Suchergebnisse

Relevance. The merging of the economic interests of the state and private structures, supported by the concentration and centralization of power-property in the context of the global structural crisis, indicates the transformation of the existing global socio-economic conjuncture, in particular the transformation of subjects of socioeconomic relations into objects. Thus, there is a need to study the ongoing transformation with the subsequent identification of the emerging structure of class society, which makes is possible to determine a promising direction of research in the field of socio-economic relations developing in the global liberal socio-economic system, which is in the terminal stage of crisis.The purpose of the study is to identify trends in the transformation of the global system of socio-economic relations, its elements (subjects and objects of relations), as well as the socio-economic (class) relations themselves, formalization of the presented transformation and ensuring its representativeness.Objectives. This goal is achieved by solving the following tasks: identifying the integration of the institution of the state with transnational capital, representing the emerging structure of socio-economic subject-object relations, as well as the system of subject-object relations of a new global class society.Methodology. The solution of these tasks is carried out by applying general scientific research methods within the framework of logical analysis and synthase. Formulated and applied the author's method, presented in the text in the form of an algorithm that describes the logic of the process of transformation of subjects of socio-economic relations, represented by a flowchart.Results. The result of the research is the modeling of the emerging structure of socio-economic subject-object relations.Conclusions. The conducted research is applicable for the structural analysis of global socio-economic processes, as well as the formation of interdisciplinary theoretical models that reveal the destructive processes taking place in the modern market world system, which is on the verge of transformation.

Summary of key findings This project applies a capabilities approach to explore the social damage caused by austerity to people suffering with mental distress. Those coping and managing with severe, lasting and ongoing mental health problems find themselves devoting considerable attention, time and effort to staying well. Surviving and handling day-to-day symp­toms were at the front of people's minds and were more pressing than other goals such as employment or education. The group work uncovered three major areas within which austerity affected people's mental health. These were: reducing benefit entitlements, lack of access to employment, under investment in already deprived com­munities and the flexibilisation of employment were all implicated in recent experiences of personal economic hardship. In certain cases, this entrenched experiences of social isolation; the rolling back of provision in both mental health and social care services due to central and local government spending reductions had a direct influence on resources available for managing mental distress; increasing conditionality through the use of assessment of eligibility reinforced feelings of shame and inadequacy and fear of not being seen as genuinely ill. Welfare transformation also negatively impacted on the relationship between service users and professionals, with welfare workers being seemingly more likely to treat people with suspicion. A range of capabilities was talked about by the group as important for managing levels of mental distress. These included both welfare services, provided through the social care and benefits system as well as mental healthcare, and sources of more informal relational factors such as family, friends and volunteering. Such was the diversity of examples given that data analysis drew four major principles which were seen as beneficial for improving the capabilities of those experiencing mental distress. It could be argued that day centre care best brings together these different principles under one roof: ...

The article focuses on preliminary findings that allow us to account for the historical determinations that, in the context of the expansion and establishment of capitalist social relations, have had a significant impact on the shaping of the country's economic and social structure. Paraguay's place in the world economy has shaped not only the productive structure, but has also conditioned the structure of the labor market, wage levels, as well as the conditions under which the working class reproduces itself. The analysis is framed within the critique of political economy and, therefore, is opposed to the analytical matrix of conventional economics, since the method based on methodological individualism challenges the understanding of economic and social phenomena understood as parts of a totality that is the capitalist mode of production. Keywords: Labor Market; Pandemic; Crisis; Accumulation; Paraguay. ; El artículo se centra en hallazgos preliminares que permiten dar cuenta de las determinaciones históricas que, en el contexto de expansión y asentamiento de las relaciones sociales capitalistas, han incidido de manera relevante en la conformación de la estructura económica y social del país. El lugar que ocupa Paraguay en el engranaje de la economía mundial ha configurado no sólo la estructura productiva, sino, además, ha condicionado la estructura del mercado de trabajo, los niveles de salarios, así como las condiciones en las que se reproduce la clase trabajadora. El análisis se enmarca en la crítica de la economía política y, es, por tanto, opuesta a la matriz analítica de la economía convencional, puesto que el método basado en el individualismo metodológico impugna la comprensión de los fenómenos económicos y sociales entendidos como partes de una totalidad que es el modo de producción capitalista. Palabras clave: Mercado de Trabajo; Pandemia; Crisis; Acumulación; Paraguay

Within the literature associated with political leadership, scholarship directly focused upon political performance in office is thinly conducted, both in New Zealand and in other areas across the world. This thesis aims to greater understand political leadership and performance in New Zealand, and address the gaps in the literature correlated with Prime Ministerial performance. To do this, this thesis provides a current list of rankings of former Premiers and Prime Ministers in New Zealand and identifies the dimensions that one must fulfil to display exceptional performance in office. To undertake this research, this thesis uses a series of surveys – distributed to students at Victoria University of Wellington, and to other individuals with a professional interest in politics and history in New Zealand – to best assess public perceptions towards political performance. Building upon the path dependency created by former exercises of the same nature in New Zealand (conducted by Simon Sheppard in 1998, and by Jon Johansson and Stephen Levine in 2011), this thesis provides a snapshot of the current public perceptions of outstanding political performance. In a similar nature to the earlier studies, this thesis identifies the dimensions of longevity, death in office, and being a 'big change' or crisis Prime Minister as being directly correlated with elevated performance in office. Additionally, this thesis investigates whether a series of variables – namely time between exercises in New Zealand, and the appearance of a possible recency effect– provide any influence or change over results. Additionally, this thesis moves outside the scope of exercises conducted previously in New Zealand, by ranking Prime Ministerial performance using a series of different methodologies. In conjunction with a replication of the exercises already conducted in New Zealand, this survey also assesses Prime Ministerial performance by using a survey based upon the well-cited Schlesinger ranking studies in the United States, and a third survey aimed to assess political shifts and levels of knowledge and recall rates amongst university students. Regardless of such factors, the results of this thesis remain consistent with previous exercises, with Michael Savage, Richard Seddon, Helen Clark and Peter Fraser being regarded by the political and academic elite across all surveys as embodying the highest qualities of successful political leadership in New Zealand.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the dimension of the humanitarian crisis of Venezuela, with a particular emphasis on the importance of regional migration problems and the involvement of the international community. The article consists of an introduction that focuses on the background of the current migration crisis, especially in terms of substantive and methodological assumptions and the theoretical perspective. Then, the article focuses on analyzing two major research areas: a) the main social, economic, and political causes of the Venezuelan migration crisis; the effects and causes of the crisis for both the Venezuelan economy and the security of the Latin American region; and b) the involvement of the international community, with a particular emphasis on the activities of the European Union, the United Nations, Latin American governments and the United States. Hence, the hypothesis indicates that the problem concerning the migration crisis of Venezuela is both caused by and deepens further socio-economic problems of the country, causing a feedback effect. The article is prepared based on an institutional and legal method (analysis of selected initiatives and the shape of public policies supporting the problem of the refugee crisis of Venezuela); systemic (analysis of the impact of the migration crisis on regional security in Latin America); content analysis (in particular documents and statutes of international organizations and governments); descriptive statistics method (analysis of statistical data related to the scale of the economic crisis of Venezuela and the population affected by the refugee problem). The results of the article indicate that the possibilities of handling the migration crisis are still limited due to the lack of coordination of the actions of the Venezuelan government and international organizations. ; Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza kryzysu humanitarnego Wenezueli ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem znaczenia problemów migracji regionalnej i zaangażowania społeczności międzynarodowej. Wstęp do rozważań koncentruje się na preludium obecnego kryzysu uchodźczego oraz na głównych założeniach merytoryczno-metodologicznych. Następnie skupiono się na dwóch głównych obszarach badawczych: a) najważniejszych społecznych, gospodarczych oraz politycznych przyczynach kryzysu migracyjnego Wenezueli, b) zaangażowaniu społeczności międzynarodowej w problemy migracyjne Wenezueli ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem działań Unii Europejskiej, Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych, Organizacji Państw Amerykańskich, rządów państw Ameryki Łacińskiej oraz Stanów Zjednoczonych. Biorąc pod uwagę wskazane założenia, hipoteza artykułu wskazuje, że kryzys migracyjny Wenezueli zarówno jest spowodowany kryzysem humanitarnym państwa, jak i pogłębia go, wywołując efekt sprzężenia zwrotnego. W artykule zastosowano metody: instytucjonalno-prawną, systemową, analizę treści oraz metodę statystyki opisowej.

Micro, Small, Medium Enterprise (MSME) has a great potential to increase the Indonesian economy. It has contributed 60% of Indonesian GDP. In addition, MSME is able to survive during economy crisis occurred from 1998 to 2000s in Indonesia. The vacant employment and high export level are becoming great potential for MSME in Indonesia. However, the high level of MSME contribution still not yet distributed evenly, especially for the craft industry. It is shown by the lack of existing export level on Craft Industry of MSME. In addition, MSME frequently encountered problem which is bankrupting business due to lack of knowledge in developing business using appropriate strategy. This research is performed to discover influence of Omni Channel towards MSME Performance. Result of processed data shown that Omni Channel is an appropriate method to improve MSME's Performance through CRM. Omni Channel approach is customer-centered aimed to improve satisfaction and loyalty of consumer. Besides that, this approach is able to increase the amount of MSME who uses digital in expanding market and helping government program called "UMKM Go Online" which aimed to increase digitally managed entrepreneur in Indonesia.

*This series is the result of an adaptation of a paper presented as part of a seminar on "Theories and Research in International Relations" at Hebrew University, July 2012. Commentaries are welcome to daniel.wajner@mail.huji.ac.il In the first article of this series we have introduced the debates on the ontology of power and the ways in which these debates have influenced the theoretical divisions in International Relations (IR). In this second article we will present the main epistemological approaches of the different paradigms, leading to controversies on the mechanisms involved in the activation of power and its dimensions.Mechanisms of Power: different theoretical approachesOur first step is to address the questions "how power is activated" and "how power proceeds once it is activated". Scholars of diverse backgrounds proposed different approaches to answer those questions, leading us to the possibility of dealing with the controversies around the epistemology of power.According to the realist tradition, as explained previously, the regular way by which actors operate to assert control over the others and the system is coercion. Through the manipulation of material resources (either via sanctions or inducements), an actor could generate changes in the other's actor conduct even in contrary of their interests. As main representatives of the neo-realist paradigm, Waltz and Mearsheimer went one step forward when they affirmed that the distribution of military capabilities constitutes the best measurable expression of power1; and consequently, that the display of alterations in capabilities is what explains the main changes in decision-making.However, most of the neo-realists tend to accept another way to activate power that is based on the concept of socialization. Although renowned for being "mentioned" by Waltz himself, the concept is in fact developed by other scholars, among them Ikenberry and Kupchan, who move large away from Waltz. They explain the mechanisms and conditions of socialization using the neorealist scheme but, unlike Waltz, Ikenberry and Kupchan incorporate the "normative" element as "a different aspect of power" which guides the state's behavior.2 Moreover, they assume a pseudo-liberal perspective on the role of specific agents (elites) in providing systemic change, undermining the unitary actor assumption and thus abandoning the structuralist approach that neo-realists have usually adopted.Ikenberry and Kupchan seek to describe how hegemonic powers have a tendency to activate processes of socialization, through which secondary countries internalize the norms of the hegemon. According to them, socialization occurs primarily when countries suffer the fragmentation of internal coalitions (especially after wars and political crisis), stimulating certain elites to embrace the norms that the hegemon is articulating. If the receptivity and realignment of the elites is linked with coercive power, norms could be consolidated as well as the policies in line with them (albeit this order may vary depending on whether the socialization is carried through normative persuasion, external inducement or internal reconstruction).3 It is important to note that this is a "one-player" argument; the authors say little about "real" cases - where there are many candidates to hegemony and the socialization processes are "in competition". This appears as a very interesting research agenda for the future.The eighties and nineties developed other interesting realist approaches who explore ideational elements in power analysis. One of them is the Krasner's approach on institutional power, which consists of a "metapower" that has indirect control over outcomes by changing the setting of the confrontation.4 Baldwin went also in that direction by embedding what he called the paradox of unrealized power, in which the will of using the power is a resource by itself.5 Likewise, Walt´s theory about the balance of threat adds aggressive intentions as a main variable, what makes power not a function of material resources but of inter-subjective factors.6 The three went clearly beyond neorealist assumptions.Of course the incorporation of normative elements to analyze power relationships did not only emerge in the realist tradition, but also in the liberal one, the natural candidate. The most famous liberal twist came recently from Nye's soft power concept.7 Accepting coercion" and inducement as two relevant forms of displaying power, Nye suggests co-opting as "a third dimension of power" which affects behavior without being commanded through threats or payments, but through attracting with indirect resources (such as values, culture and policies). This "soft" version of power, argues the prestigious scholar, becomes crucial in a global information era in which "winning hearts and minds" matters more and more; an era in which hard sower and soft power are required to be connected (in what he calls smart power) in order to enable the legitimate use of power, as the war in Irak showed to the United States.Is not casual that Nye writes from a (North)American perspective in a period of time in which their legitimacy was so questioned; anyhow, his concept was rapidly attributed to other situations. Despite the popularity of Nye's scheme, the theoretical contribution is still weak. As Guzzini argued years before, it is clear that "power alone is not what we are looking for"8- what is lacking is an approach that could address the causal mechanisms of the different types of power and could identify their devices once they are activated.Guzzini himself will provide an answer to that challenge, by recommending the separation of the two types of power structural power and interactionist power in two different concepts: governance and power.9 Citing economical-rationalist terms, this new dyadic conceptualization examines the interactions between systemic rules (market constraints) and the decisions of the agents (strategic behaviors), in a power analysis. As a constructivist, Guzzini sustains that in this (inter-subjective) relationship of power, the actors change interests and identities, stressing the value of legitimate power (authority) in enabling "a widing realm of possible (in political action)".10 Despite Guzzini paved the way to other constructivist approaches11, he still leaves us with the confusion between the two different stages of the argumentative chain: the first one based on the agent-structure distinction, and the second one on the material-ideal division.Barnett and Duvall would release us from that confusion by presenting their taxonomy of four dimensions of power.12 It combines the two variables presented above with different names; on one side, the expression of the power (actor's interactions vs. structural constitution), and on the other side the specificity of the power relations (direct connection vs. diffuse relation).13 The analytic combination leads us to four types in which power operates: compulsory, institutional, structural and productive. Therefore, while in a simultaneous power analysis, one side would explain what is "possible" (closer to the Compulsory corner), the other one would explain what is "legitimate-desirable" (closer to the Productive corner).14Once this has been approached, the next challenge consists of transferring these theoretical understanding to a methodological scheme for power analysis in IR. This will be addressed on the next and last part of the series.1 John Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great power Politics (NYC: Norton, 2001); Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics. (NYC: McGraw-Hill, 1979)2 John G. Ikenberry and Charles A. Kupchan, "Socialization and hegemonic power", International Organization 44, No3 (Summer 1990), p. 284.3 Ibid., p. 290-2914Stephen D. Krasner, "Regimes and the Limits of Realism: Regimes as Autonomous Variables", International Organization 36 (Spring 1982), 497-5105 David A. Baldwin, Paradoxes of Power (NYC: Basil Blackwell, 1989).6 Stephen Walt, The Origins of Alliances (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987)7 Joseph S. Nye, Soft Power- The Means to Success in World Politics.8 Stefano Guzzini, "Structural power: the limits of neorealist power analysis", International Organization 47, No3 (Summer 1993), p.478.9 Ibid.,, p.471.10 Stefano Guzzini, "Structural power: the limits of neorealist power analysis", p.477.11 In that sense, Hurd presents a similar conclusion to pose legitimacy as an ordering principle at IR, building also on Weber´s approach at the beginning. Another concept that might be reminded in constructivist literature is Risse´s "normative power", that although lacks the "material side", it contributed to highlight the devices of the "logic of truth-seeking arguing" (considered as "the power of the better argument").12 Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall, "Power in International Politics", 48-57.13 Although is true that Barnett-Duvall do not present this as hard power vs. soft power, with the examples given it is possible to infer that applies a similar logic.14 Ibid., p.44. Fabian Daniel Wajner is a Research and Teaching Assistant at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Department of International Relations) and a Fellow of the Liweranth Center for Latin America Studies.

Introducción: Esta investigación aborda la problemática de la intervención de los territorios y la consecuente degradación de sus ecosistemas, desde la perspectiva de la Bioética Ambiental sugerida por Potter (1988). Analiza las acciones humanas, calificadas como depredadoras de los entornos naturales y sus consiguientes dilemas éticos, en el contexto del ecosistema denominado Sabana de Bogotá. La convivencia con el territorio genera los factores necesarios para la sobrevivencia de una sociedad, pero también, determina los vectores culturales que inciden en su degradación ambiental. Ante tal circunstancia, la visión de una Bioética Ambiental sugiere unos comportamientos humanos que superen el antropocentrismo y acojan el ecocentrismo. Propósito de la investigación: Establecer los postulados de una bioética ambiental que permitan una interpretación de la crisis ambiental, en un contexto general, y que puedan asociarse con las políticas públicas orientadas a la convivencia con el territorio de la Sabana de Bogotá, en particular. Metodología: Revisión documental, en perspectiva hermenéutica y aplicación de entrevistas en profundidad, con enfoque cualitativo, desde las categorías: bioética ambiental; crisis ambiental; ordenamiento territorial; degradación del ambiente; sobrevivencia humana; ecosistema y desarrollo sostenible. Además, la consulta de los planes de ordenamiento territorial-POT de la región de la Sabana de Bogotá, en el periodo 2000-2017, como contexto de interacción entre la política pública ambiental, el territorio y el comportamiento humano. Resultados: Desde la interpretación de la Bioética Ambiental, los territorios en donde convive el ser humano con los otros seres de la naturaleza, humanos y no humanos, sufren el impacto de la degradación ambiental, por causas originadas en la ética individualista antropocéntrica, que derivan en acciones económicas empresariales que desconocen los ritmos naturales y decisiones de los organismos políticos que propician conflictos de intereses ambientales. Ello se evidencia en el ecosistema de la Sabana de Bogotá donde se presenta una intervención antrópica que genera afectaciones a la estructura ecológica principal y propicia inequidades en el acceso a los recursos ambientales del territorio. Conclusiones: La convivencia del ser humano con el territorio que habita, genera procesos de degradación ambiental, asociados a la ética hegemónica individualista, que inspira las prácticas de apropiación de los recursos naturales y la negación de los valores intrínsecos de la naturaleza. Tal dinámica se puede verificar en la convivencia del habitante de la Sabana de Bogotá con dicho territorio; ecosistema degradado por la sobrecarga de las prácticas urbanísticas intensivas. Es posible, entonces, la incorporación de una perspectiva bioética ambiental, en las decisiones de las personas que intervienen en la política pública ambiental y en la generación de actividades empresariales, como vía para recomponer la convivencia con el territorio. ; Resumen 8 Introducción 9 Objetivos 17 Metodología 18 Capítulo 1: Fundamentación de la Bioética Ambiental 29 1.1 La Bioética ambiental en la visión de Potter 33 1.1.1 Revisión de los temas desarrollados en la Bioética Global 33 1.1.1.1 Definiendo la Bioética Global 38 1.1.1.2 Al encuentro de la Bioética Ambiental 40 1.1.2 El legado de Aldo Leopold 44 1.1.3 La ruta del antropocentrismo al ecocentrismo 47 1.1.4 La ampliación de los límites de la moral: la naturaleza como sujeto de derechos 50 1.2 Fritz Jahr: relación ética de los seres humanos con los animales y las plantas 57 1.3 La bioética ambiental en visiones posteriores a Potter. Una mirada latinoamericana 59 1.4 Consideraciones finales sobre el capítulo 1 75 Capítulo 2: La Ruta Ambiental en la Bioética 78 2.1 Enfoques ambientales de la bioética 79 2.1.1 El espíritu ambientalista de la bioética 80 2.1.2 La bioética es ambientalista por naturaleza, no requiere apelativos 83 2.1.3 Perspectiva interdisciplinaria de la bioética 84 2.1.4 Los principios de precaución y responsabilidad en el cuidado del ambiente 86 2.1.5 La bioética ambiental en diálogo con la biopolítica 87 2.2 La bioética en la encrucijada de la economía y la política pública 90 2.3 Consideraciones finales sobre el capítulo 2 93 Capítulo 3: La Crisis Ambiental y la Vida en el Planeta 98 3.1 La degradación del ambiente 99 3.2 La conciencia ambiental 102 3.3 Sobrevivencia humana y ecosistemas intervenidos 106 3.4 El comportamiento humano ante la naturaleza 110 3.5 Consideraciones finales sobre el capítulo 3 115 Capítulo 4: La convivencia con el territorio 119 4.1 La vida humana en el territorio 121 4.2 El Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial 123 4.2.1 Ordenamiento territorial y cultura 125 4.2.2 Ordenamiento territorial y equidad 126 4.3 Estilo de vida de hoy y las futuras generaciones 128 4.4 Uso sostenible de los ecosistemas 131 4.5 Ordenamiento territorial de la Sabana de Bogotá 135 4.5.1 El ecosistema Sabana de Bogotá 136 4.5.2 Los Planes de Ordenamiento Territorial 137 4.5.2.1 Componentes del POT 139 4.5.2.2 Las determinantes del ordenamiento territorial 139 4.5.3 Análisis sobre la implementación del ordenamiento territorial 141 4.5.4 Análisis de la dimensión ambiental en los POT de la Sabana de Bogotá 144 4.5.5 La protección por orden judicial del río Bogotá 156 4.6 Consideraciones finales sobre el capítulo 4 158 Capítulo 5: Bioética Ambiental y Desarrollo Sostenible en el Territorio 165 5.1 La política pública ambiental 166 5.2 La gestión integral de la biodiversidad 169 5.3 Desarrollo sostenible e inequidad en el acceso a los servicios ecosistémicos 172 5.4 Los retos del desarrollo sostenible en el territorio 175 5.4 Consideraciones finales sobre el capítulo 5 177 Capítulo 6: Los postulados Ambientales de la Bioética 179 6.1 La defensa de la vida y sus especies 183 6.2 Personas sanas y ecosistemas sanos sin sobrepoblación 186 6.3 Normas ambientales para la protección de las ciudades y los bosques 190 6.4 Producir para vivir bien y vivir para cuidar el territorio 194 Conclusiones 196 Referencias 203 Anexo 1 212 Anexo 2 214 ; Introduction: This research addresses the problems of the intervention of the territories and the consequent degradation of their ecosystems, from the perspective of Environmental Bioethics suggested by Potter (1988). Analyzes human actions, classified as predators of natural environments and their consequent ethical dilemmas, in the context of the ecosystem called Sabana de Bogotá. Coexistence with the territory generates the necessary factors for the survival of a society, but also determines the cultural vectors that affect its environmental degradation. In such a circumstance, the vision of Environmental Bioethics suggests human behaviors that overcome anthropocentrism and embrace ecocentrism. Purpose of the research: To establish the postulates of an environmental bioethics that allow an interpretation of the environmental crisis, in a general context, and that can be associated with public policies aimed at coexistence with the territory of the Sabana de Bogotá, in particular. Methodology: Documentary review, from a hermeneutic perspective and application of in-depth interviews, with a qualitative approach, from the categories: environmental bioethics; Environmental crisis; territorial ordering; environmental degradation; human survival; ecosystem and sustainable development. In addition, the consultation of the territorial planning plans-POT of the Sabana de Bogotá region, in the period 2000-2017, as a context of interaction between environmental public policy, the territory and human behavior. Results: From the interpretation of Environmental Bioethics, the territories where the human being coexists with other beings of nature, human and non-human, suffer the impact of environmental degradation, for causes originating in anthropocentric individualistic ethics, which derive in business economic actions that are unaware of the natural rhythms and decisions of political organizations that promote environmental conflicts of interest. This is evident in the Bogotá Sabana ecosystem where an anthropic intervention is presented that generates damages to the main ecological structure and fosters inequities in access to the environmental resources of the territory. Conclusions: The coexistence of the human being with the territory they inhabit generates processes of environmental degradation, associated with the individualistic hegemonic ethic, which inspires the practices of appropriation of natural resources and the denial of the intrinsic values of nature. Such dynamics can be verified in the coexistence of the inhabitant of the Bogotá Savannah with said territory; ecosystem degraded by the overload of intensive urban practices. It is possible, then, the incorporation of an environmental bioethics perspective, in the decisions of the people who intervene in environmental public policy and in the generation of business activities, as a way to rebuild coexistence with the territory. ; Doctorado ; Introdução: Esta pesquisa aborda os problemas da intervenção dos territórios e a consequente degradação de seus ecossistemas, na perspectiva da Bioética Ambiental sugerida por Potter (1988). Analisa as ações humanas, classificadas como predadoras de ambientes naturais e seus consequentes dilemas éticos, no contexto do ecossistema chamado Sabana de Bogotá. A convivência com o território gera os fatores necessários para a sobrevivência de uma sociedade, mas também determina os vetores culturais que afetam sua degradação ambiental. Em tal circunstância, a visão da Bioética Ambiental sugere comportamentos humanos que superam o antropocentrismo e abraçam o ecocentrismo. Objetivo da pesquisa: Estabelecer os postulados de uma bioética ambiental que permita uma interpretação da crise ambiental, em um contexto geral, e que possa ser associada a políticas públicas voltadas à convivência com o território da Sabana de Bogotá, em particular. Metodologia: Revisão documental, sob uma perspectiva hermenêutica e aplicação de entrevistas em profundidade, com abordagem qualitativa, das categorias: bioética ambiental; Crise ambiental; ordenamento territorial; degradação ambiental; sobrevivência humana; ecossistema e desenvolvimento sustentável. Além disso, a consulta dos planos de planejamento territorial-POT da região de Sabana de Bogotá, no período de 2000 a 2017, como contexto de interação entre políticas públicas ambientais, território e comportamento humano. Resultados: a partir da interpretação da Bioética Ambiental, os territórios em que o ser humano convive com outros seres da natureza, humanos e não humanos, sofrem o impacto da degradação ambiental, por causas originárias da ética individualista antropocêntrica, que derivam nas ações econômicas empresariais que desconhecem os ritmos e decisões naturais das organizações políticas que promovem conflitos de interesses ambientais. Isso é evidenciado no ecossistema da savana de Bogotá, onde é apresentada uma intervenção antrópica que gera danos à principal estrutura ecológica e promove desigualdades no acesso aos recursos ambientais do território. Conclusões: A coexistência do ser humano com o território em que habita gera processos de degradação ambiental, associados à ética hegemônica individualista, que inspira as práticas de apropriação dos recursos naturais e a negação dos valores intrínsecos da natureza. Essa dinâmica pode ser verificada na coexistência do habitante da savana de Bogotá com o referido território; ecossistema degradado pela sobrecarga de práticas urbanas intensivas. É possível, então, a incorporação de uma perspectiva de bioética ambiental nas decisões das pessoas que intervêm nas políticas públicas ambientais e na geração de atividades empresariais, como forma de reconstruir a convivência com o território.

AbstractThis article examines the Trump Administration's inability to mount a timely and effective response to the COVID‐19 outbreak, despite ample warning. Through an empirical exploration guided by three explanatory perspectives—psychological, bureau‐organizational, and agenda‐political—developed from the strategic surprise, public administration, and crisis management literature, the authors seek to shed light on the mechanisms that contributed to the underestimation of the coronavirus threat by the Trump Administration and the slow and mismanaged federal response. The analysis highlights the extent to which the factors identified by previous studies of policy surprise and failure in other security domains are relevant for health security. The paper concludes by addressing the crucial role of executive leadership as an underlying factor in all three perspectives and discussing why the US president is ultimately responsible for ensuring a healthy policy process to guard against the pathologies implicated in the federal government's sub‐optimal response to the COVID‐19 crisis.

This article examines the Trump Administration's inability to mount a timely and effective response to the COVID‐19 outbreak, despite ample warning. Through an empirical exploration guided by three explanatory perspectives—psychological, bureau‐organizational, and agenda‐political—developed from the strategic surprise, public administration, and crisis management literature, the authors seek to shed light on the mechanisms that contributed to the underestimation of the coronavirus threat by the Trump Administration and the slow and mismanaged federal response. The analysis highlights the extent to which the factors identified by previous studies of policy surprise and failure in other security domains are relevant for health security. The paper concludes by addressing the crucial role of executive leadership as an underlying factor in all three perspectives and discussing why the US president is ultimately responsible for ensuring a healthy policy process to guard against the pathologies implicated in the federal government's sub‐optimal response to the COVID‐19 crisis.

This paper presents an empirical approach that combines competing paradigms of mod-eling in empirical capital market research. The approach simultaneously estimates the explanatory power of fundamentals, expectations, and historic yield patterns, making it possible to test the extent to which the efficient market hypothesis, fundamental data analysis, and behavioral finance contribute to explaining stock market yield. The core of the approach is a dynamic panel model (Arellano-Bond estimator with an MA restric-tion of the residuals), complemented with an upstream factor analysis to reduce multi-collinearity. Due to the complexity of the data set, a great many parameters that influ-ence the yield can be determined. Highly significant parameter estimates are possible even though the information in the data set is interdependent. For the German stock market (the 160 companies listed in DAX, MDAX, SDAX, and TecDAX), the quarterly yield is analyzed for the period between 2004 and 2009. The model has high explanato-ry power for the entire observation period, even in light of the fact that the period in-cludes the financial crisis of 2008.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the balance of freedom and security in Ghana's democracy during the Covid-19 pandemic via the precautionary measures announced by the government. Ghana is considered as one of the most stable democracies in Africa. Considering the Covid-19 health crisis, via the periodic briefings of the President, this research seeks to find out if and how the President tried to strike a balance between keeping Ghanaians safe and maintaining basic freedoms. Content analysis is used to analyze the 20 speeches given by the President of the Republic of Ghana, Nana Akufo Addo, from March 2020 to March 2021 to assess the President's choice of words regarding freedom and security. The findings indicate that, in times of the heightened security threat posed by the Covid-19 pandemic, the President's speeches included plentiful words of securitization. However, with the help of a detailed analysis and contextualization of the words used, the paper concludes that the President's initiatives and directives were geared towards striking a balance between keeping Ghanaians safe and maintaining basic freedoms.

İkinci Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra, Batı Blok'u ile beraber hareket etmeye başlayan Türkiye, bu çerçevede başta şüpheyle yaklaşmasına karşılık İsrail'i tanımakta gecikmemiştir. O zamandan başlayarak bugüne kadar inişli çıkışlı bir grafik çizen ikili ilişkiler, zaman zaman duyulan dış tehdit algılamaları ile yakınlaşırken, tam tersine kimi zaman gerginleşmiş veya etkisizleşmiştir. Özellikle Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi'nin iktidara gelmesinden sonra, iki ülke arasındaki münasebetler daha da gerginleşmiştir. Türkiye ile İsrail arasındaki ilişkiler 1996 yılında, Stratejik Ortaklık zeminine oturtulmuş ve bu işbirliği çerçevesinde Türkiye, Suriye karşısında özellikle teröre verdiği desteği kesmesi adına bu ilişki elini güçlendirmiştir. Ancak 3 Kasım 2002 sonrasında, Türk dış politikasında karar alıcıların değişmesi neticesinde İsrail güvenlikleştirilirken, İslami diğer aktörler de güvenliksizleştirilmiştir. Bir başka deyişle İsrail'den duyulan tehdit algılaması artarken, dış politika İsrail karşıtı ülkelerin işbirliği ile oluşturulmaya çalışılmıştır. Ardı ardına gelen gerginlikler (Hamas'ın ziyareti, Davos Krizi ve Alçak Koltuk Olayı, vb.) iki ülkenin bölgedeki ittifakını zedelemiştir. Gerginleşen ilişkilere kuvvetli bir darbe de, Mavi Marmara gemisine yapılan İsrail saldırısı vurmuştur. Böylece iki ülke ilişkileri kopma noktasına gelmiştir. ; During the period after the Second World War, Turkey began to move together with the Western Bloc, and was quick to recognize Israel despite being initially suspicious especially in this context. The relations that have had ups and downs since then have become closer with the perception of external threats from time to time and on the contrary, they have sometimes been ineffective. Especially after the Justice and Development Party came to power, the relations between the two countries became more tense. Relations between Turkey and Israel have been set on a Strategic Partnership ground in 1996, and in this cooperation framework, Turkey has a stronger hand against Syria, especially in the name of cutting support for terrorism. However, after 3 November 2002, as a result of the change in decision-makers in Turkish foreign policy, the security of Israel has increased and the security of other Islamic actors has decreased. In other words, while the perception of threat from Israel has boosted, foreign policy has been attempted to be formed with the cooperation of anti-Israel countries. Consecutive tensions (Hamas visit, Davos Crisis and the Low Seat Incident, etc.) damaged the two countries' alliance in the region. A strong blow has also been added to the strained relations by Israel's attack to the Mavi Marmara ship. Thus, the relations between the two countries have come to a breaking point.

Purpose. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the anthropological and socio-philosophical dimensions of human existence of the older age group given the challenges of pandemic threats caused by COVID-19. To this end, it is planned to solve a number of tasks, among which one should distinguish the following: 1) to investigate the manifestations of age discrimination in the context of the social and labor areas of human existence; 2) to focus on the asymmetry of the behavior of society and the state relative to persons of the older age group in the field of healthcare in the context of a pandemic crisis; 3) to represent the anthropological features of changes in the socialization and activity of older people under the current conditions of globalization-pandemic challenges. Theoretical basis. Despite such a broad representation of the age-related issue in public relations, there are still no practical guarantees that would apply to discriminatory aspects of older age groups in various areas of their manifestation. The synergistic evolution of social reality requires substantive analysis of the issue under the current conditions for the transformation of social life, which is affected by globalization crises caused by the pandemic threats of COVID-19. Originality. The stereotypical assumptions underlying legal policy and established social relations are based solely on the application of chronological age. The novelty is in justifying an individual approach to the elderly through the personification of the personal characteristics of a person. The study of anthropological and socio-philosophical dimensions of the existence of a person of the older age group in the face of the challenges of pandemic threats caused by COVID-19 has made it possible to analyze the destructive nature of age discrimination in the context of the social and labor areas of human existence. As well as focus on the asymmetry of the behavior of society and the state in relation to these persons in the field of health care, and emphasize the anthropological features of changes in the socialization and human activity under the current conditions of globalization-pandemic challenges. Conclusions. External threats to human existence call for special attention to the implementation and protection of human rights, freedoms, individual freedoms, and identity. Pandemic threats have transformed all dimensions of human existence, especially for those groups of society that are less socially protected. The pandemic crisis has created additional grounds for discrimination against older people in various areas of human existence. Equalization of persons by age without personifying the personal characteristics of an individual is discrimination on an age basis, which violates the principles of democracy and humanism in the society, leads to stigmatization of the person, is the cause of the anthropological crisis of a person.

For the last year, Ukraine's economy has been operating in conditions of economic turbulence caused by the COVID-19 epidemic. This has been accompanied by an increase in the uneven development of the regions, which is caused, along with macroeconomic constraints, and the peculiarities of the behavior of government, business and the population. The tendencies of economic development of the regions of Ukraine in the conditions of coronavirus crisis and their influence on the formation of tax revenues of local budgets by means of such methods as abstract-logical, comparative analysis, graphic visualization, statistical are evaluated. Analysis of economic development trends in the regions of Ukraine in the context of the coronavirus crisis and their impact on the formation of tax revenues of local budgets suggests that the economic, social and fiscal effects of the COVID-19 crisis are territorially differentiated. At the same time, the development of regions during the quarantine restrictions took place depending on behavioral and institutional factors that led to a number of irrational decisions by the subjects of financial and economic relations at different levels of government. Despite the cessation of a number of enterprises and the decline in business revenues, in 2020 tax revenues of local budgets increased. However, this was accompanied by a decrease in intergovernmental transfers and an increase in spending on curbing the spread of the pandemic. The outlined effects of declining economic activity of business, consumer spending (along with falling investment) can be considered a delayed effect of curtailing economic growth in the short term. One of the priority steps to overcome the negative trends should be an intensive increase in public investment, which involves co-financing projects from budget funds and business resources, establishing cooperation between state, regional and local levels of government.