Suchergebnisse

La brûlure en plaques, causée par le champignon Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, est la maladie la plus importante sur les terrains de golf en Amérique du Nord, et son contrôle repose essentiellement sur l'utilisation répétée des fongicides de synthèse. Au Québec, les gestionnaires de terrains de golf doivent trouver des méthodes alternatives de contrôle pour cette maladie afin de réduire leur utilisation de pesticides. L'utilisation d'éliciteurs des réactions de défense des plantes est une méthode peu étudiée pour diminuer l'incidence des maladies chez les graminées à gazon. L'objectif de cette thèse était de mesurer l'efficacité de ces produits et de comprendre les mécanismes impliqués dans leur mode d'action. Premièrement, nous avons mesuré l'efficacité de trois éliciteurs, (silicate de potassium, phosphite et acibenzolar-S-méthyle) pour diminuer l'incidence de la brûlure en plaques sur les terrains de golf. Nos résultats démontrent que le phosphite et, dans une moindre mesure, le silicate de potassium, peuvent réduire l'incidence de cette maladie. Par la suite, nous avons développé une méthode pour mesurer l'expression des gènes chez l'agrostide stolonifère (Agrostis stolonifera) à l'aide d'une hybridation hétérologue de l'ARN de cette dernière sur une biopuce de riz (Oryza sativa). Cette méthode nous a permis valider l'utilité de cette plateforme et de constater que l'infection de S. homoeocarpa sur l'agrostide stolonifère a pour effet de diminuer la transcription de l'ARN, l'accumulation des sucres, la synthèse des lipides et la synthèse de l'ATP, tout en augmentant la remobilisation protéique (dégradation des protéines et transport des peptides). Enfin, en utilisant cette même méthode, nous avons mesuré les effets de l'application de deux éliciteurs sur l'expression des gènes chez l'agrostide. Les résultats de cette expérience montrent que l'application de ces deux éliciteurs modifie l'expression des gènes chez l'agrostide, et particulièrement ceux impliqués dans la synthèse et la dégradation des protéines. Les deux éliciteurs ont aussi affecté l'expression de plusieurs facteurs de transcription, et de quelques gènes impliqués dans les réactions de défense. Nos résultats permettent de mieux comprendre les effets des éliciteurs sur la relation A. stolonifera- S. homoeocarpa et ouvrent la porte à d'autres expériences permettant raffiner les connaissances scientifiques sur cette maladie. ; Dollar spot, caused by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, is the most important disease on golf courses in North America, and its control relies mostly on repeated fungicide applications. In Québec, golf course superintendents have to develop alternate control methods for this disease in order to comply with government-imposed goals of pesticide reduction. The use of elicitors to stimulate plant resistance mechanisms and reduce disease incidence has received little attention in turfgrass. The objectives of this thesis were to assess the efficacy of these products and to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in their mode of action. In order to do so, we first measured the efficacy of three elicitors (potassium silicate, phosphite and acibenzolar-S-methyl) to reduce dollar spot incidence on golf courses. Our results show that phosphite, and to some extent potassium silicate, can reduce dollar spot pressure on golf courses. We then developed a method to monitor gene expression in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) by using a rice (Oryza sativa) microarray in order to perform a heterologous hybridization. This technique allowed us to confirm the usefulness of this platform and to observe that, during the infection process by S. homoeocarpa, the expression of genes involved in RNA transcription, sugar accumulation, lipid synthesis and ATP synthesis are down-regulated in creeping bentgrass, while those involved in protein cycling (protein degradation and peptide transport) are up-regulated. Finally, by using this same platform, we were able to monitor gene expression in creeping bentgrass treated with either potassium silicate or phosphite, and inoculated with S. homoeocarpa. Our results indicate that both elicitors significantly affect gene expression in creeping bentgrass, and particularly those involved in protein synthesis and degradation. Both elicitors also affected the accumulation of transcripts coding for transcription factors and for a few genes involved in plant defense mechanisms. Our results allow us to gain a better understanding of the effects of elicitors on the A. stolonifera – S. homoeocarpa interaction and open up the possibility of other experiments using the same platform in order to increase our knowledge on this disease.

International audience Lianas are hyperdynamic elements of tropical vegetation that strongly react to changes in forest structure. In Mayotte (Western Indian Ocean), the indigenous vine Merremia peltata (Convolvulaceae) greatly expanded its range in recent decades and sometimes causes the collapse of the forest canopy. Surveys were conducted in 52 4 m-radius plots arranged in Voundzé forest and Bénara Monts Departmental Forest, along an ecological gradient of invasion of M. peltata from free to very strongly invaded areas. The propagation modes of the liana, the vertical structure of forest stands, but also topographic parameters, were identified and quantified. No plantlet resulting from germination was observed. The creeping stems, present in high density (1.9 stems / m) were systematically layered in the ground. A set of 37 native plant species have been recorded as supports, the most common one being Grisollea myrianthea. From the primary host, which has an average diameter of 6.0 ± 4.9 cm at 1.30 m above ground, the creeper joins another support remote of a mean distance of 97 cm. The index of colonization and the index of forest structure which were used, which sum the rate of vegetation cover at different heights, were negatively correlated (n = 52, Pearson coefficient r = - 0.319, P < 0.05). Natural forests, which show a complex vertical structure, were actually less colonized than secondary forests, which have a poorer vertical structure. The negative correlation between the same index of colonization and altitude (n = 35, Pearson coefficient r = - 0.439, P < 0.05) is interpreted as a relationship confused with the previous, as natural forests are located at altitude unlike secondary forests. The colonization of forest ecosystems by M. peltata is facilitated by a high aptitude for vegetative propagation, coupled with higher propensity of secondary forests to be colonized by lianas. Uncertainty remains about the future of the sites where this vine has led to the collapse of forest stands. However, ...