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'This Course Companion in Criminal Justice by Ursula Smartt is to be applauded. It is an essential handbook for all students and practitioners who are studying the criminal justice system. The user-friendly framework provides students with practical support in how they can organise their approach to studying to maximise their knowledge and revision skills. I have no hesitation in commending this Companion as a valuable complementary text' - Professor Allyson MacVean, John Grieve Centre for Policing & Community Safety, Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College. Designed as an accessible refe

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Federal Crime Control Issues in the 111th Congress* -- Summary -- Introduction -- Crime Statistics2 -- Violent Crime Rate -- Property Crime Rate -- Violent Crime Control -- Hate Crimes6 -- Gangs14 -- Gun Control24 -- Combating Fraud and Theft -- Identity Theft31 -- Organized Retail Crime -- Drug Control -- Sentencing Reform50 -- Crack/Powder Cocaine Sentencing Disparities -- Early Release -- State and Local Justice Assistance -- Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS)67 -- Juvenile Justice71 -- Witness Protection Program -- Criminal Justice System Review -- End Notes -- DC Gun Laws and Proposed Amendments* -- Summary -- Introduction -- Overview of Congressional and DC Legislation -- Analysis of DC Gun Laws under the Proposed Amendments -- Authority of DC to Promulgate Rules -- DC Semiautomatic Ban -- Registration Requirements, Ammunition Sales, -- and Interstate Purchases -- Registration -- Ammunition Sales and Registration -- Interstate Transfers of Firearms -- Trigger Lock Requirement -- Criminal Penalties for Possession of Unregistered Firearms -- Regulating Inoperable Pistols and Harmonizing -- Definitions for Certain Types of Firearms -- Prohibitions of Firearms from Private -- and Sensitive Public Property -- Regulating the Carrying and Transport of Firearms -- Carrying of Firearms -- Transportation of Firearms -- Toy and Antique Pistols -- Providing Jurisdiction to Office of Administrative Hearings -- Additional District Provisions that Would Be Affected by the Congressional Proposals -- Qualifications and Duties for Dealers of Firearms -- Transfer or Sale by Non-Dealers and by Licensed Dealers -- Assault Weapons/Handgun Roster -- Large Capacity Ammunition Feeding Devices -- Waiting Period -- Microstamping and Discharge of Firearms -- End Notes

Why consider opposing viewpoints? -- Introduction -- Does the criminal justice system need reform? -- Chapter preface -- 1) Grand juries should be reformed to check prosecutor power / Stanley S. Arkin -- 2) Grand juries should be reformed to reflect the communities they serve / Kevin K. Washburn -- 3) Law enforcement should cease racial profiling / Jesselyn McCurdy -- 4) Law enforcement does not engage in racial profiling / Steve Chapman -- 5) Terrorism suspects should be tried in federal court / Carl Tobias -- 6) Terrorism suspects should be tried by military commission / R. Peter Masterton -- 7) The criminal justice system should be lenient on minors / MacArthur Foundation -- Periodical bibliography -- What is the state of the prison system in the United States? -- Chapter preface -- High incarceration rates decrease crime rates / James Q. Wilson -- High incarceration rates do not necessarily decrease crime rates / Howard N. Snyder and Jeanne B. Stinchcomb -- Comprehensive reentry programs will reduce recidivism / Mark A. Nadler -- Reentry programs are often flawed / Douglas B. Marlowe -- Faith-based prison programs should be supported by the government / John D. Hewitt -- Faith-based prison programs are unconstitutional / Lawrence T. Jablecki -- Periodical bibliography -- Should sentencing laws be reformed? -- Chapter preface -- Mandatory minimum sentences are necessary and just / Alberto Gonzales -- Mandatory minimum sentences are unnecessary and unjust / Mary Price -- The death penalty should be abolished / Amnesty International -- The death penalty should not be abolished / David B. Muhlhausen -- Crack-cocaine sentencing laws should be reformed retroactively / Mark Mauer -- Crack-cocaine sentencing laws should not be reformed retroactively / Gretchen C.F. Shappert -- Periodical bibliography -- Are defendants' rights protected in the United States? -- Chapter preface -- 1) War detainees deserve the right to habeas corpus / Aziz Huq -- 2) War detainees have no right to habeas corpus / Andrew C. McCarthy -- Are we failing to safeguard the rights of poor defendants / Kirsten Anderberg -- 4) Judges are failing to safeguard the rights of poor defendants / Richard Klein -- 5) Circumventing police' knock and announce' rules violate civil rights / Radley Balko -- 6) The exclusionary rule should be abolished / William Tucker -- Periodical bibliography -- For further discussion -- Organizations to contact -- Bibliography of books -- Index

From secret stingray devices that can pinpoint a suspect's location, to advanced forensic DNA-analysis tools, to recidivism risk statistic software—the use of privately developed criminal justice technologies is growing. So too is a concomitant pattern of trade secret assertion surrounding these technologies. This Article charts the role of private law secrecy in shielding criminal justice activities, demonstrating that such secrecy is pervasive, problematic, and ultimately unnecessary for the production of well-designed criminal justice tools. This Article makes three contributions to the existing literature. First, the Article establishes that trade secrecy now permeates American criminal justice, shielding privately developed criminal justice technologies from vigorous cross-examination and review. Second, the Article argues that private law secrecy surrounding the inner workings—or even the existence—of these criminal justice technologies imposes potentially unconstitutional harms on individual defendants and significant practical harms on both the criminal justice system and the development of well- designed criminal justice technology. Third, the Article brings the extensive literature on innovation policy to bear on the production of privately developed criminal justice technologies, demonstrating that trade secrecy is not essential to either the existence or operation of those technologies. The Article proposes alternative innovation policies that the government, as both a funder of research and the primary purchaser of criminal justice technologies, is uniquely well-positioned to implement.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Tables -- 1 Comparative criminal justice: better knowledge, better justice? -- The utility of the comparative project -- The nature of this book -- Further reading -- Study questions -- 2 Conducting comparative research in a globalised world: the aims of comparison -- Research orientations -- Doing comparative research -- Case studies -- Focused comparisons -- Statistical analysis -- Using criminal justice statistics comparatively -- Comparative criminal justice and globalisation -- Methodological hazards -- Conclusion: a cosmopolitan turn? -- Further reading -- Study questions -- 3 Comparing crime: finding patterns, uncovering meaning -- Comparing official statistics -- The global crime drop -- Specialised international statistics -- Establishing rates of crime via other means -- Establishing the meaning of crime in a comparative context -- Further reading -- Study questions -- 4 Social workers, psychiatrists, torturers, murderers: comparative policing -- Police brutality -- Police and policing -- Police numbers and policing tasks -- Policing styles and crime control -- Community policing -- Zero tolerance policing -- Pro-active or targeted policing -- Policy transfer and policy diffusion -- Policing corruption -- The rise of private policing -- Conclusion -- Further reading -- Study questions -- 5 Global cops?: Transnational and global policing -- Transnational policing -- 'High' and 'low' policing -- International policing institutions -- International policing from a US perspective -- Globalisation and international policing -- The nature and the policing of borders -- The nodal governance of international policing -- Security Sector Reform -- Conclusion -- Further reading -- Study questions -- 6 Criminal justice actors in prosecution and pre-trial justice

Democracy is often equated with majority rule. But closer analysis reveals that, in theory and by constitutional design, our criminal justice system should be supermajoritarian, not majoritarian. The Constitution guarantees that criminal punishment may be imposed only when backed by the supermajoritarian-historically, unanimous-approval of a jury drawn from the community. And criminal law theorists' expressive and retributive justifications for criminal punishment implicitly rely on the existence of broad community consensus in favor of imposing it. Despite these constitutional and theoretical ideals, the criminal justice system today is majoritarian at best. Both harsh and contested, it has lost the structural mechanisms that could ensure supermajoritarian support. By incorporating new supermajoritarian checks and reinvigorating old ones, we could make criminal punishment consonant with first principles and more responsive to community intuitions of justice.

"This book offers a comprehensive and engaging introduction to the criminal justice system of England and Wales. Starting with an overview of the main theories of the causes of crime, this book explores and discusses the operation of the main criminal justice agencies including the police, probation and prison services and the legal and youth justice systems. The fourth edition has been revised, updated, expanded, and features a new expert co-author. This book offers a lively and critical discussion of some of the main themes in criminal justice, from policy-making and crime control, to diversity and discrimination, to the global dimensions of criminal justice, including organized crime and the role performed by transnational policing organisations to combat it. Key updates to this new edition include: increased discussion of the measurement, prevention and detection of crime; a revised chapter on the police which discusses the principle of policing by consent, police methods, power and governance, as well as the abuse of power; further discussion of pressing contemporary issues in criminal justice, such as privatization, multi-agency working, community-based criminal justice policy and the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the delivery of criminal justice policy; a revised chapter that deals in detail with new and emerging forms of criminality and the response of the UK and global criminal justice system to these developments. This accessible text is essential reading for students taking introductory courses in criminology and criminal justice. A wide range of useful features includes review questions, lists of further reading, timelines of key events and a glossary of key terms"--

There are many controversial aspects of our criminal justice system, and this encyclopedia examines the most significant controversies throughout American history with emphasis on current debates, trends, and issues. Arranged alphabetically, approximately 100 entries cover background, explanations, notable cases and events, various sides of an issue, and what to expect in the future. Entries are objective and factual, allowing readers to formulate their own conclusions. Sidebars and case examples help to illustrate each entry, and sources for further reading point readers to other important ma

Monica K. Miller.