Suchergebnisse

In seinem Aufsatz befasst sich der Autor mit der Frage, wer die von Präsident Putin angestrebten bzw. versprochenen Reformen in Russland unterstützt und voranbringt. Die thematische Auseinandersetzung gliedert sich in zwei Abschnitte: Das erste Kapitel vermittelt einen Überblick über den derzeitigen Forschungsstand. Dabei werden die bislang offenen Aspekte hervorgehoben und jene Trends betrachtet, die noch nicht ausreichend erklärt sind. Dazu zählen die Erörterung (1) der Gewinner und Verlierer, (2) die Transformation der wirtschaftlichen und politischen Eliten und (3) die Entwicklung nach der Wirtschaftskrise Ende der 1990er Jahre. Das zweite Kapitel diskutiert die Entwicklung der Interessen einflussreicher sozialer Gruppen in der Post-Reform-Periode. Zudem wird der positive Einfluss der Finanzkrise von 1998 auf die Motivation wirtschaftlicher Kompetenzträger aufgezeigt und erklärt, warum die Schlüsselpersonen anschließend ihre Entwicklungs- bzw. Expansionsanreize verlieren. In einer Schlussbetrachtung präsentiert der Autor jene Gruppen, die zu einer Unterstützung der politischen Reformen unter den derzeitigen Bedingungen fähig sind, indem die Implementierung wettbewerbsfähiger Institutionen und Mechanismen in die ökonomische und politische Landschaft Russlands angestrebt wird. (ICG2)

L'ermeneutica filosofica di Hans-Georg Gadamer – indubbiamente uno dei capisaldi del pensiero novecentesco – rappresenta una filosofia molto composita, sfaccettata e articolata, per così dire formata da una molteplicità di dimensioni diverse che si intrecciano l'una con l'altra. Ciò risulta evidente già da un semplice sguardo alla composizione interna della sua opera principale, Wahrheit und Methode (1960), nella quale si presenta una teoria del comprendere che prende in esame tre differenti dimensioni dell'esperienza umana – arte, storia e linguaggio – ovviamente concepite come fondamentalmente correlate tra loro. Ma questo quadro d'insieme si complica notevolmente non appena si prendano in esame perlomeno alcuni dei numerosi contributi che Gadamer ha scritto e pubblicato prima e dopo il suo opus magnum: contributi che testimoniano l'importante presenza nel suo pensiero di altre tematiche. Di tale complessità, però, non sempre gli interpreti di Gadamer hanno tenuto pienamente conto, visto che una gran parte dei contributi esegetici sul suo pensiero risultano essenzialmente incentrati sul capolavoro del 1960 (ed in particolare sui problemi della legittimazione delle Geisteswissenschaften), dedicando invece minore attenzione agli altri percorsi che egli ha seguito e, in particolare, alla dimensione propriamente etica e politica della sua filosofia ermeneutica. Inoltre, mi sembra che non sempre si sia prestata la giusta attenzione alla fondamentale unitarietà – da non confondere con una presunta "sistematicità", da Gadamer esplicitamente respinta – che a dispetto dell'indubbia molteplicità ed eterogeneità del pensiero gadameriano comunque vige al suo interno. La mia tesi, dunque, è che estetica e scienze umane, filosofia del linguaggio e filosofia morale, dialogo con i Greci e confronto critico col pensiero moderno, considerazioni su problematiche antropologiche e riflessioni sulla nostra attualità sociopolitica e tecnoscientifica, rappresentino le diverse dimensioni di un solo pensiero, le quali in qualche modo vengono a convergere verso un unico centro. Un centro "unificante" che, a mio avviso, va individuato in quello che potremmo chiamare il disagio della modernità. In altre parole, mi sembra cioè che tutta la riflessione filosofica di Gadamer, in fondo, scaturisca dalla presa d'atto di una situazione di crisi o disagio nella quale si troverebbero oggi il nostro mondo e la nostra civiltà. Una crisi che, data la sua profondità e complessità, si è per così dire "ramificata" in molteplici direzioni, andando ad investire svariati ambiti dell'esistenza umana. Ambiti che pertanto vengono analizzati e indagati da Gadamer con occhio critico, cercando di far emergere i principali nodi problematici e, alla luce di ciò, di avanzare proposte alternative, rimedi, "correttivi" e possibili soluzioni. A partire da una tale comprensione di fondo, la mia ricerca si articola allora in tre grandi sezioni dedicate rispettivamente alla pars destruens dell'ermeneutica gadameriana (prima e seconda sezione) ed alla sua pars costruens (terza sezione). Nella prima sezione – intitolata Una fenomenologia della modernità: i molteplici sintomi della crisi – dopo aver evidenziato come buona parte della filosofia del Novecento sia stata dominata dall'idea di una crisi in cui verserebbe attualmente la civiltà occidentale, e come anche l'ermeneutica di Gadamer possa essere fatta rientrare in questo discorso filosofico di fondo, cerco di illustrare uno per volta quelli che, agli occhi del filosofo di Verità e metodo, rappresentano i principali sintomi della crisi attuale. Tali sintomi includono: le patologie socioeconomiche del nostro mondo "amministrato" e burocratizzato; l'indiscriminata espansione planetaria dello stile di vita occidentale a danno di altre culture; la crisi dei valori e delle certezze, con la concomitante diffusione di relativismo, scetticismo e nichilismo; la crescente incapacità a relazionarsi in maniera adeguata e significativa all'arte, alla poesia e alla cultura, sempre più degradate a mero entertainment; infine, le problematiche legate alla diffusione di armi di distruzione di massa, alla concreta possibilità di una catastrofe ecologica ed alle inquietanti prospettive dischiuse da alcune recenti scoperte scientifiche (soprattutto nell'ambito della genetica). Una volta delineato il profilo generale che Gadamer fornisce della nostra epoca, nella seconda sezione – intitolata Una diagnosi del disagio della modernità: il dilagare della razionalità strumentale tecnico-scientifica – cerco di mostrare come alla base di tutti questi fenomeni egli scorga fondamentalmente un'unica radice, coincidente peraltro a suo giudizio con l'origine stessa della modernità. Ossia, la nascita della scienza moderna ed il suo intrinseco legame con la tecnica e con una specifica forma di razionalità che Gadamer – facendo evidentemente riferimento a categorie interpretative elaborate da Max Weber, Martin Heidegger e dalla Scuola di Francoforte – definisce anche «razionalità strumentale» o «pensiero calcolante». A partire da una tale visione di fondo, cerco quindi di fornire un'analisi della concezione gadameriana della tecnoscienza, evidenziando al contempo alcuni aspetti, e cioè: primo, come l'ermeneutica filosofica di Gadamer non vada interpretata come una filosofia unilateralmente antiscientifica, bensì piuttosto come una filosofia antiscientista (il che naturalmente è qualcosa di ben diverso); secondo, come la sua ricostruzione della crisi della modernità non sfoci mai in una critica "totalizzante" della ragione, né in una filosofia della storia pessimistico-negativa incentrata sull'idea di un corso ineluttabile degli eventi guidato da una razionalità "irrazionale" e contaminata dalla brama di potere e di dominio; terzo, infine, come la filosofia di Gadamer – a dispetto delle inveterate interpretazioni che sono solite scorgervi un pensiero tradizionalista, autoritario e radicalmente anti-illuminista – non intenda affatto respingere l'illuminismo scientifico moderno tout court, né rinnegarne le più importanti conquiste, ma più semplicemente "correggerne" alcune tendenze e recuperare una nozione più ampia e comprensiva di ragione, in grado di render conto anche di quegli aspetti dell'esperienza umana che, agli occhi di una razionalità "limitata" come quella scientista, non possono che apparire come meri residui di irrazionalità. Dopo aver così esaminato nelle prime due sezioni quella che possiamo definire la pars destruens della filosofia di Gadamer, nella terza ed ultima sezione – intitolata Una terapia per la crisi della modernità: la riscoperta dell'esperienza e del sapere pratico – passo quindi ad esaminare la sua pars costruens, consistente a mio giudizio in un recupero critico di quello che egli chiama «un altro tipo di sapere». Ossia, in un tentativo di riabilitazione di tutte quelle forme pre- ed extra-scientifiche di sapere e di esperienza che Gadamer considera costitutive della «dimensione ermeneutica» dell'esistenza umana. La mia analisi della concezione gadameriana del Verstehen e dell'Erfahrung – in quanto forme di un «sapere pratico (praktisches Wissen)» differente in linea di principio da quello teorico e tecnico – conduce quindi ad un'interpretazione complessiva dell'ermeneutica filosofica come vera e propria filosofia pratica. Cioè, come uno sforzo di chiarificazione filosofica di quel sapere prescientifico, intersoggettivo e "di senso comune" effettivamente vigente nella sfera della nostra Lebenswelt e della nostra esistenza pratica. Ciò, infine, conduce anche inevitabilmente ad un'accentuazione dei risvolti etico-politici dell'ermeneutica di Gadamer. In particolare, cerco di esaminare la concezione gadameriana dell'etica – tenendo conto dei suoi rapporti con le dottrine morali di Platone, Aristotele, Kant e Hegel – e di delineare alla fine un profilo della sua ermeneutica filosofica come filosofia del dialogo, della solidarietà e della libertà. ; The philosophical hermeneutics of Hans-Georg Gadamer – one of the cornerstones in the 20th century philosophy – certainly represents a compound, prismatic and articulated thought, i.e. a philosophy made up of several different dimensions entwined with each other. A simple look at Gadamer's major work Wahrheit und Methode (1960) can already clarify this point, since the book displays a theory of understanding which takes account of three different dimensions of human experience – art, history and language – obviously conceived as mutually related. But this picture gets a lot more complicated if one takes into consideration the many books and articles Gadamer wrote before and after his magnum opus which testify the presence of other interests and topics in his thought. Nevertheless the complexity of Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics has not always been recognized by his interpreters, who often concentrated only upon Wahrheit und Methode (in particular upon the problems of the Geisteswissenschaften) and gave no attention to other subjects (in particular the ethical and political dimension of his hermeneutical philosophy). Moreover it seems to me that many interpreters didn't pay enough attention to the fundamental unity – which of course doesn't mean "sistematicity" – that reigns in Gadamer's philosophy despite its pluralist and heterogeneous character. My point is that the many dimensions of Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics – aesthetics and human sciences, language philosophy and moral philosophy, dialogue with the Greeks and critical confrontation with modern thought, reflections upon anthropological problems and observations concerning our actual sociopolitical, scientific and technological condition – actually represent the different sides of one thought centered on what we could define the malaise of modernity. In other words, it seems to me that the whole of Gadamer's philosophy originates from the consciousness raising of the critical situation in which our world finds itself today: a deep crisis which, according to Gadamer, branches out into manifold directions and various dimensions of human life. My interpretation tries then to give an account of both the pars destruens and pars costruens of Gadamer's philosophy, namely of his attempt to investigate and take a hard look at this critical dimensions of human existence in order to let out the point at issue and propose remedies, alternatives and possible solutions. In the first section – entitled Phenomenology of modernity: the various symptoms of the crisis – I explain how a great part of the 20th century philosophy has been concerned with the idea and the feeling of a crisis of our culture and our civilization. In my view Gadamer's hermeneutics too takes part in this global philosophical discourse. I try then to show and illustrate the various symptoms of this crisis analyzed by Gadamer, such as: socioeconomic pathologies of our bureaucratic societies; world-wide growth of the Western way of life to the detriment of other cultures; crisis of our values and beliefs (and consequent spread of relativism, skepticism and nihilism); growing inability to have meaningful relations with art, poetry and culture; finally, problems concerning the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the risk of an ecological crisis, and the disturbing, unpredictable consequences of some recent scientific discoveries (above all in the field of genetics). Once outlined Gadamer's critical view of our age, in the second section – entitled Diagnosis of the malaise of modernity: the spread of instrumental and techno-scientific reason – I try to show how, according to Gadamer, a common root lies at the base of the many symptoms of the crisis, namely the birth of modern science and its close, intrinsic relationship with technique and with a specific form of rationality that Gadamer – with reference to the analysis developed by such thinkers as Max Weber, Martin Heidegger and the so-called Frankfurt School – calls «instrumental reason» or «calculating thinking». I try then to give an account of the gadamerian conception of techno-science, meanwhile highlighting some aspects: first, how Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics should not be interpreted as an antiscientific thought but rather as an antiscientistic thought (which of course is something quite different); second, how Gadamer's reconstruction of the malaise of modernity never ends up in a "totalizing" critique of reason, nor in some sort of negativistic and pessimistic philosophy of history centered on the idea of an inescapable course of the events guided by a polluted, "irrational" rationality; third, how Gadamer – despite all the inveterate interpretations that read his philosophy as a form of authoritarian, traditionalist and antienlightenment thought – never aimed to reject the modern scientific Enlightenment tout court but rather to "correct" some of its tendencies and so to regain a wider and more comprehensive concept of reason. After having analyzed in the first two sections the pars destruens of Gadamer's philosophy, in the third and last section of my work – entitled Therapy of the crisis of modernity: the rediscovery of experience and practical knowledge – I take into consideration the pars costruens of his thought, which according to my interpretation consists of a rediscovery of what he calls «a different kind of knowledge», i.e. of a rehabilitation of the all those forms of pre- and extra-scientific experience that constitute the «hermeneutical dimension» of human life. My analysis of Gadamer's conception of understanding and experience – seen as forms of «practical knowledge» different in principle from theoretical and technical knowledge – leads then to a global interpretation of philosophical hermeneutics as practical philosophy, i.e. as a philosophical elucidation of the prescientific, intersubjective and "of commonsense" reasoning which characterizes our «life-world» and our practical life. But obviously this analysis also implies a special consideration of the ethical and political implications of Gadamer's thought. In particular, I try to examine Gadamer's conception of ethics – taking account of his relation with Plato's, Aristotle's, Kant's and Hegel's moral theories – and finally I sketch an outline of his philosophical hermeneutics as a philosophy of freedom, dialogue and solidarity.

The world has never been richer than today. The distribution of our global wealth, however, is hugely biased. Since 1980, the gains were mainly captured by the rich: The top 1% obtained twice as much of the income growth as compared to the bottom 50%. Nevertheless, within economics, debates about inequality have remained rather marginal, despite long-term research by renowned scholars such as Tony Atkinson. Within the public arena, concerns about inequality emerged as a result of a number of developments: First, the global financial crisis in 2008 exposed the risks of the financing of the economy; secondly, 2013, Thomas Picketty's book "Capital in the 21st century" demonstrated that, against the trend of the overall 20th century, capital returns outstrip the gains through economic growth in recent decades, thus threatening social coherence and democratic institutions and thirdly, the Millennium Campaign presented impressive achievements regarding poverty but stirred doubts whether the most deprived were left even further behind. Since 2015, then, the stated aim of SDG 10 is to "reduce inequality within and among countries". There is growing consensus that economic growth is not sufficient to reduce poverty, and that our efforts to make it more inclusive so far were insufficient. The very first step reduce inequality is to adopt a systemic perspective, allowing an integrative analysis covering both ends of the ladder. Policies should be universal in principle and pay attention to the needs of disadvantaged and marginalized populations. Predicated on comparison, inequality reminds us that it's not enough to study lower earners and the poor. Instead, the term demands that we expand our perspective, scrutinizing how economic value is generated, accumulated, at whose cost, and – not least – how the overall system could be made fairer. "Transitioning to Reduced Inequalities" therefore explores inequality trends worldwide, offers a debate on different measures and comparative perspectives, highlights key actors who either benefited or suffered from recent economic trends, and explores policy options to reduce inequality and thus contribute to SDG 10. The volume considers particularly: conceptual frameworks with regards to the inequality debate; the relationship between poverty reduction, economic growth and inequality; measures of inequality; overlooked/bypassed groups in developing countries; analysis on income/wealth growth for different groups in the global north; discussion about policies to reduce inequality; and further research in the realm of inequality. Transitioning to Reduced Inequalities is part of MDPI's new Open Access book series Transitioning to Sustainability. With this series, MDPI pursues environmentally and socially relevant research which contributes to efforts toward a sustainable world.

Cover -- Dedications -- Contents -- About the author -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1 Aviation safety and its impact on the global economy -- Aviation statistics 45; the crash effect and potential economic impact -- What constitutes aviation safety63; -- The pilot factor -- Is food safety a major aviation safety issue63; -- Aviation food safety and the global food chain link -- 2 Consumer perceptions 45; fact or fiction63; -- Airline catering overview -- The consumer view and how it drives the airline product -- Buy on board 45; the battle of the brands -- How safe is airline food63; -- Causative factors of food poisoning outbreaks associated with meals on aircraft -- Chain of events -- 3 Current codes of practice -- The International Health Regulations 40;IHR41; -- Comparison of roles of WTO44; WHO and CAC -- Impact of IHR on airlines8217; food safety policies -- IATA and ICAO guidelines -- Delivery and acceptance of catering supplies -- Meal and beverage service to the flight crew -- Food safety and hygiene 45; risks and prevention -- Crew personal hygiene -- Delayed flights -- Suspected food poisoning -- Special meals -- Galley and equipment hygiene -- Potable water and ice -- Insects -- Impact of non45;regulatory format of industry directives -- Food safety legislation -- Catering standards versus food manufacturing protocols -- Food labelling legislation -- Manufacturing45;style approaches to airline catering labelling -- Special45;meal labelling -- IFCA and IFSA World Food Safety Guidelines -- WHO guidelines -- Terrorist Threats To Food -- Guide To Hygiene and Sanitation in Aviation -- 4 Have Airlines Considered Crisis Prevention63; -- Management programmes required to facilitate HACCP implementation -- Education and training programmes essential to HACCP implementation -- People and process analysis -- Training requirements -- Developing a manufacturing45;based HACCP study -- Product and process evaluation -- Defining operational procedures to comply with the seven principles of HACCP -- Principle 158; Conduct a hazard analysis -- Principle 258; Determine the critical control points 40;CCPs41; -- Principle 358; Establish critical limits -- Principle 458; Establish a system to monitor control of the CCPs -- Principle 558; Establish corrective actions to be taken when monitoring indicates that a CCP is not under control -- Principle 658; Establish procedures for verification to confirm that the HACCP system is working effectively -- Principle 758; Establish appropriate documentation concerning all procedures and records appropriate to HACCP principles and their application -- Aviation catering HACCP versus manufacturing HACCP -- 5 Implementing manufacturing SOPs to achieve aviation food safety utopia -- Product development -- Product45;generic issues for consideration -- Product45;specific issues for consideration -- Development issues -- Supplier outsourcing -- Raw material procurement -- End product specifications -- Goods receipt -- Production protocols -- Assembly protocols -- Labelling and shelf45;life attribution -- Despatch protocols -- Verification microbiology and product recall -- In45;flight documentation -- 6 Liability issues 45; protecting the airline brand -- Aviation liability -- Establishment of the Warsaw Convention47;Montreal Conventi.

Relevance of the study: The problem of being in difficult life situations is extremely relevant in our society in recent years due to a number of events in the social, economic and political space of our lives, as well as the pandemic COVID 19. Based on the fact that life situations are formed due to the complex interaction of biological, psychological and social factors, are determined by the current environment and produce personal activity, of particular interest is the problem of studying complex life situations, their characteristics and role in personality resilience's development.The Aim of the study: to conceptualize and theoretically characterize the phenomenon of "difficult life situation" and identify its role in shaping the resilience of the individual.Research methods: theoretical (analysis of scientific literature sources, generalization of theoretical data on the problem of defining a difficult life situation).Results: the article presents the results of theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of difficult life situations.Conclusions. As a result of theoretical review of the problem of difficult life situation it can be defined as the result of subjective perception of difficult life circumstances or as insurmountable and uncontrollable, leading to non-normative personality crisis and the emergence of negative psycho-emotional states and symptoms, or as controlled with high probability problem-solving, which in the presence of social support and a number of psychological resources of the individual contributes to the emergence of resilience of the individual. ; Актуальність дослідження: Проблема перебування людини у складних життєвих ситуаціях є надзвичайно актуальною в нашому суспільстві в останні роки у зв'язку з низкою подій на соціальному, економічному та політичному просторі нашої життєдіяльності, а також внаслідок пандемії COVID 19. Отже, виходячи з того, що життєві ситуації утворюються внаслідок складної взаємодії біологічних, психологічних та соціальних чинників, визначаються актуальним оточенням та продукують активність особистості, особливий інтерес має проблема вивчення саме складних життєвих ситуацій, їх ознак та ролі у формуванні резильєнтності особистостіМета дослідження: концептуалізувати та теоретично охарактеризувати феномен «складна життєва ситуація» та виявити її роль у формуванні резильєнтності особистості. Методи дослідження: теоретичні (аналіз наукових літературих джерел, узагальнення теоретичних даних з проблеми дефініції складної життєвої ситуації).Результати дослідження: у статті представлені результати теоретичного аналізу феномену складної життєвої ситуації.Висновки.У результаті теоретичного огляду проблеми складної життєвої ситуації її можна визначити як результат суб'єктивного сприйняття складних життєвих обставин або як нездоланних та непідконтрольних, що призводить до ненормативної кризи особистості та виникненню на її тлі негативних психоемоційних станів та симптомокомплексів, або як контрольованих з високою вірогідністю розв'язання проблем, що за умови наявності соціальної підтримки та низки психологічних ресурсів особистості сприяє виникненню резильєнтності особистості.

The relevance of the research is determined by the fact that in the current conditions economic, technological, social, cultural, and religious competition between states becomes increasingly acute. Global threats are constantly increasing which proves the need for international cooperation in this area – right now many countries around the world are working together to reduce the threat of a large-scale epidemic of acute respiratory infection. New challenges of global scale are emerging, and there are still risks of natural, man-made, bio-social, and other catastrophes that could lead to global crisis situations, which requires Russia to strengthen its role in this area. The article is devoted to the problems of selecting prospects for national innovation and technological strategies that allow giving a new impetus to international humanitarian cooperation and emergency humanitarian response. The main aspect of methodological and legal bases of innovative management in international economic cooperation is the implementation of interrelated measures that provide large-scale assistance in areas of major disasters. Materials and publications of domestic and foreign experts working in the humanitarian field were used as sources in this analysis. The main purpose of the research is to substantiate the prospects for innovative management of international cooperation in the humanitarian sphere and in the field of disaster risk reduction. In accordance with the stated purpose of the study, the key tasks of substantiating the organizational foundations for the formation of an integrated system of international emergency humanitarian response, creating a new economic model of innovative management of international cooperation in the humanitarian field in order to increase economic security were solved. The methodological foundations of the research provide for the theory of constructing a new system of economic interstate humanitarian interaction. As a result of the research, the prospective directions of international economic cooperation and humanitarian cooperation, identified on the basis of a specific historical analysis of the development of such interaction, are analyzed. The article analyzes not only theьstages of building an international humanitarian response system with different countries, but also the experience of creating institutional joint organizations in the field of ensuring life safety at the international level. On this basis, a modern economic model of innovative management of international humanitarian aid is proposed, which meets the principles and spirit of international law. Practical recommendations for increasing the importance of the Russian Federation in the international system of emergency humanitarian response are substantiated. We have developed proposals that will allow our country to make a technological breakthrough in the international humanitarian sphere. The results of the research can be applied in the formation and implementation of the national international policy of humanitarian cooperation in the field of life safety.

Das Thema Gesundheit in Zusammenhang mit Arbeit und dem Alter von erwerbstätigen Personen ist von gesellschaftlicher Relevanz und Gegenstand des politischen Diskurses. Die vorliegende Masterarbeit untersucht daher den Zusammenhang von psychosozialen Belastungsfaktoren, welche mit Erwerbsarbeit einhergehen, und dem subjektiv eingeschätzten Gesundheitszustand bzw. dem psychischen Wohlbefinden von Arbeitnehmer/innen und stellt die Frage, wie diese Zusammenhänge mit dem Alter in Verbindung stehen. Anhand der zugrundeliegenden Theorie wird ein Forschungsmodell erstellt, welches Grundlage für die Analyse ist. Herangezogen werden zwei Erhebungen, welche von der Johannes Kepler Universität in Kooperation mit der (ehem.) OÖ GKK (2015) bzw. der Arbeiterkammer Oberösterreich (2018) durchgeführt wurden. Es handelt sich um eine Sekundäranalyse der erhobenen Daten. Die Arbeit stützt sich auf verschiedene theoretische Modelle, welche den Zusammenhang von Arbeitsbelastungen und Gesundheit erklären: Das Demand-Control-Modell (Karasek/Theorell 1990), das Modell der beruflichen Gratifikationskrise (Siegrist 1996) und das Job-Demands-Resources-Modell (Bakker/Demerouti 2001). Für den Altersaspekt wird weiters die Lifespan Development Theory (Baltes 1987) herangezogen. Die Analysen zeigen, dass einige der untersuchten Belastungsfaktoren (z.B. hoher Zeitdruck, schlechte Vereinbarkeit zwischen Berufs- und Privatleben, häufige Unterbrechungen) mit einer schlechteren Gesundheit einhergehen. Außerdem sind einige dieser Zusammenhänge je nach Alter der befragten Personen unterschiedlich stark, was heißt, dass die Gesundheit einzelner Altersgruppen, im Vergleich zu den anderen beiden, zum Teil stärker negativ beeinflusst wird. Die Gesundheit von älteren Arbeitnehmer/innen wird bspw., im Vergleich zu anderen Altersgruppen, stärker negativ von einer hohen Arbeitsplatzunsicherheit beeinflusst. Anhand der Ergebnisse werden Überlegungen getroffen, wie Arbeit gestaltet sein sollte, um die Gesundheit der Erwerbstätigen nicht negativ zu beeinflussen. ; The issue of health in relation to work and the age of working individuals is socially relevant as well as subject of political discourse. This Master's thesis therefore examines the relationship between occupational strain and self-perceived health as well as the psychological well-being of employees. Furthermore it asks how these correlations are related to age. Based on the underlying theory, a research model which creates the base of this analysis is created. Two surveys are used, which were carried out by Johannes Kepler University in cooperation with the (former) OÖ GKK (2015) and the Upper Austrian Chamber of Labour (2018). This is a secondary analysis of the data collected. The work is based on different theoretical models that explain the relationship between workloads and health: The Demand-Control Model (Karasek/Theorell 1990), the Job Gratification Crisis Model (Siegrist 1996) and the Job Demand Resource Model (Bakker/Demerouti 2001). For the aspect of age, the Lifespan Development Theory (Baltes 1987) is used. The following analyses show that some of the investigated stress factors (e.g. high time pressure, poor work-life balance, frequent interruptions) are associated with poorer health. Moreover, some of these relationships vary according to the age of the respondents, which means that the health of certain age groups is more negatively affected than others. The health of older workers is more negatively affected by high job insecurity compared to other age groups. Based on the results, considerations are made as to how work should be designed in order not to have a negative impact on the health of those in employment. ; eingereicht von Stephanie Müller-Wipperfürth ; Universität Linz, Masterarbeit, 2021 ; (VLID)5980293

Nigusie Shifera,1 Gebremeskel Mesafint,2 Alemayehu Sayih,2 Gizachew Yilak,3 Abebaw Molla,4 Tewodros Yosef,1 Rahel Matiyas5 1Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, School of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia; 2Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Science, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia; 3School of Nursing, College of Health Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; 4Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia; 5Department of Psychology, College of Social Science and Humanity, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Nigusie ShiferaDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatics, School of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, EthiopiaEmail nigusieshifera@gmail.comBackground: COVID-19 is a global pandemic and a major health crisis affecting several nations. Such outbreaks are associated with adverse mental health consequences to any group of the population. Despite its negative effects, no study has addressed the potential psychological impacts of the COVID-19 outbreak among the pastoral community. This study aims to assess psychological experiences during the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak and the factors that contributed to it among pastoral community residents in West Omo, South-West Ethiopia.Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out from May to June 2020. The study subjects were selected through a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews, and entered into EpiData 3.1, then exported to SPSS version 24 for statistical analysis. The psychological impact was assessed by the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). P-value < 0.20 during bi-variable analysis was considered as a candidate for multivariable logistic regression. Independent factors of depression, anxiety, and stress were assessed using adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence level s at P-value < 0.05 cut-off point.Results: A total of 845 eligible pastoral residents were interviewed, with a 94.4% response rate. The prevalence of a positive response for anxiety, depression and stress was 30.8%, 26.3% and 24.4%, respectively. Being female was highly associated with developing anxiety and depression. Anxiety was found to be three times more prevalent among the respondents with ≥ 3 family members. Furthermore, participants with a history of mental illness, poor social support, and a high perceived life threat were also at a higher risk of experiencing anxiety, depression, and stress.Conclusion: The prevalence of positive depression, anxiety and stress results were high. As a result, special attention should be paid, by governmental and non-governmental health organizations, to psychosocial and mental health programs for pastoral residentsduring the COVID-19 pandemic.Keywords: COVID-19, anxiety, depression, outbreak, stress

Introduction. International trade is closely related to environmental sustainable development, while promoting trade growth and environmental sustainable development are also the goals pursued by mankind. China's environmental sustainability is affected by both severe shortages of natural resources and severe environmental pollution. In addition, growing populations and rapid economic growth, as well as weak environmental controls, have increased demand for natural resources and affected their pollution. In the past year, in conditions of the complex international situation and the severe impact of COVID-19 pandemic, China's foreign trade imports and exports have been significantly better than expected, and the scale of foreign trade has once again set a record high. However, how to ensure the growth of international trade while ensuring environmental protection? Sustainable development is one of the problems that the Chinese government needs to solve.Methods. The methodological basis of the study is a set of fundamental provisions of crisis theory, international trade theory, theory of foreign trade of national ecological and economic systems, as well as modern concepts of post pandemic development. The solution of the set tasks was carried out by using a set of general scientific research methods: analysis of scientific literature, method of analogy and comparison, theoretical synthesis, classification, methodological generalization, economic and statistical analysis, expert assessments and scientific abstraction. The authors use the Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment, the General Administration of Customs, Baidu academic papers, and relevant documents in the CNKI database as data sources.The purpose of research – to prove the environmental sustainability in the context of China's international trade development.Results. The research proved the environmental sustainability in the context of China's international trade development. The research substantiates environmental sustainability in the context of China's international trade development. Related factors of international trade in the context of environmental sustainability have been identified. The formation of modern international trade in the conditions of changing the ecological environment of China is analyzed. Countermeasures on environmental sustainability in the context of China's growing international trade are proposed. Through the summary of research, it is found out the relevance and causality between trade and the environment, analyze and study the changes in relevant data, and summarize the main imbalances in the process of China's response to international trade and environmental sustainable development, so as to put forward corresponding problems in response to these issues solution.Prospects. The results of the research discover the environmental sustainability in the context of China's international trade. The prospect of further research is to apply the impact of the China's international trade development on its environmental sustainability for the development of domestic foreign trade policy.

In Argentina, in the last twenty years, several educational policies of inclusion and integration have been implemented. The main topics are sex education, information and communication technologies and environmental education. The latter is a slowly developed field. Among the sector's public policies, in 2011 the Argentine Ministry of Education and the Secretariat of Environment and Sustainable Development published the manual "Environmental Education. Ideas and proposals for teachers", which was censored due to pressure from business groups in the extractive production sector. The objective of this article is to address the opposition to the publication, in order to trace aspects that allow a dialogue with the political situation of the period 2007-2011, characterized by various environmental conflicts and the debate of new regulations in the legal field, that caused the entry of the environmental issue into the public agenda. The methodological strategy is based on the use of the techniques of content analysis and discourse analysis, which allowed the manual to be characterized as State discourse, and to address the main opposition discourses. The results show that the manual questioned the legitimacy achieved by the mining and soybean sector, by presenting the consequences of the extractive model from a social perspective. ; En Argentina, en los últimos 20 años se han implementado diversas políticas educativas de inclusión e integración, entre las cuales destacan las áreas de educación sexual integral (ESI), tecnologías de información y comunicación (TICS) y educación ambiental (EA). Esta última corresponde a un campo en lento proceso de consolidación. Entre las políticas públicas del sector, en 2011 el Ministerio de Educación de la Nación Argentina, en conjunto con la Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo sustentable, publicaron el manual Educación Ambiental. Ideas y propuestas para docentes, que fue censurado debido a la presión de grupos empresariales del sector productivo extractivista. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los discursos de oposición a la publicación, a fin de rastrear en ellos aspectos que permiten dialogar con la coyuntura política del periodo 2007-2011, caracterizado por diversos conflictos ambientales y por el debate sobre nuevas normativas legales que provocaron el ingreso en la agenda pública de la cuestión ambiental. La estrategia metodológica empleada se basa en el análisis de contenido y el análisis del discurso, que permitieron caracterizar al manual como discurso de Estado y abordar los principales discursos de oposición. Entre los resultados, se identifica que el manual pone en crisis la legitimidad lograda por el sector minero y sojero, al presentar las consecuencias del modelo extractivo desde una mirada social.

La pandemia nuevamente condujo al FMI al centro de atención mundial, considerándolo el bombero del sistema financiero internacional, en el núcleo de la red de seguridad financiera global. Para el observador casual el FMI parecía actuar decisivamente, movilizando apoyo financiero para sus Estados miembros mientras subrayando la urgencia de asegurar una respuesta y recuperación justa, inteligente y verde a la pandemia. Pero un análisis del papel del FMI durante la pandemia revela las deficiencias de su propia respuesta y del sistema financiero global en general. En realidad, las crisis de salud, económica y social exacerbadas por la pandemia dejan claras las consecuencias de décadas de apoyo del FMI y de la arquitectura financiera internacional a un proceso de financiarización que ha limitado y sigue limitando la capacidad de los Estados de cumplir con sus obligaciones internacionales en materia derechos hu- manos. Contrario a la imagen positiva que el FMI viene cultivando, su posición en términos de derechos humanos no ha cambiado, con los predecibles resultados de sus programas. Como lo demuestran el Marco Común para los Tratamientos de Deuda y el análisis de la sostenibilidad de deuda, el FMI sigue evitando la incorporación de consideraciones de derechos humanos en sus programas y actividades, insistiendo en la separación artificial —dentro de su 'universo'— entre materias que son económicas de aquellas que son políticas. ; The pandemic once again pushed the IMF to centre of world attention as the firefighter of the International financial system, at the nucleus of the global financial safety net. To the casual observer, the IMF seemed to move decisively, mobilizing financial support for its member states while highlighting urgency of a just, intelligent and green response and recovery to the pandemic. However, an analysis of the Fund's role makes clear the deficiency of its own response and that of the global financial system in general. In reality, the health, economic and social crises exacerbated by the pandemic bring to light the human rights costs of decades of support by the IMF and the international financial architecture for a process of financialisation which has limited and continues to limit state capacity to comply with its international human rights obligations. Contrary to the positive image the IMF has been cultivating, its position regarding human rights has not changed, with predictable results to its programmes. As the Common Framework and the debt sustainability analysis demonstrate, the IMF continues to avoid the inclusion of human rights considerations in its programmes and activities, insisting upon the artificial separation in its universe between economic and political issues. ; Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales

Background: Anxiety symptoms during public health crises are associated with adverse psychiatric outcomes and impaired health decision-making. The interaction between real-time social media use patterns and clinical anxiety during infectious disease outbreaks is underexplored. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the usage pattern of 2 types of social media apps (communication and social networking) among patients in outpatient psychiatric treatment during the COVID-19 surge and lockdown in Madrid, Spain and their short-term anxiety symptoms (7-item General Anxiety Disorder scale) at clinical follow-up. Methods: The individual-level shifts in median social media usage behavior from February 1 through May 3, 2020 were summarized using repeated measures analysis of variance that accounted for the fixed effects of the lockdown (prelockdown versus postlockdown), group (clinical anxiety group versus nonclinical anxiety group), the interaction of lockdown and group, and random effects of users. A machine learning–based approach that combined a hidden Markov model and logistic regression was applied to predict clinical anxiety (n=44) and nonclinical anxiety (n=51), based on longitudinal time-series data that comprised communication and social networking app usage (in seconds) as well as anxiety-associated clinical survey variables, including the presence of an essential worker in the household, worries about life instability, changes in social interaction frequency during the lockdown, cohabitation status, and health status. Results: Individual-level analysis of daily social media usage showed that the increase in communication app usage from prelockdown to lockdown period was significantly smaller in the clinical anxiety group than that in the nonclinical anxiety group (F1,72=3.84, P=.05). The machine learning model achieved a mean accuracy of 62.30% (SD 16%) and area under the receiver operating curve 0.70 (SD 0.19) in 10-fold cross-validation in identifying the clinical anxiety group. Conclusions: Patients who reported severe anxiety symptoms were less active in communication apps after the mandated lockdown and more engaged in social networking apps in the overall period, which suggested that there was a different pattern of digital social behavior for adapting to the crisis. Predictive modeling using digital biomarkers—passive-sensing of shifts in category-based social media app usage during the lockdown—can identify individuals at risk for psychiatric sequelae. ; JR was supported by the American Psychiatric Association 2021 Junior Psychiatrist Research Colloquium (NIDA R-13 grant). ES received funding from the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant 813533). AA is supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (RTI2018-099655-B-I00), the Comunidad de Madrid (Y2018/TCS-4705 PRACTICO-CM), and the BBVA Foundation (Deep-DARWiN grant).

The pandemic once again pushed the IMF to centre of world attention as the firefighter of the International financial system, at the nucleus of the global financial safety net. To the casual observer, the IMF seemed to move decisively, mobilizing financial support for its member states while highlighting urgency of a just, intelligent and green response and recovery to the pandemic. However, an analysis of the Fund's role makes clear the deficiency of its own response and that of the global financial system in general. In reality, the health, economic and social crises exacerbated by the pandemic bring to light the human rights costs of decades of support by the IMF and the international financial architecture for a process of financialisation which has limited and continues to limit state capacity to comply with its international human rights obligations. Contrary to the positive image the IMF has been cultivating, its position regarding human rights has not changed, with predictable results to its programmes. As the Common Framework and the debt sustainability analysis demonstrate, the IMF continues to avoid the inclusion of human rights considerations in its programmes and activities, insisting upon the artificial separation in its universe between economic and political issues. ; La pandemia nuevamente condujo al FMI al centro de atención mundial, considerándolo el bombero del sistema financiero internacional, en el núcleo de la red de seguridad financiera global. Para el observador casual el FMI parecía actuar decisivamente, movilizando apoyo financiero para sus Estados miembros mientras subrayando la urgencia de asegurar una respuesta y recuperación justa, inteligente y verde a la pandemia. Pero un análisis del papel del FMI durante la pandemia revela las deficiencias de su propia respuesta y del sistema financiero global en general. En realidad, las crisis de salud, económica y social exacerbadas por la pandemia dejan claras las consecuencias de décadas de apoyo del FMI y de la arquitectura financiera internacional a un proceso de financiarización que ha limitado y sigue limitando la capacidad de los Estados de cumplir con sus obligaciones internacionales en materia derechos humanos. Contrario a la imagen positiva que el FMI viene cultivando, su posición en términos de derechos humanos no ha cambiado, con los predecibles resultados de sus programas. Como lo demuestran el Marco Común para los Tratamientos de Deuda y el análisis de la sostenibilidad de deuda, el FMI sigue evitando la incorporación de consideraciones de derechos humanos en sus programas y actividades, insistiendo en la separación artificial —dentro de su 'universo'— entre materias que son económicas de aquellas que son políticas.