системи України, зокрема кредитної, а також п'яти найбільших банків за розміром активів. Досліджено динаміку нормативів кредитного ризику та частки простроченої заборгованості за кредитами в загальній сумі кредитів банківської системи України. Сформовано практичні рекомендації щодо управління кредитним ризиком банку в напрямках створення ідеального середовища кредитного ризику, формування повного процесу кредитування, забезпечення контролю за кредитними ризиками, інтелектуального набору персоналу банку, впровадження ефективної інформаційної системи.

The article analyzes the peculiarities of administrative and organizational regulation of creditpolicy in Bessarabia province. Particular attention is paid to the financial operations of the Izmailadministration. It was established that during the registration of full-time staff of state-owned lendinginstitutions the preference was given to representatives of the nobility, which were represented in allcentral banking institutions and financial organizations of the region. Despite such domination of thearistocracy in the field of credit, the affairs of the Izmail county in the issue of bilateral relations withlenders were quite successful, which speaks of the competence and effective work of employees of theseinstitutions.The nobles of the Izmail administration drove the financial affairs of the county, guaranteed theclear fulfillment of obligations to the lenders and provided a sound credit policy, which providedpositive opportunities for the development of the city and district. The authority and flowering of theboard is the fact that the banking institutions did not refuse city authorities to lend on different terms.The nobles of the region themselves acted as clients of both state land banks and private, whosefounders were bankers-nobles of Odessa.Aristocrats of the province promoted the formation of small credit institutions, which took careof the peasant and urban needs of the people. At the same time, the nobility at the highest state levelcreated favorable working conditions and given the best positions in new lending institutions ; В статті аналізуються особливості адміністративного та організаційногорегулювання кредитної політики в Бессарабській губернії. Особлива увага приділяєтьсяфінансовим операціям Ізмаїльської управи. Встановлено, що при оформленні штатногоперсоналу державних кредитних установ цілковита перевага надавалася представникамдворянського стану, які були представлені в усіх центральних банківських установах тафінансових організаціях регіону. Незважаючи на таке домінування аристократії у сферікредиту, справи Ізмаїльського повіту в питанні двосторонніх відносин із позикодавцямибули досить успішними, що говорить про компетентність та ефективну роботупрацівників даних установ.