Suchergebnisse

Topic. The article is devoted to the analysis of financial behaviour the Russians and the formation of strategies of credit behaviour of the Russian population.Purpose. Our purpose was: identification of the factors influencing the formation of financial behaviour of the population of Russia, determination of the role of credit services in the development of our country and its regions; clarification of the phase of the current state of consumer crediting; assessment of the current situation in the market of crediting of private individuals taking into account peculiarities of their strategies; generalization of the experience of the lending market by using a credit card; presentation of a typology of population's credit behavior; determination of the shortcomings of modern monetary and credit practices on the basis of credit behaviour of Russians.Methodology. We use following methods: content-analysis, sociological methods (in-depth structured interviews), methods of expert evaluation, classification, and taxonomy.Results. The authors highlighted the most important aspects, the relationships, and trends of financial behavior of the Russians. Compiled data are considered as factors of formation and study of models of financial behavior. Taking into account the functions of the loan, we describe the characteristics and types of credit instruments, the role of credit services in the development of territories (whole country and regions). The authors study of consumer lending and determine the phase of its modern state. We assess the current situation in the market of consumers' crediting taking into account their specific socio-income groups. Next, we classify the consumer credit services and present a typology of consumers' credit behavior. We ground the factors of choice of models of borrowers' behavior and identify the 'gaps' of modern financial and credit practices and generalize the experience of bank's lending on the example the most common product—credit card.Conclusions. The authors propose ways to prevent possible negative processes in the credit market of Russia: financial education programs; improvement of the legislative base aimed at protection of the borrowers' rights; an increase of consumers' confidence in the financial (particularly the banking) system; the growth of living standards; state policy aimed at the sustainable socio-economic development of the country. ; Предмет. Статья посвящена анализу финансового поведения россиян и формированию стратегий кредитного поведения населения России.Цели. Выявить факторы, влияющие на формирование финансового поведения населения России. Определить роль кредитных услуг в развитии нашей страны и ее регионов. Уточнить фазу современного состояния сектора потребительского кредитования. Оценить текущую ситуацию на рынке кредитования физических лиц с учетом особенностей их стратегий. Обобщить опыт рынка банковского кредитования на примере использования продукта банковской карты. Представить типологию видов кредитного поведения населения. Определить недостатки современной кредитно-финансовой практики на основе моделей кредитного поведения россиян.Методология. Контент-анализ, социологические методы (глубинные структурированные интервью), методы экспертной оценки, классификации и типологии.Результаты. Выделены важнейшие аспекты, взаимосвязи и тенденции финансового поведения россиян. Данные позиции рассматриваются в качестве факторов формирования и изучения модели финансового поведения. С учетом функций кредита отражены особенности и виды кредитных инструментов, выявлена роль кредитных услуг в развитии территорий (страны и регионов). Проведено исследование сектора потребительского кредитования. Определена фаза его современного состояния, составлена оценка текущей ситуации на рынке кредитования физических лиц с учетом их принадлежности к определенным социально-доходным группам. В рамках исследования проведена классификация потребителей кредитных услуг и представлена типология видов кредитного поведения населения. Обоснованы факторы выбора модели кредитного поведения и определены «пробелы» современной кредитно-финансовой практики. Обобщен опыт рынка банковского кредитования на примере использования самого распространенного продукта — кредитной карты.Выводы. Авторами предложены пути предотвращения возможных негативных процессов на кредитном рынке России: программы финансового просвещения, совершенствование законодательной базы, защита прав заемщиков, повышение доверия населения к финансовой (в частности, к банковской) системе, рост уровня жизни, государственная политика, направленная на стабильное социально-экономическое развитие страны.

Development cooperation is an integral part of India's foreign policy and India has been extending cooperation to its fellow developing countries since even before its independence in 1947. In present times, India's development coop- eration is manifested through its 'development compact' comprising five com- ponents, namely capacity building and skill transfer, technology and related partnerships, development finance (which includes concessional loans and lines of credit [LOCs]), grants, and trade and investment. Of late, Indian extension of LoCs through the EXIM Bank of India has also become a prominent modality of development cooperation. However, in many a cases it has been seen that the projects faced a number of challenges for effective delivery. This article explores these challenges and other issues related to quality and timely delivery of the projects. It also explains the evolution of the scheme IDEAS and discusses new guidelines by the Government of India.

The article analyzes the implementation of the category of modality in English press releases. The relation of modus and modality was considered, the scientific views on subjective modality in the interpretation of modern linguists were analyzed, the most common types of values of the subjective modality of the utterance were established and analyzed, some means and methods of its implementation at different levels of language were revealed. It was found out that the modal plan of verbal expressions in press releases is a vivid representation of the human factor and gives the right to speak about the author's subtext of absolutely all linguistic units, since there is an appraisal (positive or negative evaluation), and therefore, an individual-human factor. It was determined that modality as a category of modus encompasses a multidimensional and diverse way of qualifying an event that is implemented by multi-level means of expression. The main means of expressing subjective modality in English press releases include: introductory words / phrases and sentences with the meaning of reliability / probability, certainty / uncertainty, generalized (uncertain) point of view or introduction of a certain point of view. At the level of syntax, subjective modality is represented by certain structures the purpose of which is to convey the main content of the message as the subjective, estimated, emotionally colored attitude of the speaker to the object. Inverted word order was determined as the most productive means of emotional syntax in press releases. The most common cases of inversion in press releases, namely, partial inversion and inversion with stable structures were characterized. It was found out that the subjective modality of press releases is an expression of a positive or negative attitude of the speaker towards the objects of extra-linguistic reality, therefore it is related to the linguistic category of evaluation. The main means of transferring the evaluator's attitude to the state of things were characterized. They include adjectives of different evaluative semantics, adverbial structures and nouns of positive and negative connotation. References 1. Agayeva, F. A. 1990. Modalnost kak lingvisticheskaya kategoriya (na materiale angliyskogo i turkmenskogo yazykov). Ashkhabad: Ylym. 2. Arnold, I. V. 2006. Stilistika. Sovremennyy angliyskiy yazyk. Moskva. 3. Balli, Sh. 1955. Obshchaya lingvistika i voprosy frantsuzkogo yazyka. Moskva: Izd-vo inostrannoi literatury. 4. Belyaeva, E. I. 1985. Funktsionalno-semanticheskiye polya modalnosti v angliyskom i russkom yazykakh. Voronezh: Izd-vo Voronezh. un-ta. 5. Benvenist, E. 1974. Obshchaya lingvistika. Moskva: Progress. 6. Ivin, A. A. 1970. Osnovaniya logiki otsenok, 21–34. Moskva: Izd. Mosk. un-ta. 7. Kozlovskiy, V. V. 1997. Predlozheniya s koniunktivom (struktura. semantika. pragmatika). Chernovtsy: Ruta. 8. Orekhova, E. N. 2011. "Subektivnaya modalnost vyskazyvaniya: forma. semantika. Funktsii". PhD diss., Moskva. http://dissers.ru/avtoreferati-dissertatsii-filologiya/a54.php 9. Microsoft. http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/2011/aug11/08-29CRMForLessPR.aspx 10. Human Rights and Democracy report. 2012. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/human-rights-and-democracyreport-2012-country 11. Stock image from the FCO Human Rights Report. 2012. http://www.owen.vanderbilt.edu/vanderbilt/newsroom/ press-releases/detail.cfm?customel_datapageid_42488=62321 12. US News and World report. http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/2011/aug11/0804SchoolPR.aspx 13. Комунікативно-прагматичні функції інверсії в англомовних прес-релізах. 2013. http://www.ereleases.com/ pr/kosher-foodies-no-longer-relegated-to-plain-old-kosher-salt-10985 14. Paskett public relations. http://www.ereleases.com/pr/trucking-magazine-helps-drivers-battle-obesity-9350 15. Dresden International. http://corporate.ford.com/news-center/press-releases-detail/pr-ford26rsquos-fastestevermustang-36747) 16. Starbucks Newsroom. http://news.starbucks.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=598 17. Starbucks Newsroom. http://news.starbucks.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=478 18. Starbucks Newsroom. http://news.starbucks.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=476 19. Starbucks Newsroom. http://news.starbucks.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=481 ; У статті проаналізовано реалізацію категорії модальності в англомовних прес-релізах, розглянуто співвідношення модусу і модальності, проаналізовано наукові погляди на суб'єктивну модальність в інтерпретації сучасних мовознавців, встановлено й вивчено найуживаніші типи значень суб'єктивної модальності висловлювання, розкрито деякі засоби і способи впливу на різних рівнях мови. З'ясовано, що модальний план мовних виразів у пресрелізах найбільш яскраво представляє людський фактор і дає право говорити про авторський підтекст абсолютно всіх мовних одиниць, оскільки в них неминуче присутній оцінний (позитивна чи негативна оцінка), а отже, індивідуальнолюдський фактор. Було визначено, що модальність як категорія модусу охоплює різноаспектні та різнохарактерні способи кваліфікації події., що реалізуються різнорівневими засобами вираження, охарактеризовано основні засоби вираження суб'єктивно-модальних значень в англомовних прес-релізах, до яких входять: вступні слова/словосполучення та пропозиції із значенням достовірності / ймовірності, впевненості / невпевненості, узагальненої (невизначеної) точки зору чи введенням певної точки зору. На рівні синтаксису суб'єктивна модальність представлена певними структурами, метою яких є передача не стільки основного змісту повідомлення, скільки суб'єктивно-оцінного, емоційно забарвленого ставлення мовця до предмета думки. Вказано, що найпродуктивнішим засобом емоційного синтаксису у прес-релізах є інвертований порядок слів, описано найтиповіші випадки вживання інверсії у пресрелізах, а саме: часткова інверсія та інверсія зі стійкими структурами. У роботі доведено, що суб'єктивна модальність висловлення є вираженням позитивного чи негативного ставлення мовця до об'єктів позамовної дійсності, тому вона пов'язана з лінгвістичною категорією оцінки. Описані основні засоби передачі оцінного ставлення адресанта до стану речей, серед них прикметники різної оцінної семантики, адвербіальні конструкції та іменники позитивної і негативної конотації. Джерела та література 1. Агаева Ф. А. Модальность как лингвистическая категория (на материале английского и туркменского языков) / Ф. А. Агаева. – Ашхабад : Ылым, 1990. – 305 с. 2. Арнольд И. В. Стилистика. Современный английский язык : учебн. для вузов / И. В. Арнольд.– 8-е изд. – М. : 2006. – 219 с. 3. Балли Ш. Общая лингвистика и вопросы французкого языка / Ш. Балли. – М. : Изд-во иностранной литературы, 1955. – 416 с. 4. Беляева Е. И. Функционально-семантические поля модальности в английском и русском языках / Е. И. Беляева. – Воронеж : Изд-во Воронеж. ун-та, 1985. – 178 с. 5. Бенвенист Э. Общая лингвистика / Э. Бенвенист. – М. : Прогресс, 1974. – 448 с. 6. Ивин А. А. Основания логики оценок / А. А. Ивин. – М. : Изд. Моск. ун-та, 1970. – С. 21–34. 7. Козловский В. В. Предложения с конъюнктивом (структура, семантика, прагматика) : монография / В. В. Козловский. – Черновцы : Рута, 1997. – 281 с. 8. Орехова Е. Н. Субъективная модальность высказывания: форма, семантика, функции : дис. … д-ра филол. наук : спец. 10.02.01 «Русский язык» / Е. Н. Орехова [Электронный ресурс] – Москва, 2011. – С. 9. – Режим доступа : http://dissers.ru/avtoreferati-dissertatsii-filologiya/a54.php 9. Microsoft [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access : http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/2011/aug11/08-29CRMForLessPR.aspx 10. Human Rights and Democracy report. 2012 [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access : https://www.gov.uk/government/news/human-rights-and-democracy-report-2012-country 11. Stock image from the FCO Human Rights Report 2012. Credit Basma [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access : http://www.owen.vanderbilt.edu/vanderbilt/newsroom/press-releases/detail.cfm?customel_datapageid_42488=62321 12. US News and World report. [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access : http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/2011/aug11/0804SchoolPR.aspx 13. Комунікативно-прагматичні функції інверсії в англомовних прес-релізах. 2013. [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу : http://www.ereleases.com/pr/kosher-foodies-no-longer-relegated-to-plain-old-kosher-salt-10985 14. Paskett public relations [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access : http://www.ereleases.com/pr/trucking-magazine-helps-drivers-battle-obesity-9350 15. Dresden International. [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access : http://corporate.ford.com/news-center/press-releases-detail/pr-ford26rsquos-fastestever-mustang-36747) 16. Starbucks Newsroom [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access : http://news.starbucks.com/article_display.cfm? article_id=598 17. Starbucks Newsroom [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access : http://news.starbucks.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=478 18. Starbucks Newsroom [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access : http://news.starbucks.com/article_display.cfm? article_id=476 19. Starbucks Newsroom [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access : http://news.starbucks.com/article_display.cfm? article_id=481

Debt advice, as a neoliberal variant of social welfare in the UK, highlights the introduction and repercussions of approaches to welfare that encourage, and/or rely on, financial speculation. Since the 1990s, senior managers in the debt advice sector have anticipated funding cuts by advocating co-operation with the financial industry, implying a financialised concept of social welfare that valorises the redistribution of opportunities to speculate, rather than that of wealth. Yet following cuts, 'front-line' debt advisers complain they are unable to provide the required level of care and compassion, leading to an increase in church-based, volunteer-run debt advice, aimed at the poorest and most vulnerable. Rather than some pre-determined political modality, the ethical concepts of welfare that caught on, and the moral qualities consequently ascribed to its beneficiaries, emerged at the interface of managers' assessments of the viability of particular funding models with the political-economic conditions in which those models were implemented.

Debt advice, as a neoliberal variant of social welfare in the UK, highlights the introduction and repercussions of approaches to welfare that encourage, and/or rely on, financial speculation. Since the 1990s, senior managers in the debt advice sector have anticipated funding cuts by advocating co-operation with the financial industry, implying a financialised concept of social welfare that valorises the redistribution of opportunities to speculate, rather than that of wealth. Yet following cuts, 'front-line' debt advisers complain they are unable to provide the required level of care and compassion, leading to an increase in church-based, volunteer-run debt advice, aimed at the poorest and most vulnerable. Rather than some pre-determined political modality, the ethical concepts of welfare that caught on, and the moral qualities consequently ascribed to its beneficiaries, emerged at the interface of managers' assessments of the viability of particular funding models with the political-economic conditions in which those models were implemented.

Intro -- Contents -- Title Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Chapter 1. Categories and Noumena: Two Kantian Axes of Sellars's Thought -- Chapter 2. The Centrality of Sellars's Two-Ply Account of Observation to the Arguments of Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind -- Chapter 3. Pragmatism, Inferentialism, and Modality in Sellars's Arguments against Empiricism -- Chapter 4. Modality and Normativity: From Hume and Quine to Kant and Sellars -- Chapter 5. Modal Expressivism and Modal Realism: Together Again -- Chapter 6. Sortals, Identity, and Modality: The Metaphysical Significance of the Modal Kant-Sellars Thesis -- Chapter 7. Sellars's Metalinguistic Expressivist Nominalism -- Credits -- Index.

The following paper is an attempt to explore some dimensions involved in the use of money by subaltern sectors from José León Suárez, province of Buenos Aires. We claim that the specific practices of consumption, credit and saving, that take place at the intersection between the perceptions about income and the formal and informal mechanisms regulating the relationship to money, tend to widen the inequalities found in those social sectors. In this sense, our paper claims that consumption practices are structured by perceptions around income, that is, the nature of the job involved – whether formal or informal – the regularity and periodicity of wages, and the modality of wage payment – bank account or otherwise. Within this framework, we may find differential access to credit – in banks and retail stores as well as "credit rating" and "trust" among relatives and neighbors and small local stores – that entail associated ways of dealing with time both as an experience and something that can be calculated upon. All these dimensions, crisscrossed by regulations, exclusions and controls that shape the ways of spending, frame differential approaches to the use of money and saving. ; El presente artículo se propone indagar sobre las especificidades que adopta el uso del dinero en sectores subalternos a partir de un trabajo de campo realizado en un asentamiento de la localidad de José León Suárez, provincia de Buenos Aires. Se sostiene que en el cruce entre, por un lado, las modalidades que asume la percepción del ingreso en dicha población y, por el otro, los mecanismos formales e informales que regulan la relación con el dinero, se generan prácticas específicas de consumo, crédito y ahorro que tienden a profundizar las desigualdades existentes en dichos sectores. En este sentido, el trabajo plantea que las prácticas de consumo son estructuradas en torno a las condiciones de percepción del ingreso, es decir, a partir del trabajo del que se disponga – formal o informal –, la regularidad del pago – fijo o no y, en el ...

In 1953, the Mexican State implemented a public policy of support for financing small and medium-sized industrial enterprises (SMIE), the FOGAIN. This device was aimed at correcting some market failures, specifically the rationing of credit that affected these types of enterprise. Previously, in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1910, a specific link had been established between the State and the economic agents. This probably altered the modality and scope of this public policy. This device proved to be ad hoc instrument in order to establish an implicit and perdurable agreement between the State?by means of its technocrac? and the business community within the model of imports substitution industrialization (ISI). The existence of this type of devices was only possible within the frame of a policy of indebtedness which was simultaneously a condition and a consequence. The incompatibility of the governance of this device and the logics of banking regarding the mechanisms of credit granting, combined with the structural adjustment policies, resulted in the suppression of FOGAIN in 1989. ; En 1953, l'Etat mexicain met en place une politique d'appui au financement des petites et moyennes entreprises industrielles (PMEI), le FOGAIN. Ce dispositif visait à combler les défaillances de marché, en particulier celles relevant du rationnement de crédit dont faisaient l'objet ce type d'entreprises. Or, la nature de la relation qui s'était forgée entre l'Etat et les agents économiques après la révolution de 1910 aura probablement déterminé les modalités et la portée des résultats de cette politique publique.

In Peru, 2021 has been characterized by a significant presence of political instability; Mainly, due to the media and pretentious struggle that the far-right candidate, Keiko Fujimori, undertook to assume power and deny any legitimate means that the current president of the Republic, Pedro Castillo, chose. To this, the negative impact left by the COVID-19 pandemic in the different areas was added; especially in the economic one. In this context, the interview with the investor Julio Cesar Galarreta Koicheoski seeks to elucidate those alternative, legal and effective means that exist so that citizens are not affected. One of his alternatives is the business that he is developing with respect to the loans that are made in the pawn shops, without assuming greater risks. This modality is very different from the one used by banks, finance companies, savings banks or credit unions, since their clients do not require a favorable credit history, such as appearing in Infocorp with an undesirable rating or having an undesirable credit rating. bad loans. Rather, they need to have an item that has value in the contemporary marketplace. The valuation, the quotation and the interests of the same will be produced from that logic, in order that there is a mutual benefit between the client and the pawn shop. The economic dynamics that oscillate in this conversation is neuralgic, thanks to the fact that it provides the reader with information that will allow them to know the means they can access to obtain a loan in case they have difficulties when requesting it in the traditional ways. ; En el Perú, el 2021 se ha caracterizado por una presencia significativa de inestabilidad política; principalmente, por la lucha mediática y pretenciosa que emprendió la candidata de ultraderecha, Keiko Fujimori, por asumir el poder y negar cualquier medio legítimo que optara el actual presidente de la República, Pedro Castillo. A ello, se le añadió el impacto negativo que dejó la pandemia del COVID-19 en los distintos ámbitos; en especial, en el ...

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) introduced the multitranche financing facility (MFF) in 2005 as a new pilot lending modality. The MFF became a regular ADB lending modality in 2008 through the policy paper on Mainstreaming the Multitranche Financing Facility. The MFF policy paper requires ADB's regional departments to prepare a consolidated annual report for all MFFs approved in each country to give the Board of Directors an opportunity to seek early clarification of the performance of each approved MFF. As required by the MFF policy paper, the Multitranche Financing Facility Annual Report, 2016 analyzes MFF performance in terms of (i) the progress made on physical and nonphysical investments, (ii) key implementation risks and issues with mitigative actions undertaken, (iii) the status of compliance with clients' commitments to take or maintain certain undertakings over the term of the MFF, and (iv) key substantive changes to the MFF. The annual report focuses on the MFF performance ratings, and the annual portfolio performance report focuses on general quantitative and comparative analyses on the overall MFF portfolio performance. The information in this annual report is based on the annual MFF progress reports, which provide details on the status of each approved MFF and its individual tranches, prepared by ADB's five regional departments. These progress reports include URLs to each of the project data sheets, which present progress toward outcomes and the delivery of outputs.

ADB introduced results-based lending (RBL) for programs in June 2013. RBL was conceived and developed in the context of broader efforts by the international development community to expand the use of results-based financing modalities. It aims to strengthen incentive and accountability for results in development assistance operations by linking loan disbursements with results. Multilateral development banks (MDBs) and other agencies have been utilizing elements of results-based financing since the late 1990s through such mechanisms as cash on delivery aid, conditional cash transfers, output-based aid, and performance-based contracts. ADB's Third Primary Education Development Project in Bangladesh approved in July 2011 used a sector-wide approach with ADB financing linked to clearly defined indicators and relying on the government's treasury system for financial management. The World Bank introduced the program-for-results (PforR) financing instrument in January 2012. ADB built on these discussions in developing its version of results-based financing, RBL. Based on the policy paper entitled Piloting Results-Based Lending for Programs (RBL policy), ADB introduced this new modality on a pilot basis, from 6 June 2013 to 5 June 2019.

Resumo: O cenário de instabilidade política, a recessão econômica e as mudanças nas regras de concessão de crédito pautaram o objetivo de examinar o relacionamento do crédito consignado, por segmento de concessão, com variáveis macroeconômicas, caso do consumo, da produção industrial e do produto agregado, na última década (2007-2017). Os resultados foram obtidos por meio da estimação do vetor de correção de erros, funções de impulso-resposta e decomposição da variância, possibilitando a análise das relações de curto e de longo prazo entre as séries temporais e indicaram que as diferentes modalidades do crédito consignado implicam efeitos distintos sobre as variáveis econômicas em curto prazo. O segmento de aposentados e pensionistas impacta positivamente ambas as variáveis analisadas, com destaque para os bens de consumo das famílias. Já a concessão ao setor privado, embora represente a menor parcela do crédito consignado concedido, mostrou elevada sensibilidade a alterações na oferta dessa modalidade de crédito, enquanto que o crédito ao setor público, de maior participação, apresentou efeitos reduzidos e de curta duração.Palavras-chave: Crédito consignado. Segmentos. Economia brasileira. Payroll loans: segments and economic effects Abstract: The environment of political instability, economic recession and changes in the rules of granting credit were guiders to aim to examine the payroll loans relationship, by concession segment, with macroeconomic variables, case of consumption, industrial production and aggregate product, in the last decade (2007-2017). The results obtained by error correction vector estimation, and functions of impulse-response and variance decomposition, making it possible to analyze the short- and long-term relationships between the time series and indicated that the different modalities of payroll loans imply different effects on economic short-term variables. With retirees and pensioners segment positively impact on both analyzed variables, highlighting the household consumption goods. The concession to the private sector, although it represents the smallest portion of payroll loans granted, it showed high sensitivity to the changes of this modality. About credit to the public sector, which has the biggest portion, it showed reduced and short-term effects.Keywords: Payroll loans. Segments. Brazilian economy.

The annual portfolio performance report (APPR) is a Management report that details the state of the sovereign and nonsovereign portfolios of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in 2017. It presents a snapshot of ADB's operating performance in 2017, analyzes portfolio composition and trends, and identifies key issues. It serves as a key reference for country portfolio reviews, regional department portfolio reviews, and preparation of country partnership strategies. It outlines the composition of and illustrates trends in the two portfolios by approvals, commitments, disbursements, sector, country, and modality. It presents findings and recommendations on measures to sustain and improve quality and effectiveness of the portfolio for delivering results to the clients.