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Strategic Thinking in Criminal Intelligence is designed to complement the drive for more strategic planning in law enforcement crime prevention and detection. It is a vital resource for intelligence practitioners, crime analysts, law enforcement managers and advanced students of policing.

Processing and delivering information between authorities with legal powers for fight against organized crime, terrorism and other criminal activities through a single centralized and integrated information system represents an entirely new quality in the Republic of Macedonia. Until the moment of full implementation of the National Intelligence Database and the launch of its application, the competent government bodies have existing databases that are outdated and inefficient. In this sense, the data in existing databases are non-standardized, incompatible, technically-functionally obsolete, made of various technical platforms, thus disabling direct access to data and use of data, which in turn significantly complicates the process of drafting criminal analysis. At this point, the exchange of information with international organizations involved in combating organized, serious crime and terrorism (Interpol, SECI Centre, Europol and others) is difficult. Considering the situation in the area, the creation, and implementation of the National Intelligence database is considered as necessary for timely and effective prevention and detection of organized crime, but also for other types of criminal activities. With this method of data exchange, the current problems in the inter-institutional cooperation will be overcomed, which will create conditions for rapid exchange and processing of data, while enabling fast communication and interoperability with the databases of foreign government and international bodies, institutions and organizations that have responsibilities in detecting and prosecuting perpetrators of criminal acts. The functioning of the National Intelligence Database Although will achieve overcoming of the problems and gaps in the international cooperation, additionally, it will improve the current lack of coordination among authorities in the country, the insufficient use of information, untimely data exchange, increased costs and uneconomical use of material and human resources, standardization and normalization of data of authorities responsible for combating organized crime, support to the end-users who perform the research, in order to full exploit the content of the existing databases, strengthening, information sharing and cooperation with international organizations, enabling exchange of analytical products and developing joint analytic products as well as implementing system for early warning that will generate and send electronic alerts to the competent authorities involved in the investigations. The Database itself will unite current separate databases from the police, the intelligence services, Ministry of Justice, Customs, the Public Revenue, the financial police, the public prosecution, judiciary, and administration for prevention of terrorism. Past databases from the institutions that are competent in the fight against organized crime, and serious crime in general, although special databases were used, proved as ineffective and with many faults. There is doubt whether the law on criminal-intelligence database is not contrary to the Constitution of Republic of Macedonia in relation to the monitoring of the privacy of the citizens of Republic of Macedonia, also in the section where its considered for some data to arrive at the database, whether there is violation of fundamental values of the Constitution, the division of legislative, executive and judicial power. This research paper, among the other, includes analysis of the difficulty for control over the Commission, which Commission, in accordance with the law, is proposed by the Government and elected by the Assembly. According to the author, the Database should be under autonomous independent body in form of an agency or bureau, because it should serve not only the state authorities, but also the defense in the juridical actions, in that way it will preserve the democratic control. The creation and implementation of the National Intelligence Database justifies the need for a high level of international inter-institutional cooperation and coordination aimed at preventing and detecting crimes.

Increasing use of technologies in the last decades has created an unprecedented opportunity to systematically collect and use a wide variety of data (including personal data) for different purposes. Information and data collected and processed with the help of new technologies is used not only for the purposes of natural and legal persons but also for various other purposes. Intelligence services that ensure prevention of crime must perform their functions to ensure safety of public. When doing so, they use various means and methods of information collection, which help them to reach their goals. However, the means applied undermine and intensively restrict a person's right to private life. Given that two legal interests compete during the application of criminal intelligence measures, i.e. the individual's right to privacy and ensuring of public security, the Author seeks to analyse their points of contact – restrictions of application of criminal intelligence measures, which in theory are designed to ensure the person's right to private life. In this article, the Author analyses the restrictions on the application of criminal intelligence measures, which are present in international, Lithuanian legislation and compares them with relevant requirements set forth in the practice of European Union Court of Justice.

The purpose of this article is to examine the issue of criminal intelligence in the Slovak Republic with emphasis on determining its functionality and whether it reflects the requirements formulated in the European models of criminal intelligence. The authors comprehensively examine the current legislation in the subject area in the Slovak Republic. The paper is a partial output from the realized scientific research task VYSK. no. 231 'National Model of Criminal Intelligence Service in the Slovak Republic'. The authors came to the conclusion that the current legal regulation of criminal intelligence in the Slovak Republic is not in line with the recommendations of the European Criminal Intelligence Model. In this context, it can be expected that it will be necessary to adopt legislative changes and accept the authors' proposed New Concept of Criminal Intelligence in order to align the criminal intelligence system with the recommendations of the European Union institutions.

Abstract
Australian governments, academia, and law enforcement agencies have recognized the need to improve intelligence capabilities in order to adapt to the increasingly complex criminal and security environments. In response, the Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission (ACIC), the Australian Federal Police (AFP) and other Australian policing agencies have adopted several reform measures to improve intelligence capability support. While some have focused on developing specific criminal intelligence doctrine, others have sought to improve more challenging aspects of intelligence capability such as analytical and field collection workforce planning. The complexity of the current and emerging criminal environment and a growing professionalization of policing practice more broadly has resulted in a uniquely new strategic approach to developing the analytical and field collection workforce. This article surveys the development of an Australian Criminal Intel Training and Development Continuum (CITDC). The continuum is an end-to-end continuing professional development framework for criminal intelligence analysts and field intelligence officers that monitor proficiency, competence, and knowledge achievement through pre-entry aptitude testing, rigorous class room, and workplace mentoring. The continuum is designed at the post-graduate level and articulates with Charles Sturt University's MA (Intelligence Analysis). The article argues that both the philosophy of rigorous standards and the learning underpinning the continuum are having demonstrable and positive outcomes for intelligence practitioners and the investigative workforce they support.

Criminal intelligence is a law-enforcement function that supports investigators, decision-makers, and policy-makers in their attempt to prevent and control crime. This paper describes recent efforts to enhance the capability of criminal intelligence analysts through the development and implementation of computer-based routines. The intelligence analysis cycle is defined, analytical concepts are discussed, and the development, features, and operation of the Organized Crime Analysis Program(*OCAP*) are described.

Abstract
This article analyses problems arising in the field of control of criminal intelligence. In order to prevent human rights violations, each state must have a well-functioning mechanism in place to control criminal intelligence actions. The article analyses the activities of the entities responsible for the legality of criminal intelligence activities and, taking into account international practice, reveals the gaps in the legal regulation in Lithuania and the shortcomings in the activities of the institutions responsible for controlling criminal intelligence. Prosecutors, while participating in the process of sanctioning criminal intelligence actions, also examine complaints against these actions, which not only leads to a biased control, but also, as the study has shown, contradicts the case law of the ECtHR. The article also analyses the problems related to the freedom of criminal intelligence entities to choose the court that will hear their applications. The study concludes that the current situation, which restricts a person's access to information about criminal intelligence actions against him/her, is incompatible with international practice and violates the human right to judicial protection. The article provides suggestions for establishing a specialised independent criminal intelligence control institution in Lithuania.

Efficient countering contemporary forms of crime, especially terrorism, high-tech and organised crime, requires a multi-agency approach and cooperation, both at the national and international level. One of the basic indicators for assessing the quality of cooperation is the exchange of information. The exchange of information overcomes limited resources, and improves the efficiency and cost-efficiency of the evidentiary procedure. The National Criminal Intelligence System is based on the establishment of a Platform for secure electronic communication, exchange of data and information between government authorities, special organisational units of government authorities and institutions, in order to prevent organised crime and other forms of serious crime. The following institutions are participating in the first phase of the establishment of the National Criminal Intelligence System: the Ministry of Interior; Ministry of Justice; Republic Public Prosecutor's Office; Prosecutor's Office for Organised Crime; Office of the National Security Council and Classified Information Protection; Customs Administration; Anti-Corruption Agency; and Tax Administration. The subject of this paper is the analysis of the legal framework, defining of recommendations, establishing which issues need to be legally regulated and which legal acts should be adopted to create the legal conditions necessary for the establishment and development of the NCIS.