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International audience ; Rumors and conspiracy theories often flourish in periods of war or political destabilization. Because they are shared in an already cohesive group, they must be seen as collective deliberations or narratives which explain the hidden causes behind evil things. On the one hand, they enhance the dominant and established values to mobilize the in-group; on the other hand they point out a subservice out-group.This paper will analyze this social function of rumors and CT and stress that if, of course, they develop in periods of open conflicts; they also appear in more latent struggles. This is why in this article "trouble times" seems more appropriated than crisis, conflict, war, etc. Hence, several social situations will be examined through three different levels. First, I will remind how rumors and CT play a significant part in the French Revolution or in the ethno-confessional riots in India. Secondly, I will dwell on limited but dramatic cases of violent confrontation with the authorities of dissident groups such as the events in Jonestown and Waco. Finally, I will demonstrate that in a neighborhood even if there is no open conflict, rumors arise to strengthen social conformism and secured leaderships. To conclude, I will question through the current migrant crisis, the paradigm us/them, the self/ the others, in the definition of the enemy.

International audience ; Rumors and conspiracy theories often flourish in periods of war or political destabilization. Because they are shared in an already cohesive group, they must be seen as collective deliberations or narratives which explain the hidden causes behind evil things. On the one hand, they enhance the dominant and established values to mobilize the in-group; on the other hand they point out a subservice out-group.This paper will analyze this social function of rumors and CT and stress that if, of course, they develop in periods of open conflicts; they also appear in more latent struggles. This is why in this article "trouble times" seems more appropriated than crisis, conflict, war, etc. Hence, several social situations will be examined through three different levels. First, I will remind how rumors and CT play a significant part in the French Revolution or in the ethno-confessional riots in India. Secondly, I will dwell on limited but dramatic cases of violent confrontation with the authorities of dissident groups such as the events in Jonestown and Waco. Finally, I will demonstrate that in a neighborhood even if there is no open conflict, rumors arise to strengthen social conformism and secured leaderships. To conclude, I will question through the current migrant crisis, the paradigm us/them, the self/ the others, in the definition of the enemy.

La profundización de la crisis económica, con sus devastadoras consecuencias sociales, revela también la crisis en la ciencia económica. Es evidente no solo la bancarrota de mainstream neoclásico o del keynesianismo, sino también inéditos desafíos para quienes han continuado practicando, de manera original durante las últimas décadas, la crítica de la economía política capitalista. Es que hoy se manifiesta, como en ningún otro periodo la, no pocas veces incomprendida, relación existente entre la categoría económica y la categoría política. El presente artículo examina la continuidad de la crisis económica iniciada a finales del 2007, que muchos consideraban superada a comienzos del 2011. Expone resumidamente las contradicciones del modo de producción capitalista, que son formalmente más notorias en el mercado financiero, pero que están intrínsecamente relacionadas a la denominada economía real; es decir, al sector productivo manufacturero. Asimismo, destaca una evidente crisis en la ciencia económica, particularmente en sus corrientes de pensamiento que han sido predominantes en las universidades durante los últimos 60 años, desde finales de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la que han dado lugar a sendas protestas en las universidades de Europa y de los Estados Unidos, particularmente en la emblemática Universidad de Harvard. Analizando informes oficiales, datos estadísticos de la economía norteamericana y datos económicos europeos, se comprueba empíricamente, mediante una investigación cuantitativa desarrollada en Suiza, que aplica conceptos de la teoría del caos, un proceso de concentración del capital financiero global; de otro lado, se contrasta tal análisis con un proceso de caída salarial, de incremento de la productividad y de un creciente ejército industrial de reserva que emerge de masivos despidos y de la precariedad laboral mundial. Contradictoriamente surge a la luz de los datos un periodo de masivo incremento del consumo a través del crédito, comprobando la validez académica del término "capital ficticio" desarrollado por Marx en el tomo III de El Capital. Pese a una tasa decreciente de la ganancia se desarrolla, contradictoriamente un proceso de acumulación de capital que retroalimenta un campo especulativo y parasitario. El artículo plantea que las medidas correctivas ensayadas hasta el momento por los países altamente industrializados conducen a una recesión inexorable de largo aliento, considerando, en sus conclusiones, que un nuevo periodo histórico de gran transformación en la conciencia colectiva y en la acción creativa de los trabajadores debe constituirse si la humanidad no quiere reeditar otra barbarie humana como la que puso fin a la crisis económica acontecida en octubre de 1929: la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Finalmente, el análisis de la economía mundial implica interpretar la dinámica de leyes económicas al interior de mercados capitalistas altamente industrializados, así como sus contradictorias interrelaciones; esta dinámica configura un patrón de comportamiento sobre el resto de las economías escasamente industrializadas, como la del Perú. Tal dependencia no es mecánica y, tanto su dinámica interna, puede conducir a un desarrollo del mercado capitalista interno o a establecer una mayor dependencia primario exportadora; como su interrelación con el mercado mundial, que pueden validar el surgimiento de una economía emergente o la triste realidad de una economía semicolonial, estarán determinadas, en última instancia, por el devenir de la presente crisis mundial. ; The deepening economic crisis, with devastating social consequences, also reveals the crisis in economics. Obviously not only the bankruptcy of "mainstream" neoclassical or Keynesian, but also unprecedented challenges for those who have continued to practice, in an original way in recent decades, the critique of capitalist political economy. It appears that today, as in any other period of, not infrequently misunderstood relationship between economic status and political category. This article examines the continuity of the economic crisis that began in late 2007, many considered surpassed in early 2011. Briefly exposes the contradictions of the capitalist mode of production, which are formally more noticeable in the financial market, but they are intrinsically related to the so-called real economy, ie productive manufacturing sector. It also highlights a clear crisis in economics, particularly in their schools of thought that have been prevailing in the universities during the past 60 years, since the end of World War II, which have led to campus protests paths of Europe and the United States, particularly in the iconic Harvard University. Analyzing official reports, statistical data of the U.S. economy and European economic data, it is found empirically through quantitative research developed in Switzerland, which applies concepts of chaos theory, a concentration process of global finance capital, on the other hand, is such analysis contrasts with a process of falling wages, increase in productivity and a growing reserve army emerging from massive layoffs and job insecurity worldwide. In contradiction arises in light of the data a period of massive growth in consumption through credit, checking the academic validity of the term "fictitious capital" developed by Marx in Volume III of Capital. Despite a declining rate of profit is developed, contradictory process of capital accumulation that feeds speculative and parasitic field. The article suggests that corrective measures tested so far by the highly industrialized countries lead to a recession inexorable long-term, considering, in its conclusions, a new historical period of great transformation in the collective consciousness and creative action of workers must become if humanity is not to reissue another human barbarity as ending the economic crisis occurred in October 1929: the World War II. Finally, the analysis of the global economy, involves interpreting the dynamics of economic laws within highly industrialized capitalist markets and their interrelationships contradictory, this dynamic set a pattern for the rest of sparsely industrialized economies, such as Perú . Such dependence is not mechanical, and both its internal dynamics, which may lead to development of internal capitalist market, or to establish a greater reliance on primary exports, as its interface with the world market, which can validate the emergence of an emerging economy or the sad reality of a semi-colonial economy, will depend, ultimately, on the evolution of this global crisis.

This report examines trends in social investment in Italy following the financial crisis of 2007/8. The first section considers social investment in relation to four policy areas: early childhood education and care, housing, financial services and water. The second part of the report provides an overview of social investment and disinvestment trends in the healthcare system in Italy since the 1990s. This section includes a detailed account of service users' and professionals' experiences of the impact of liberalisation and austerity measures on health service delivery drawing on qualitative data collection. Throughout the report we identify policy recommendations to address the effects and impacts of emergent trends towards social disinvestment and liberalisation of public services. This study is part of the wider pan-European RE-InVEST project to investigate the impact of the EU Social Investment package on marginalised groups since the 2007 crisis.

Abstract
The study aims to analyse if the Hungarian prime minister attempted to portray an 'other' image of the Roma ethnic minority group during the segregated primary school conflict in Gyöngyöspata. Moreover, the study will explore the Hungarian prime minister's discourse on the migration crisis to understand if Viktor Orbán adopted the same communication strategy as in the Gyöngyöspata conflict. Comparing the two cases will allow us to identify the key similarities and differences in the discourse adopted by the Hungarian prime minister in different events. This research uses the qualitative content analysis methodology to examine the collected data. Besides this, the study concludes that Viktor Orbán attempted to portray an 'other' image of the Roma ethnic minority group during the Gyöngyöspata conflict. This study aims to fill a gap in the literature by analysing the Hungarian prime minister's discourse on the Gyöngyöspata conflict and comparing his discourse on both cases.

While many studies have focused on the European Commission and its potential to act as a policy entrepreneur, little research has been undertaken into how intergovernmental institutions as a whole are able to shape and advocate certain policies. This article fills that gap by analysing debates in the Council of the European Union on two major strategies: the Small Business Act for Europe and the Europe 2020 strategy. These debates were analysed using newspaper articles in the daily bulletins of Agence Europe, yielding 469 statements which were qualitatively evaluated by means of content analysis. The results demonstrate that the Council as a whole is able to act as a policy entrepreneur if certain conditions are met, namely a common interest and political goal among member states, a need for economic measures due to a crisis situation, and the possibility of shifting unpopular decisions to Brussels.

The article presents an analysis of the dynamics of the state and structure of budget revenues and expenses of the Eastern Russian regions during the pandemic period of 2019-2021. Budget analysis was carried out using statistical and empirical research methods based on Federal Treasury data on the execution of the consolidated budgets of the regions of the Russian Federation and the budgets of territorial state extra-budgetary funds.
By the end of 2021, the structure of the revenue side of budgets in most regions had practically recovered to its pre-Covid state. Personal income tax remained one of the most stable sources of income in the eastern regions: even in the first year of the pandemic, almost all regions showed a positive trend in its revenues. It is expected that the contribution of such a source as Taxes, fees and regular payments for the use of natural resources will be significant.
The losses of the budgets' own revenues in 2020 were compensated for by most regions through intergovernmental fiscal transfers. In 2021, there was a recovery and even an increase in own income relative to 2019, mainly due to tax revenues. However, the positive dynamics of the eastern regions' own incomes did not reduce their dependence on federal assistance, the scale and directions of growth of which vary greatly by type and region: in some regions its volumes increased, in others they sharply decreased. In the structure of gratuitous assistance, the share of subsidies has decreased and the share of subsidies and other intergovernmental fiscal transfers has increased significantly.
The volume of budget expenditures during the pandemic period increased in almost all regions.
The dynamics in the functional budget expenditures structure in the regions are very different: significant changes occurred in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, the Jewish Autonomous Region, the Republic of Buryatia, the Trans-Baikal Territory and the Amur Region.

The budget systems of the Eastern Russian regions have demonstrated their viability and stability, which allowed them to withstand the shocks of the pandemic, resist external and internal threats, and increase the filling of budgets with their own sources and, in general, with the help of interbudgetary transfers, fulfill obligations in accordance with their powers.

AbstractWhile UN reports indicate increasingly dire consequences of climate change, the political will to initiate rapid decarbonization is lacking, as nations fail to meet targets set by international agreements. Given these developments, this paper investigates the role of climate dread and fatalism in the discourse about climate science. We examine the treatment of fatalism in major theories of the policy process, noting that climate policy represents a relatively novel situation—in which a problem once deemed solvable is being redefined as an issue outside the realm of human control. Using automated content analysis, we examine how journalists and interest groups framed reports issued by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) from 2013 to 2022. We find limited changes in the tone and content of news stories and environmental groups' statements, and we suggest that these findings reflect under‐reaction of the political system to new information.

The theme of network society rests on the problem of changes in the basic values of individual consciousness. It is the management of consciousness that should guide all network strategies toward their real humanization, the formation of a 'new system of values' supporting sociocultural institutions, as well as axiological imperatives in the new network world order, thus ensuring information security. Despite the numerous works devoted to network society and management in it, there is no holistic philosophical study of consciousness management as a process and a factor contributing to the preservation of information security in conditions of instability. The lack of philosophical research into the management of consciousness in modern society makes it possible to fill the gap. In this situation, there arises a need for socio-philosophical study of the network society and consciousness management, for defining the philosophical and methodological aspect of the problem. The creation of the modern information environment, the emergence of the Internet, the diversity of social practices, the formation of new social institutions, the development of communicative technologies, the dynamism of the modern era bring to the fore the problem of a scientific approach to the analysis of consciousness management. The uncertainty and crisis nature of the world require new research with a focus on the managerial aspect (management of consciousness) in order to preserve stability and world development, information security. It also becomes necessary to identify the individual's changing values and to develop a new system of values. This study aims to carry out socio-philosophical analysis, to identify and justify the specific features of consciousness management in a network society. The scientific significance of the work is associated with the author's approach to determining and managing the network consciousness, and with the interrelationship of management, information and consciousness. In practical terms, the paper determines the role of managing the information crowd's network consciousness in ensuring information security, in order to preserve the stability and development of the world civilization. The author uses the systemic and analytical approach. This study is a significant contribution to the logical and methodological base of social philosophy, management, cybernetics for further introduction into the practice of educational process and social management.

AbstractIn a recently published study, we completed a systematic literature review of 10,084 peer reviewed English language studies since 2000 within the context of threat assessment, sense making, and critical decision‐making in police, military, ambulance, and firefighting contexts. The results of our descriptive analysis found that although research into threat assessment and decision‐making has been historically 'siloed' from a service context perspective there are nonetheless some common elements that have either independently identified or in some instances coevolved. The insights gained and lessons learned from this vast data pool enabled the enhancement of the urban fire service operational response‐based SPAR decision framework into the Situation, Context, Decision, Plan, Act, Review or SPAR (CD) framework, a true interoperable all hazards and all services decision‐making framework that not only incorporates complexity analysis and contextual factors but is applicable to the full spectrum of emergency management operations. It is hoped that the application of a common framework may facilitate cross industry learnings by applying a more consistent lens for the review of high‐risk, low‐time decisions and the identification of common decision errors and effectiveness (and measurement) of current strategies to improve decision‐making including learning and development and policy and procedure design and implementation. While the SPAR (CD) framework has been developed based on research in high consequence and low time emergency service and military environments, we posit it is equally as applicable in other environments including business contexts and board rooms wherever decisions are required.

Ponencia recogida en las actas de los Cursos de Derecho Internacional y Relaciones Internacionales de Vitoria-Gasteiz organizados por la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad del País Vasco. ; Las crecientes necesidades en el ámbito del mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad internacionales han llevado a Naciones Unidas a recurrir cada vez con mayor frecuencia a lo largo de la última década a los organismos regionales contemplados en el Capítulo VIII de la Carta. En este contexto, y de forma coetánea, la Unión Europea se ha dotado en el marco de su política de seguridad y defensa de nuevas capacidades, tanto civiles como militares, para la gestión internacional de crisis. De la confluencia de estos dos factores ha surgido una relación de colaboración, que comenzó a dar frutos concretos en el año 2003 con el despliegue por parte de la UE, primero en los Balcanes e inmediatamente después en el continente africano, de sus primeras misiones de gestión de crisis en apoyo de NU. La relación se formalizó en septiembre de ese mismo año a través de una Declaración Conjunta, suscrita en Nueva York por ambas organizaciones. Con este trabajo se pretende ofrecer un análisis crítico de este fenómeno, partiendo del estudio de los fundamentos sobre los que se asienta, pero tratando de valorar principalmente su eficacia real en los distintos escenarios y bajo los distintos modelos en los que hasta ahora se ha manifestado. Se trata, en definitiva, de ir más allá del discurso oficial acerca de la complementariedad casi natural de ambas organizaciones en este terreno, para intentar desvelar el auténtico significado y alcance de la relación que han establecido, así como de sus perspectivas de futuro. ; During the last decade, the growing needs in the area of maintaining international peace and security have led the United Nations to resort more and more frequently to regional bodies, as provided for in Chapter VIII of the Charter. At the same time, the European Union has endowed itself with new capabilities, both civilian and military, in the framework of its security and defence policy for international crisis management. The confluence of these two factors has led to a relationship of collaboration that began to provide concrete benefits in 2003 with the deployment by the EU of its first crisis management missions in support of the UN, first in the Balkans and immediately afterwards in Africa. This relationship was formalized in September of that same year by means of a Joint Declaration signed in New York by both organizations. The aim of this paper is to offer a critical analysis of this phenomenon, based on the study of its foundations, but also attempting to evaluate above all its real effectiveness in the different sce- narios and under the different models in which it has manifested itself until now. Specifically, it is an attempt to go beyond official discourse on the almost natural complementarity of these two organizations in this context, to try to reveal the authentic meaning and scope of the relationship they have established, as well as its future perspectives.

The study includes discussion and analysis of the Iranian policy toward the Iraqi crisis, and the effects of this crisis on forming the Iranian external conduct. There are several variables including internal, external and regional variables interacted together and the result of this interaction was affective on the Iranian policy with regard to the crisis. Consequently, Iran aspired to play a central role in Iraq to strengthen its regional influence on the first hand and to strengthen its negotiation situation with the great international powers on the other hand. In this context, Iran adopted an interventional behaviour in the Iraqi affairs by supporting its Allies in various ways and supporting the new political elites and creating strong connections with them as well. That led to a negative result on the Iranian relations with some of the Arab Iraq neighboring countries including Jordan which is afraid of the outcomes of the Iranian intervention in Iraq. The study showed that Iran's activities in Iraq led to strengthen the distrust of Tehran's behavior, therefore Iraq neighboring countries including Jordan are afraid of the Iraqi crisis's consequences on their security and stability.

How has the global social policy agenda evolved since the global economic crisis? To shed light on this question, this article looks at the discourses in European Union (EU) social policy. It draws on two rival theoretical approaches from the literature on globalisation and the welfare state, the efficiency and compensation hypotheses, and links these approaches to two fundamental rationales underlying the discourse in EU social policy. Based on an analysis of key documents from two Open Methods of Coordination (OMCs), the article shows that the logic underlying the efficiency hypothesis can be extended to discourses in EU social policy. While policy debates in one OMC remained largely unchanged, the discourse significantly shifted towards the economic rationale during and after the crisis in the other OMC. This suggests that the crisis at least partly strengthened the view that social policy should be geared towards economic efficiency, growth, and the creation of jobs.

Although keeping bank supervision independent from macroprudential supervision may ensure more checks and balances, placing bank supervision in the central bank could exploit synergies with macroprudential supervision. This paper studies whether placing microprudential supervision of banks, typically the systemic part of the financial system, under the same roof as financial stability policy, typically entrusted to the central bank, can improve financial stability. Specifically, the paper analyzes whether having bank supervision in the central bank mitigated the likelihood of banking crises during 2007–12. The analysis conditions on crisis indicators commonly found in the early-warning models of banking crises, the quality of microprudential supervision, and the quality of macroprudential supervision. The authors find that countries with deeper financial markets and those undergoing rapid financial deepening can better foster financial stability when they put bank supervision in the central bank.