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The article investigates the nature, the main features and particularities of the 2007–2008 world food crisis, which has revealed the imperfection of the world food and agricultural systems as well as contradictions both in production relations and increasingly inside the Man–Nature system.

"Crisis Behavior: Miscalculation, Escalation, and Inadvertent War" published on by Oxford University Press.

This article examines the causation and extent of interstate crisis escalation among two conflictual dyads, namely Greece–Turkey and India–Pakistan. It draws from the International Crisis Behaviour dataset to present a new sub-dataset of 12 interstate crises involving the two dyads in the period 1987 to 2002. While crisis behaviour in Greece–Turkey has frequently been analysed within the context of two major regional organizations (NATO and the EU), Indian–Pakistani crises have been studied within the perspective of nuclear proliferation. To examine the linkage between these features and interstate crises, the article operationalizes the security dilemma and the diversionary theory of war through a probabilistic model. Using Ragin's (2000) comparative qualitative analysis, it demonstrates that both the security dilemma and diversionary theory explain crisis escalation, although the latter covers more cases with a smaller margin of error. Moreover, the article demonstrates that Greek–Turkish crises have generally escalated to relatively low levels of conflict (threat of war or show of force), while Indian–Pakistani crises have spiralled to higher levels of confrontation (use of force). In both dyads, nuclear weapons and regional organizations have shaped the boundaries of possible escalatory action. The EU and NATO have contributed to mitigating crisis escalation and the use of force between the Aegean neighbours, while unintentionally encouraging low intensity confrontations; meanwhile, in South Asia, nuclear weapons in combination with fragile domestic regimes have exacerbated crises, particularly in the form of state-sponsored unconventional warfare.

"This book focuses on the 2001-2002 crisis that brought India and Pakistan to the brink of war. Like the 1999 Kashmir crisis and the 2008 Mumbai crisis, the 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament set in motion events that nearly spun out of control. India's military mobilization raised the specter of full-scale war and the possibility that Pakistan, faced with the defeat of its Army, would resort to nuclear weapons. The volumes authors focus on five main areas: the political history that led to the crisis; the conventional military environment during the crisis; the nuclear environment during the crisis; coercive diplomacy and de-escalation during the crisis; and arms control and confidence-building measures that can help South Asia to avoid similar crises in the future."--

AbstractMost of our knowledge of the Peloponnesian War comes from the text of Thucydides' History, yet IR scholars are strangely credulous when evaluating Thucydides' pronouncements. I explore what Thucydides does not tell us, and suggest that his text obscures important information regarding the outbreak of the war. Thucydides has a secular bias which leads him to discount the Spartan religious self-narrative, but by attending to this schema, in which Sparta sees itself in the role of the pious defender of moderation pitted against the corrupt Athenians, we gain a richer understanding of the chain of events that led to war. Contemporary scholars have too readily adopted Thucydides' perspective on this issue, but by assessing Thucydides' data using insights drawn from contemporary cognitive theories of narrative and image we see that misperceptions based in the conflicting Athenian and Spartan narratives played an important role in the escalation of the crisis.

The steps to war -- The evolution of a research program : research design -- From territorial claims to territorial disputes : testing for selection effects -- Territory, contiguity, and their interaction : a contingent model of interstate conflict -- The probability of war between nation-states -- The probability of crisis escalation -- Exploring interactions in the steps to war -- Explaining war, thinking about peace

Conflict and crisis: concepts and overview findings on earthquakes I -- Protracted conflict-crisis model and findings on earthquakes II -- Crisis escalation to war: concepts, model, and findings on earthquakes III -- Crisis severity and impact: concepts and model -- Crisis intensity and fallout: findings on earthquakes IV -- Structure and stability: concepts and model -- Findings on the polarity-stability nexus -- Ethiopian (Abyssinian) War 1934-36, multipolarity, Africa -- Berlin Blockade 1948-49, bipolarity, Europe -- Bangladesh 1971, bipolycentrism, Asia -- Gulf War I 1990-91, unipolycentrism, Middle East -- Coping/crisis management: findings on earthquakes V -- What have we learned?

Now that the opposition Syrian National Council has begun calling for international military intervention and an arms embargo, further military escalation of the crisis appears inevitable. This exacerbates the dilemma for international politics: Either Western governments accept the failure of their efforts to contain the conflict, and allow events to escalate into full-blown civil war with casualties running into the thousands. Or they weigh up the options for military engagement, with all the associated battlefield risks and political uncertainties

The recent escalation in the violent conflict in the Niger Delta has brought the region to the forefront of international energy and security concerns. This book analyses the causes, dynamics and politics underpinning oil-related violence in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. It focuses on the drivers of the conflict, as well as the ways the crises spawned by the political economy of oil and contradictions within Nigeria's ethnic politics have contributed to the morphing of initially poorly coordinated, largely non-violent protests into a pan-Delta insurgency. Approaching the issue from a number of perspectives, the book offers the most up-to-date and comprehensive analysis available of the varied dimensions of the conflict. Combining empirically-based and analytic chapters, it attempts to explain the causes of the escalation in violence, the various actors, levels and dynamics involved, and the policy challenges faced with regard to conflict management/resolution and the options for peace. It also examines the role of oil as a commodity of global strategic significance, addressing the relationship between oil, energy security and development in the Niger Delta.

The recent escalation of world food prices - particularly for cereals - prompted mass public indignation and demonstrations in many countries, from the price of tortilla flour in Mexico to that of rice in the Philippines and pasta in Italy. The crisis has important implications for future government trade and food security policies, as countries re-evaluate their reliance on potentially more volatile world markets to augment domestic supplies of staple foods. This book examines how government policies caused and responded to soaring world prices in the particular case of rice, which is the wor

This study aims at investigating the American Position towards Darfur Crisis since its beginning on 2003 until these days, throughout the American first interest in Sudan in general and Darfur Crisis in specific way. Also, the study aims to recognize the American objectives towards this crisis and the internal, regional, and international developments which related to that crisis.By using descriptive-analytical method, the study Clearfield the following: First, Darfur district has occupied a high rank in the international agenda since 2003, because its conflict had a severe human tragedy and complicated human racial discrimination, which caused in the escalation of the crisis and transition of it to become an international issue. Second, the American position towards this crisis was hesitated and governed by its relations with Sudan in the first place generally, and by the strategic importance for this district and its contents as a rich by oil and strategic location in specific way. This district became as apart of the American strategy towards the Horn African region, and its international policy. Third, the United States tries to intensify the pressure upon Sudan to internationalize this crisis by replacing the African United Forces by the international forces. Also, the United States will still press in this manner to obtain the African and international support so as to rearrangement the strategic conditions in the Horn African Region in order to serve its interests and its war against the terrorism because of its fears from the negative effects which still confronted in Iraq.

Soviet-Turkish relations during the Second World War: from neutrality to escalating tensions -- Increasing Soviet pressure on Turkey and the beginning of the war of nerves -- Inclusion of the South Caucasus republics in the Soviet policy against Turkey -- Growth of pro-American sentiments in Turkey in response to increasing Soviet pressures -- Soviet plans on the straits and their failure -- The war of nerves between the republics of the South Caucasus -- Turkey and the Truman Doctrine -- Escalation of the Cold War and Turkey's entry into NATO

Section I: Discourse on Globalization 1. Introduction. - Rasheed O. Olaniyi, Olutayo C. Adesina, and Akanmu G. Adebayo 2. Globalization: The Politics of "We " and "Them ". - Osita Agbu 3. Origin and Dynamics of Globalization: A Historical Approach. - Samuel Oluwole Ogundele 4. Compatriotism vs. Cosmopolitanism: Exploring a New Cosmo-Morality of Human Relations from the Yoruba in the Age of Globalization. - Ronald Olufemi Badru Section II: Globalization and Culture 5. Kiswahili Language and the Future of East African Integration in the Age of Globalization. - Mwanakombo Mohammed Noordin 6. The Kabba Dress: Identity and Modernity in Contemporary Cameroon. - Flavius Mayoa Mokake 7. Beyond Memoir: Echoes of Globalization, Identity, and Gender Struggle in Soyinka's Ake: The Years of Childhood. - Ayo Ogunsiji 8. From the Global to the Local: The Media and Islam in Nigeria, 1979-2007. - H. O. Danmole Section III: Marginality: Africa and the Political Economy of Globalization 9. Globalization and the Privatization of State-Owned Enterprises: An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Privatization on the Nigerian Economy. - David Omeiza Moveh 10. Contemporary Trade, Investment Practices, and the Challenges of Regionalism and Poverty Alleviation in Africa. - Aloysius-Michaels Okolie 11. Community-Based Organizations: Household Food and Livelihood Security in Southern Nigeria. - Stephen Onakuse and Eamon Lenihan 12. Trade Liberalization and Employment in Nigeria. - Olayinka Idowu Kareem 13. Globalization, Poverty, and the Failure of States in Africa: Is There a Connection?. - Olalekan Emmanuel Obademi Section IV: Crisis: Hot Spots and Contestations 14. A Cross-Regional Analysis of African Conflicts in the Age of Globalization. - Agbo Uchechukwu Johnson 15. Globalization, Identity Politics, and the Escalation of Ife-Modakeke Crisis. - Olajide 0. Akanji 16. The 2001 Tiv-Jukun Ethnic Crisis: The "Indigene-Settler" Factor Reconsidered. - Moses T. Aluaigba 17. Petroleum, the Environment, and the Economics of Nationalism in the Niger Delta. - Sheriff Folarin and Henry Okodua 18. Oil Conflict in the Niger Delta: Revisiting the Odi Genocide. - Andrew Oseloka Sawyer Section V: Conclusion 19. Conclusion. - Olutayo C. Adesina, Akanmu G. Adebayo, and Rasheed O. Olaniyi