The purpose of the article was to consider the main development trends in certain elements of the criminal justice system, which were integrated due to Russia's large-scale attack on the sovereign territories of Ukraine. The subject of the article is the institution of the reform of the Ukrainian criminal justice system. The legal bases ensuring the functioning of criminal justice institutions (in particular, the investigative bodies) are examined and the corresponding conceptual and categorical apparatus is analyzed. A review of selected elements of the criminal justice system during the war is conducted. The influence and significance of Ukraine's acquisition of EU candidate membership status on the functioning of certain elements of the criminal justice system is clarified. Finally, the content and essence of the main requirements of the EU to Ukraine, which can be the basis for conducting negotiations on the issue of Ukraine's final accession to the organization, are characterized. In the conclusions, directions and methods of reforming certain elements of the criminal justice system in the conditions of large-scale invasion are described.
The objective of the research was to analyze some international standards for the safety of people who attend criminal justice from different approaches and perspectives of analysis. Based on a meaningful analysis of the provisions of international and regional regulatory legal acts, the document presents approaches to the formation of standards to ensure the safety of persons who contribute to criminal justice. Methodologically, the work applied the provisions of dialectics, general, special and particular scientific methods. In the course of the study, scientific-historical, formal-legal, formal-logical, systemic and comparative methods were also used. It is concluded that the system of security measures for people who cooperate with criminal justice has significant differences in the different national criminal justice systems, which complicates international relations and cooperation in this area and does not allow the international community to advise effectively and comprehensively, while continuously generating challenges and threats.
The present work has attempted to analyze sexual crimes and especially the crime of male rape. The international jurisprudence of international criminal Tribunals and the International Criminal Court has tried to qualify rape either as a crime of genocide in the form of serious bodily and physical injuries, even if not necessarily permanent (lett. b) art. 6 of the Rome Statute; or as a crime against humanity where there are elements of context and above all material elements that emerge from the definitions given by the ad hoc Tribunals and the elements of crimes; or even as a war crime in case it is implemented as a part of a political plan or design, or as part of series of similar crimes committed on a large scale. This behavior is rebuilt in a residual way compared to that of sexual violence, according to a gender specific relationship to speciem. The indication of the level of gravity of the crime is necessary for the relevance of sexual violence and rape as crimes against humanity that we will see in the next years from the panorama of international criminal law.
The purpose of the article is to study the formation of the covert investigation institution in the criminal justice system of Ukraine. The subject of research is the prerequisites for the establishment of this institution in Ukraine. Research methods are chosen considering the stated purpose and tasks, object, and topic of the study. Consequently, the article uses general and specific scientific methods. Among the results of the research, the realization of an analysis of the international experience of operation of similar institutions in developed countries stands out. Problematic issues of the formation of the covert investigation institution in Ukraine are identified. In conclusion, it is noted that Ukraine has opted for a covert investigation system, the mechanism of which is more geared towards solving crimes - "incidents", when it is not necessary to hide the fact of the investigation. In terms of the practical implications, the peculiarities of the operation of the covert investigation institution in the criminal justice system of Ukraine are highlighted and, based on the investigation carried out, the definition of the perpetrators of the mentioned legal category is offered.
This paper deals with the concept of Restorative Justice, from the theory of criminal law as a response to crime and its practical development in connection with the principles guaranteeing the rights, uncritical parties. At present, there is a tendency of traditional justice to the derivation formulas that favour the agreement between victim and offender, in some cases with community involvement. European law has encouraged Mediation and other restorative methods, through Recommendations and Directives must transposition for member states. A description and analysis of the Spanish legislation in relation to restorative justice, both positive law and draft laws, in order to present the current state of affairs in our country, and an assessment is also done not without certain implicit subjectivity towards an integration of this new conception of justice in our criminal justice system. ; [Tercer accésit. Premios de artículos jurídicos «GARCÍA GOYENA» (Curso 2014-2015)]El trabajo versa sobre el concepto de Justicia Restaurativa, desde la teoría del derecho penal como respuesta al delito y su desarrollo práctico, en conexión con los principios que garantizan los derechos, no exentos de críticas. En la actualidad, existe una tendencia de la justicia tradicional a la derivación a fórmulas que favorecen el acuerdo entre víctima y victimario, en algunos casos con implicación de la comunidad. El derecho europeo ha fomentado la Mediación y otros métodos restaurativos, a través de Recomendaciones y también Directivas, de obligada transposición para los estados miembros. Se realiza también una descripción y análisis de la normativa española en relación a la Justicia Restaurativa, tanto desde el derecho positivo como de los proyectos normativos, con el objeto de presentar el estado actual de la cuestión, así como una valoración, no exenta de cierta subjetividad implícita hacia una integración de esta nueva concepción de la Justicia en nuestro sistema de Justicia Penal.This paper deals with the concept of Restorative Justice, from the theory of criminal law as a response to crime and its practical development in connection with the principles guaranteeing the rights, uncritical parties. At present, there is a tendency of traditional justice to the derivation formulas that favour the agreement between victim and offender, in some cases with community involvement. European law has encouraged Mediation and other restorative methods, through Recommendations and Directives must transposition for member states. A description and analysis of the Spanish legislation in relation to restorative justice, both positive law and draft laws, in order to present the current state of affairs in our country, and an assessment is also done not without certain implicit subjectivity towards an integration of this new conception of justice in our criminal justice system.
Resumen | Este trabajo procura analizar la crisis general de la noción de comunidad mediante la exploración de las maneras en que la inmigración y la integración de los inmigrantes en esta era globalizada están estimulando una forma particularmente virulenta de racismo, con raíces en la xenofobia, que está sirviendo para redefinir los mismos términos de pertenencia nacional y su expresión política en la ciudadanía.Con enfoque particular sobre personas de ascendencia mexicana en los Estados Unidos, propongo que, en el ambiente político y económico vigente, el racismo y la xenofobia contra los inmigrantes, exacerbados por el énfasis sobre seguridad de la dinámica política, aseguran que —independientemente del estatus oficial de ciudadano— los latinos y de manera particular los mexicano-americanos se están transformando en "ciudadanos desechables".Más aun —una vez redefinidos como "mexicanos", sin importar su país de origen o momento de llegada— los latinos están siendo relegados a la condición de "extraños desechables" en los Estados Unidos. Disposable Strangers: Race and Migration in the Era of Globalization Abstract | This paper seeks to address the general crisis in the notion of community by exploring the ways that immigration and immigrant integration in the global era are stoking a particularly virulent form of racism, rooted in a xenophobia that is instrumental to redefining the very terms of national belonging and its political expression in citizenship.Focusing on the experience of people of Mexican descent in the United States I argue that, in the prevailing political and economic climate, racism and xenophobia against immigrants, exacerbated by the security focus of political dynamics, ensures that, regardless of official citizenship status, Latinos, and particularly Mexican Americans, are becoming "disposable citizens." Moreover, now recast as "Mexicans", Latinos, regardless of their national origin or time of arrival, are being relegated to the status of "disposable strangers" in the United States.
This article examines two central aspects of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights judgment in the Case of Gelman v. Uruguay: on the one hand, the importance of the Uruguayan State's recognition of responsibility and, on the other, the role played by criminal justice in the ruling. The author holds that the State's recognition of responsibility reveals the existence of a new starting point in discussions about violent pasts and the current requirements of democracy, and is the lens through which the remaining conclusions contained in the ruling should be viewed. With regards to the way in which criminal justice is dealt with in the ruling –particularly the validity of the Uruguayan Amnesty Law– the author argues that the reasoning underlines the active nature of the debate on the role of criminal punishment in late transitions and on the limitations of the Inter-American Court when faced with majoritarian decisions made by domestic communities. In the face of this consideration, the Court's decision cannot be properly evaluated without taking into account the historical and normative context in which it is inserted. ; Este artículo reflexiona sobre dos aspectos centrales el caso Gelman vs. Uruguay de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos: por un lado, la importancia del reconocimiento de responsabilidad efectuado por el Estado Uruguayo y, por otro, el papel de la justicia penal en la decisión. El reconocimiento estatal de responsabilidad, sostiene el autor, revela la existencia de un nuevo piso de marcha para debatir sobre el pasado violento y las necesidades actuales de la democracia, y es el prisma a través del cual se deberían comprender las demás conclusiones del fallo. Con relación al tratamiento otorgado a la justicia penal en la sentencia, en particular en lo relativo a la validez de la Ley de Caducidad de la Pretensión Punitiva del Estado, el autor señala que ello ratifica la vigencia del debate sobre el lugar del castigo penal en las transiciones tardías y sobre los límites del tribunal ...
14 páginas. ; Los preacuerdos en el Derecho Penal buscan la descongestión de los despachos judiciales mediante una alternativa que bien aplicada favorece no solo al procesado sino a la administración de justicia, porque además de buscar la reparación, resarcir el daño en el menor tiempo posible, disminuye el desgaste en la administración de justicia y quizás es la figura más utilizada para culminar los procesos, los preacuerdos o negociaciones. ; The preacords in the Criminal Law seek the decongestion of judicial offices through an alternative that well applied favors not only the defendant but also the administration of justice, because in addition to seeking redress, to compensate for damage in the shortest possible time, in the administration of justice and perhaps is the most used figure to culminate the processes, preacuerdos or negotiations.
ABSTRACT: The present work has attempted to analyze sexual crimes and especially the crime of male rape. The international jurisprudence of international criminal Tribunals and the International Criminal Court has tried to qualify rape either as a crime of genocide in the form of serious bodily and physical injuries, even if not necessarily permanent (lett. b) art. 6 of the Rome Statute; or as a crime against humanity where there are elements of context and above all material elements that emerge from the definitions given by the ad hoc Tribunals and the elements of crimes; or even as a war crime in case it is implemented as a part of a political plan or design, or as part of series of similar crimes committed on a large scale. This behavior is rebuilt in a residual way compared to that of sexual violence, according to a gender specific relationship to speciem. The indication of the level of gravity of the crime is necessary for the relevance of sexual violence and rape as crimes against humanity that we will see in the next years from the panorama of international criminal law.
Este artículo se refere al secreto en la justicia penal, a partir de un trabajo de campo con perspectiva etnográfica. Este texto presenta una indagación sobre la vinculación de la reforma del Código Procesal Penal de la Nación con el secreto atribuido al sistema inquisitivo y su materialización en el expediente judicial. A partir de las iniciativas de transformación del sistema de juzgamiento de los delitos federales, los reformadores que impulsan un sistema acusatorio se propusieron superar una justicia secreta , vieja y caduca , que consideran propia de los tiempos de la Colonia y la Inquisición, por un modelo de justicia basado en la publicidad y caracterizado como progresista vinculado a la República y la Democracia. En este marco, se plantea cómo el secreto se transforma en una categoría de disputa y ataque a un sistema jurídico vigente; más aún se convierte en una herramienta en mano de los reformadores en torno a la lucha por la reforma de la justicia en la Argentina. ; This paper is about the secret in the criminal justice, from a feld work done with an ethnographic perspective. This text presents a research about the relationship among the reform of the National Criminal Process Code with the secret assigned to the inquisitive system and its materializa-tion with the judicial fle case -known as expediente. From this transformation initiatives of the judging system concerning the federal crimes, the reformers which claims a acusatory system proposed overcome a secrete , old , outdate justice, that was considered by them belongint to the Colony and Inquisition times, for a justice model based on publicity and characterised as progresist related to the Republic and Democracy. In this frame is pointed out how the secret is transformed in a category of dispute and attack to the current juridical system; moreover it became a tool in hands of the reformers around the fight for the justice reform in Argentina. ; Fil: Mira, Julieta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones Laborales; Argentina
Los efectos negativos provocados en la justicia penal por la pandemia del COVID-19 han supuesto que se piense en el principio de oportunidad como un mecanismo para agilizar el proceso penal. Prueba de ello es el Anteproyecto de Ley de Enjuiciamiento Criminal de 2020 que potencia este principio, el cual, de llegar a buen término esta iniciativa legislativa, pasaría a tener una importancia de la que actualmente carece por la fortaleza del principio de legalidad. ; The negative effects on criminal justice of the COVID-19 pandemic has meant that the discretionary principle is seen as a mechanism to speed up the criminal proceeding. Proof of this is the Draft Criminal Procedure Act 2020, which promotes this principle, if this legislative initiative is successful, it will become more important than it is at present because of the strength of the principle of legality. ; peerReviewed
O artigo 8.º da Convenção Europeia dos Direitos Humanos trata do respeito pela privacidade. O Quarto Aditamento à Constituição dos EUA trata igualmente do respeito pela privacidade. O processo penal deve assegurar a proteção da privacidade, na medida do possível, e o direito em ação deve respeitar os limites da cópia de dados eletrónicos e as restrições impostas à análise externa do acervo recolhido. Entre os aspetos críticos da análise externa de dados eletrónicos, avulta a questão do procedimento a adotar pelo investigador criminal diante dos conhecimentos fortuitos, uma questão que é analisada detalhadamente neste artigo. A jurisprudência do Tribunal Europeu dos Direitos Humanos caracteriza-se por alguma ineficácia na criação de remédios para a violação da privacidade no processo penal, designadamente no tocante à cópia de dados eletrónicos e à análise externa do acervo recolhido, desde logo porque não comina a exclusão das evidências produzidas por computador que tenham sido obtidas ilicitamente, o que deveria ser o caso ser o caso, à luz do princípio do processo equitativo. O conhecimento das diretrizes e do direito jurisprudencial norte-americano representa um contributo valioso para o aprofundamento da jurisprudência de Estrasburgo, na sua dupla função decisória e nomofilácica, assim como para o aperfeiçoamento dos ordenamentos jurídicos nacionais europeus ao nível legislativo e ao nível da prática decisória e jurisprudencial. ; The Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights deals with the need of respect for privacy. The 4th Amendment to the US Constitution addresses the same issue. The criminal procedure ensures the protection of privacy, as far as possible, and the praxis must recognize that, for privacy reasons, there should be limits to the seizure of computer records and to its off-site analysis. Among the critical aspects of the off-site analysis of electronic data, the approach to be adopted by the law enforcement officers in the face of serendipity findings largely remains an unanswered ...
Fil: Alfieri, María Emilia. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales; Argentina. ; La presente investigación tiene como objetivo contribuir a la descripción y explicación de las demandas y prácticas de las organizaciones de víctimas que se movilizan en torno al pedido de justicia/castigo en la ciudad de Neuquén entre los años 2008 y 2015, las diferentes representaciones, fundamentos y objetivos que vehiculizan y su relación con el Sistema de Administración de Justicia Penal. A través de la estrategia del estudio de casos, nos proponemos analizar las acciones colectivas que se producen en torno a diferentes casos de muertes violentas. Pretendemos, por un lado, indagar el proceso por el cual los familiares y allegados de las víctimas de muertes violentas se constituyeron en organizaciones de víctimas; por otra parte describir y analizar sus demandas de justicia/castigo; como así también las prácticas de protesta y presión que llevan adelante. Y por último identificar y comprender el vínculo que tienen estos reclamos con el Sistema de Administración de Justicia Penal. El análisis es fundamentalmente comparativo, por lo que nos enfocaremos en detectar similitudes y diferencias entre los distintos casos estudiados. Los diferentes ejes de análisis confluyen en una noción clave: el modo de ser-víctima que experimenta el grupo, como identidad disputada y social y culturalmente interpretada. Reconstruiremos el modo de ser-víctima a partir del grado de organización y movilización que el grupo alcance, ya que consideramos que estos elementos son los que harán que el grupo trascienda o no el plano más individual del caso para proyectar reclamos más profundos de carácter político-sociales. ; The objective of this research is to contribute to the description and explanation of demands and practices of victims´ organizations that seek for punishment in Neuquen City between 2008 and 2015, and their relationship with Criminal Justice System. Through the case study strategy, we propose to analyze the collective actions that take place around different cases of violent deaths. We intend, on the one hand, to investigate the process by which the relatives and close friends of victims of violent deaths were constituted in victim's organizations; on the other hand we intend to describe and analyze their claims for justice / punishment; as well as the protest and pressure practices that they carry out. And finally, we intend to identify and understand the links with the Criminal Justice System. The analysis is fundamentally comparative, so we will focus on detecting similarities and differences between the different cases studied. The different axes of analysis converge in a key notion: the way of being-victim experienced by the group, as a disputed identity and socially and culturally interpreted. We will reconstruct the way of being-victim from the degree of organization and mobilization that the group reaches, since we consider that these elements may explains if the group transcend or not the most individual plane of the case to project deeper claims of a political nature -social.
A partir de una investigación que tuvo como objetivo determinar y analizar la presencia de legislación indiana y su significado en los fallos de la Suprema Corte de la provincia de Buenos Aires entre 1875 y 1881 hemos identificado causas criminales para indagar en todo el proceso judicial, desde el sumario hasta la sentencia definitiva, buscando definir dos cuestiones fundamentales. En primer lugar, observar las tres dimensiones del expediente judicial, los actores, el proceso y el derecho que se aplica y cómo se aplica. En segundo lugar, profundizar sobre un tema complejo y fundamental como es el arbitrio judicial que, como ya hemos demostrado, no implicaba una mera pervivencia sino que se lo utilizaba como un recurso contra la arbitrariedad de la pena y la falta de legislación republicana. ; Based on an investigation that aimed to determine and analyse the presence of indigenous law and its significance in the decisions of the Supreme Court of Buenos Aires province between 1875 and 1881 we have identified criminal lawsuits in order to inquire into the entire judicial process, seeking to investigate two fundamental matters. First, observe the three dimensions of the judicial records -the actors, the process and the law applied and how it is applied. Secondly, delve into a complex and fundamental issue such as judicialdiscretion which, as we have already shown, did not imply a mere survival but was used as a resource against arbitrary sentencing and the lack of republican legislation.
A partir de una investigación que tuvo como objetivo determinar y analizar la presencia de legislación indiana y su significado en los fallos de la Suprema Corte de la provincia de Buenos Aires entre 1875 y 1881 hemos identificado causas criminales para indagar en todo el proceso judicial, desde el sumario hasta la sentencia definitiva, buscando definir dos cuestiones fundamentales. En primer lugar, observar las tres dimensiones del expediente judicial, los actores, el proceso y el derecho que se aplica y cómo se aplica. En segundo lugar, profundizar sobre un tema complejo y fundamental como es el arbitrio judicial que, como ya hemos demostrado, no implicaba una mera pervivencia sino que se lo utilizaba como un recurso contra la arbitrariedad de la pena y la falta de legislación republicana. ; Based on an investigation that aimed to determine and analyse the presence of indigenous law and its significance in the decisions of the Supreme Court of Buenos Aires province between 1875 and 1881 we have identified criminal lawsuits in order to inquire into the entire judicial process, seeking to investigate two fundamental matters. First, observe the three dimensions of the judicial records -the actors, the process and the law applied and how it is applied. Secondly, delve into a complex and fundamental issue such as judicialdiscretion which, as we have already shown, did not imply a mere survival but was used as a resource against arbitrary sentencing and the lack of republican legislation.
