Suchergebnisse

The global outbreak of the COVID-19 virus has caused a major crisis affecting the population, economies and health systems. Travelling restrictions, suspended business activities, lack of healthcare measures and loss of revenue are linked to the effects of the COVID-19 crisis. The pandemic impacted increase of unemployment, decrease of exports and imports as well as negative changes in consumer pricing and number of bankruptcies. COVID-19 has affected not only economic activities but also had a strong impact on human health with a high number of deaths. Global COVID-19 crisis management included tax and public protection measures, the application of fiscal policy also played an important role. Fiscal measures adopted to manage the consequences of the pandemic included wage support, business assistance, tax deferrals, social benefits for the most vulnerable groups of population. Fiscal policy measures applied by the states, depended on the epidemiological situation in the country, country capacities and identified priority areas. The scientific research articles summarizes national actions and measures which were applied to reduce the consequences of COVID-19, as well as analyzes the relevance of fiscal policy. After completing the analysis of the scientific sources, the aim of this final project was identified to be the – investigation of the impact of fiscal measures in order to reduce the effects of COVID-19. The object of the research – fiscal policy measures in the context of COVID-19. COVID-19 virus spread worldwide at the end of the 1st quarter of 2020. Currently recorded over a million deaths caused by the virus. Analysis of statistical data showed significant increase in unemployment in the second quarter of 2020. Also, the volume of imports and exports decreased significantly. The increase in bankruptcies was also noticeable but at the same time new companies were emerging. The world's authorities have actively responded to the spread of the virus and taken urgent actions. The IMF provided financial assistance to the countries affected by the pandemic, the EU took steps to ensure population health protection, measures to stop the spread of the virus, disinformation and supported development of vaccines (Goniewicz et al. 2020). Fiscal policy is implemented through the government expenditure and use of revenue to influence the economy (IMF, 2020). The importance of fiscal policy has become apparent during the recent financial crisis, when countries have taken steps to increase spending and cut taxes to suspend the effects of the crisis. In the case of the COVID-19 crisis, the focus is on health care, income maintenance and the provision of social benefits and business support. Researches shown that fiscal policy based on increase in government spending is most appropriate for analyzing GDP, debt-to-GDP ratios, deficit-to-GDP ratios. Also, analyzing the changes in Lithuanian real estate prices, it is assumed that the fiscal measures adopted during the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on the smaller decline of housing prices. In the United States, fiscal measures focused on unemployment insurance, unconditional benefits and liquidity-providing measures are expected to have had the greatest impact on COVID-19 crisis management. After analysis of scientific resources was decided to analyze the effectiveness of fiscal policy measures applied during the COVID-19 crisis. After assessing the limitations of the study, the analysis is performed taking Lithuania for a case study, analyzing household consumption and long-term loan interests and their reaction to the COVID-19 economic stimulus measures. The study showed that household consumption was significantly affected by the "Plan of Measures for Economic Stimulation and Mitigation of the Spread of Coronavirus (COVID-19)", identified in 2nd aim content. Without appropriate economic stimulus measures, household consumption would be lower by about 14% in the 2nd quarter of 2020, lower by about 3% in the 3rd quarter of 2020 and lower by 4.4% in the last quarter of 2020. Analyzing the changes in long-term loan interest rates, it is assumed that this indicator changes can be explained by social benefits and liquidity ratios, therefore, without the application of these economic stimulus measures, long-term loan interest rates would be 177% lower (-0.2%) in the 2nd quarter of 2020. In the 3rd quarter of 2020, long-term loan interest rates would reach -0.39%, and in the last quarter would reach -0.02%. Thus, household consumption and long-term loan interest rates are significantly affected by the 2nd and 3rd aims of the COVID-19 consequence reduction plan prepared by Lithuania, which seeks to preserve income of the population and help businesses to maintain liquidity. In terms of global analysis, there was decided to analyze COVID-19 fiscal plans in other countries. The analysis of the fiscal plans revealed that Germany accounted for the largest share of fiscal measures (30% GDP), Sweden (16% of GDP), Austria (about 13% of GDP), France (10% of GDP). Analyzing the structure of fiscal plans, it is assumed that the largest amount of funds is allocated for business assistance, and the smaller part – for population. In the case of Lithuania, the study showed that measures to preserve the income of the population have the greatest impact on changes in household consumption. Greece (around 2% of GDP) and France (around 1.4% of GDP) accounted for the largest share of funds allocated to the population. Long-term loan interest rates are significantly affected by measures supporting business and the population. In Germany, France, Finland, Lithuania, Sweden, Austria and Greece most funds were allocated to businesses. The research has shown that the economic stimulus measures put in place during the COVID-19 pandemic did not stop the negative developments in household consumption and long-term loan interest rates. However, the applied measures mitigated the impact to the analyzed indicators throughout the COVID-19 period.

The global outbreak of the COVID-19 virus has caused a major crisis affecting the population, economies and health systems. Travelling restrictions, suspended business activities, lack of healthcare measures and loss of revenue are linked to the effects of the COVID-19 crisis. The pandemic impacted increase of unemployment, decrease of exports and imports as well as negative changes in consumer pricing and number of bankruptcies. COVID-19 has affected not only economic activities but also had a strong impact on human health with a high number of deaths. Global COVID-19 crisis management included tax and public protection measures, the application of fiscal policy also played an important role. Fiscal measures adopted to manage the consequences of the pandemic included wage support, business assistance, tax deferrals, social benefits for the most vulnerable groups of population. Fiscal policy measures applied by the states, depended on the epidemiological situation in the country, country capacities and identified priority areas. The scientific research articles summarizes national actions and measures which were applied to reduce the consequences of COVID-19, as well as analyzes the relevance of fiscal policy. After completing the analysis of the scientific sources, the aim of this final project was identified to be the – investigation of the impact of fiscal measures in order to reduce the effects of COVID-19. The object of the research – fiscal policy measures in the context of COVID-19. COVID-19 virus spread worldwide at the end of the 1st quarter of 2020. Currently recorded over a million deaths caused by the virus. Analysis of statistical data showed significant increase in unemployment in the second quarter of 2020. Also, the volume of imports and exports decreased significantly. The increase in bankruptcies was also noticeable but at the same time new companies were emerging. The world's authorities have actively responded to the spread of the virus and taken urgent actions. The IMF provided financial assistance to the countries affected by the pandemic, the EU took steps to ensure population health protection, measures to stop the spread of the virus, disinformation and supported development of vaccines (Goniewicz et al. 2020). Fiscal policy is implemented through the government expenditure and use of revenue to influence the economy (IMF, 2020). The importance of fiscal policy has become apparent during the recent financial crisis, when countries have taken steps to increase spending and cut taxes to suspend the effects of the crisis. In the case of the COVID-19 crisis, the focus is on health care, income maintenance and the provision of social benefits and business support. Researches shown that fiscal policy based on increase in government spending is most appropriate for analyzing GDP, debt-to-GDP ratios, deficit-to-GDP ratios. Also, analyzing the changes in Lithuanian real estate prices, it is assumed that the fiscal measures adopted during the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on the smaller decline of housing prices. In the United States, fiscal measures focused on unemployment insurance, unconditional benefits and liquidity-providing measures are expected to have had the greatest impact on COVID-19 crisis management. After analysis of scientific resources was decided to analyze the effectiveness of fiscal policy measures applied during the COVID-19 crisis. After assessing the limitations of the study, the analysis is performed taking Lithuania for a case study, analyzing household consumption and long-term loan interests and their reaction to the COVID-19 economic stimulus measures. The study showed that household consumption was significantly affected by the "Plan of Measures for Economic Stimulation and Mitigation of the Spread of Coronavirus (COVID-19)", identified in 2nd aim content. Without appropriate economic stimulus measures, household consumption would be lower by about 14% in the 2nd quarter of 2020, lower by about 3% in the 3rd quarter of 2020 and lower by 4.4% in the last quarter of 2020. Analyzing the changes in long-term loan interest rates, it is assumed that this indicator changes can be explained by social benefits and liquidity ratios, therefore, without the application of these economic stimulus measures, long-term loan interest rates would be 177% lower (-0.2%) in the 2nd quarter of 2020. In the 3rd quarter of 2020, long-term loan interest rates would reach -0.39%, and in the last quarter would reach -0.02%. Thus, household consumption and long-term loan interest rates are significantly affected by the 2nd and 3rd aims of the COVID-19 consequence reduction plan prepared by Lithuania, which seeks to preserve income of the population and help businesses to maintain liquidity. In terms of global analysis, there was decided to analyze COVID-19 fiscal plans in other countries. The analysis of the fiscal plans revealed that Germany accounted for the largest share of fiscal measures (30% GDP), Sweden (16% of GDP), Austria (about 13% of GDP), France (10% of GDP). Analyzing the structure of fiscal plans, it is assumed that the largest amount of funds is allocated for business assistance, and the smaller part – for population. In the case of Lithuania, the study showed that measures to preserve the income of the population have the greatest impact on changes in household consumption. Greece (around 2% of GDP) and France (around 1.4% of GDP) accounted for the largest share of funds allocated to the population. Long-term loan interest rates are significantly affected by measures supporting business and the population. In Germany, France, Finland, Lithuania, Sweden, Austria and Greece most funds were allocated to businesses. The research has shown that the economic stimulus measures put in place during the COVID-19 pandemic did not stop the negative developments in household consumption and long-term loan interest rates. However, the applied measures mitigated the impact to the analyzed indicators throughout the COVID-19 period.

The global outbreak of the COVID-19 virus has caused a major crisis affecting the population, economies and health systems. Travelling restrictions, suspended business activities, lack of healthcare measures and loss of revenue are linked to the effects of the COVID-19 crisis. The pandemic impacted increase of unemployment, decrease of exports and imports as well as negative changes in consumer pricing and number of bankruptcies. COVID-19 has affected not only economic activities but also had a strong impact on human health with a high number of deaths. Global COVID-19 crisis management included tax and public protection measures, the application of fiscal policy also played an important role. Fiscal measures adopted to manage the consequences of the pandemic included wage support, business assistance, tax deferrals, social benefits for the most vulnerable groups of population. Fiscal policy measures applied by the states, depended on the epidemiological situation in the country, country capacities and identified priority areas. The scientific research articles summarizes national actions and measures which were applied to reduce the consequences of COVID-19, as well as analyzes the relevance of fiscal policy. After completing the analysis of the scientific sources, the aim of this final project was identified to be the – investigation of the impact of fiscal measures in order to reduce the effects of COVID-19. The object of the research – fiscal policy measures in the context of COVID-19. COVID-19 virus spread worldwide at the end of the 1st quarter of 2020. Currently recorded over a million deaths caused by the virus. Analysis of statistical data showed significant increase in unemployment in the second quarter of 2020. Also, the volume of imports and exports decreased significantly. The increase in bankruptcies was also noticeable but at the same time new companies were emerging. The world's authorities have actively responded to the spread of the virus and taken urgent actions. The IMF provided financial assistance to the countries affected by the pandemic, the EU took steps to ensure population health protection, measures to stop the spread of the virus, disinformation and supported development of vaccines (Goniewicz et al. 2020). Fiscal policy is implemented through the government expenditure and use of revenue to influence the economy (IMF, 2020). The importance of fiscal policy has become apparent during the recent financial crisis, when countries have taken steps to increase spending and cut taxes to suspend the effects of the crisis. In the case of the COVID-19 crisis, the focus is on health care, income maintenance and the provision of social benefits and business support. Researches shown that fiscal policy based on increase in government spending is most appropriate for analyzing GDP, debt-to-GDP ratios, deficit-to-GDP ratios. Also, analyzing the changes in Lithuanian real estate prices, it is assumed that the fiscal measures adopted during the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on the smaller decline of housing prices. In the United States, fiscal measures focused on unemployment insurance, unconditional benefits and liquidity-providing measures are expected to have had the greatest impact on COVID-19 crisis management. After analysis of scientific resources was decided to analyze the effectiveness of fiscal policy measures applied during the COVID-19 crisis. After assessing the limitations of the study, the analysis is performed taking Lithuania for a case study, analyzing household consumption and long-term loan interests and their reaction to the COVID-19 economic stimulus measures. The study showed that household consumption was significantly affected by the "Plan of Measures for Economic Stimulation and Mitigation of the Spread of Coronavirus (COVID-19)", identified in 2nd aim content. Without appropriate economic stimulus measures, household consumption would be lower by about 14% in the 2nd quarter of 2020, lower by about 3% in the 3rd quarter of 2020 and lower by 4.4% in the last quarter of 2020. Analyzing the changes in long-term loan interest rates, it is assumed that this indicator changes can be explained by social benefits and liquidity ratios, therefore, without the application of these economic stimulus measures, long-term loan interest rates would be 177% lower (-0.2%) in the 2nd quarter of 2020. In the 3rd quarter of 2020, long-term loan interest rates would reach -0.39%, and in the last quarter would reach -0.02%. Thus, household consumption and long-term loan interest rates are significantly affected by the 2nd and 3rd aims of the COVID-19 consequence reduction plan prepared by Lithuania, which seeks to preserve income of the population and help businesses to maintain liquidity. In terms of global analysis, there was decided to analyze COVID-19 fiscal plans in other countries. The analysis of the fiscal plans revealed that Germany accounted for the largest share of fiscal measures (30% GDP), Sweden (16% of GDP), Austria (about 13% of GDP), France (10% of GDP). Analyzing the structure of fiscal plans, it is assumed that the largest amount of funds is allocated for business assistance, and the smaller part – for population. In the case of Lithuania, the study showed that measures to preserve the income of the population have the greatest impact on changes in household consumption. Greece (around 2% of GDP) and France (around 1.4% of GDP) accounted for the largest share of funds allocated to the population. Long-term loan interest rates are significantly affected by measures supporting business and the population. In Germany, France, Finland, Lithuania, Sweden, Austria and Greece most funds were allocated to businesses. The research has shown that the economic stimulus measures put in place during the COVID-19 pandemic did not stop the negative developments in household consumption and long-term loan interest rates. However, the applied measures mitigated the impact to the analyzed indicators throughout the COVID-19 period.

The global outbreak of the COVID-19 virus has caused a major crisis affecting the population, economies and health systems. Travelling restrictions, suspended business activities, lack of healthcare measures and loss of revenue are linked to the effects of the COVID-19 crisis. The pandemic impacted increase of unemployment, decrease of exports and imports as well as negative changes in consumer pricing and number of bankruptcies. COVID-19 has affected not only economic activities but also had a strong impact on human health with a high number of deaths. Global COVID-19 crisis management included tax and public protection measures, the application of fiscal policy also played an important role. Fiscal measures adopted to manage the consequences of the pandemic included wage support, business assistance, tax deferrals, social benefits for the most vulnerable groups of population. Fiscal policy measures applied by the states, depended on the epidemiological situation in the country, country capacities and identified priority areas. The scientific research articles summarizes national actions and measures which were applied to reduce the consequences of COVID-19, as well as analyzes the relevance of fiscal policy. After completing the analysis of the scientific sources, the aim of this final project was identified to be the – investigation of the impact of fiscal measures in order to reduce the effects of COVID-19. The object of the research – fiscal policy measures in the context of COVID-19. COVID-19 virus spread worldwide at the end of the 1st quarter of 2020. Currently recorded over a million deaths caused by the virus. Analysis of statistical data showed significant increase in unemployment in the second quarter of 2020. Also, the volume of imports and exports decreased significantly. The increase in bankruptcies was also noticeable but at the same time new companies were emerging. The world's authorities have actively responded to the spread of the virus and taken urgent actions. The IMF provided financial assistance to the countries affected by the pandemic, the EU took steps to ensure population health protection, measures to stop the spread of the virus, disinformation and supported development of vaccines (Goniewicz et al. 2020). Fiscal policy is implemented through the government expenditure and use of revenue to influence the economy (IMF, 2020). The importance of fiscal policy has become apparent during the recent financial crisis, when countries have taken steps to increase spending and cut taxes to suspend the effects of the crisis. In the case of the COVID-19 crisis, the focus is on health care, income maintenance and the provision of social benefits and business support. Researches shown that fiscal policy based on increase in government spending is most appropriate for analyzing GDP, debt-to-GDP ratios, deficit-to-GDP ratios. Also, analyzing the changes in Lithuanian real estate prices, it is assumed that the fiscal measures adopted during the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on the smaller decline of housing prices. In the United States, fiscal measures focused on unemployment insurance, unconditional benefits and liquidity-providing measures are expected to have had the greatest impact on COVID-19 crisis management. After analysis of scientific resources was decided to analyze the effectiveness of fiscal policy measures applied during the COVID-19 crisis. After assessing the limitations of the study, the analysis is performed taking Lithuania for a case study, analyzing household consumption and long-term loan interests and their reaction to the COVID-19 economic stimulus measures. The study showed that household consumption was significantly affected by the "Plan of Measures for Economic Stimulation and Mitigation of the Spread of Coronavirus (COVID-19)", identified in 2nd aim content. Without appropriate economic stimulus measures, household consumption would be lower by about 14% in the 2nd quarter of 2020, lower by about 3% in the 3rd quarter of 2020 and lower by 4.4% in the last quarter of 2020. Analyzing the changes in long-term loan interest rates, it is assumed that this indicator changes can be explained by social benefits and liquidity ratios, therefore, without the application of these economic stimulus measures, long-term loan interest rates would be 177% lower (-0.2%) in the 2nd quarter of 2020. In the 3rd quarter of 2020, long-term loan interest rates would reach -0.39%, and in the last quarter would reach -0.02%. Thus, household consumption and long-term loan interest rates are significantly affected by the 2nd and 3rd aims of the COVID-19 consequence reduction plan prepared by Lithuania, which seeks to preserve income of the population and help businesses to maintain liquidity. In terms of global analysis, there was decided to analyze COVID-19 fiscal plans in other countries. The analysis of the fiscal plans revealed that Germany accounted for the largest share of fiscal measures (30% GDP), Sweden (16% of GDP), Austria (about 13% of GDP), France (10% of GDP). Analyzing the structure of fiscal plans, it is assumed that the largest amount of funds is allocated for business assistance, and the smaller part – for population. In the case of Lithuania, the study showed that measures to preserve the income of the population have the greatest impact on changes in household consumption. Greece (around 2% of GDP) and France (around 1.4% of GDP) accounted for the largest share of funds allocated to the population. Long-term loan interest rates are significantly affected by measures supporting business and the population. In Germany, France, Finland, Lithuania, Sweden, Austria and Greece most funds were allocated to businesses. The research has shown that the economic stimulus measures put in place during the COVID-19 pandemic did not stop the negative developments in household consumption and long-term loan interest rates. However, the applied measures mitigated the impact to the analyzed indicators throughout the COVID-19 period.

Cyclical economical growth is natural and unavoidable phenomenon, at the same time the less amplitudes of economical cycles fluctuations are, the more attractive economy of a country is. Countries sustain ultimate difficulties when financial crises happen in a certain country. Latterly such crises mostly come into play as the prices bubble burst. The current financial crisis started from the crisis of secondary dwelling credits in the USA. After prices bubble burst it has spread worldwide and unavoidably claimed following victims: crashed two most famous underwriting banks of the world Lehman Brothers and Merrill Lynch, two biggest mortgage banks of the USA Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, substantially fell down all stock indexes. It is evident that the world realizes the extent of this problem and probable results because similar crises had place during XX century. They impacted on economical and political regional course of that time rather strongly. But modern economies of various countries are involved in more noticeable degree, so forthcoming consequences of this crisis will be rather heavier. It is interesting how in such circumstances banks and other financial institutions manage their assets in financial markets. Also the question is whether an object of the better property diversification wouldn't become the ground for a financial markets fall. Research object – stock market during financial crisis period. Purpose of this study is to explore and summarize theoretical nonfiction and design an investment portfolio hedged from cyclic economic fluctuations. Exposition of financial bubble theories, their significance for economics, mean reason, different interpretation of bubbles analysis, stable market sector identification, and portfolio formation helps to gain the purpose. In the first part nonfiction is analyzed seeking to find leading financial bubble theories. In reference to these theories, mean reason and consequence is outline here. This part also identifies basic government tools, which can help to reduce outcomes and prevent from financial crisis in future. In the second part investment criteria is brought to light, which is necessary for portfolio formation. Techniques for portfolio formation are analyzed. In the third part market sectors is analyzed with an aim to identify those who suffers least from cyclical economical fluctuations. Analysis has shown, that least impact from financial crisis was in sectors based on daily consumtion needs: consumer staples, health care and utilities stock market sectors. From these identified sectors portfolio has been constructed, which risk and return estimation compared with primary stock market indices of America, Eupope an Asia was much better. Otherwise gold as an alternative investment was better.

Cyclical economical growth is natural and unavoidable phenomenon, at the same time the less amplitudes of economical cycles fluctuations are, the more attractive economy of a country is. Countries sustain ultimate difficulties when financial crises happen in a certain country. Latterly such crises mostly come into play as the prices bubble burst. The current financial crisis started from the crisis of secondary dwelling credits in the USA. After prices bubble burst it has spread worldwide and unavoidably claimed following victims: crashed two most famous underwriting banks of the world Lehman Brothers and Merrill Lynch, two biggest mortgage banks of the USA Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, substantially fell down all stock indexes. It is evident that the world realizes the extent of this problem and probable results because similar crises had place during XX century. They impacted on economical and political regional course of that time rather strongly. But modern economies of various countries are involved in more noticeable degree, so forthcoming consequences of this crisis will be rather heavier. It is interesting how in such circumstances banks and other financial institutions manage their assets in financial markets. Also the question is whether an object of the better property diversification wouldn't become the ground for a financial markets fall. Research object – stock market during financial crisis period. Purpose of this study is to explore and summarize theoretical nonfiction and design an investment portfolio hedged from cyclic economic fluctuations. Exposition of financial bubble theories, their significance for economics, mean reason, different interpretation of bubbles analysis, stable market sector identification, and portfolio formation helps to gain the purpose. In the first part nonfiction is analyzed seeking to find leading financial bubble theories. In reference to these theories, mean reason and consequence is outline here. This part also identifies basic government tools, which can help to reduce outcomes and prevent from financial crisis in future. In the second part investment criteria is brought to light, which is necessary for portfolio formation. Techniques for portfolio formation are analyzed. In the third part market sectors is analyzed with an aim to identify those who suffers least from cyclical economical fluctuations. Analysis has shown, that least impact from financial crisis was in sectors based on daily consumtion needs: consumer staples, health care and utilities stock market sectors. From these identified sectors portfolio has been constructed, which risk and return estimation compared with primary stock market indices of America, Eupope an Asia was much better. Otherwise gold as an alternative investment was better.

INGOs' contributions to the evolution of the Iraqi NGO sector have been quite varied and irregular, given the diversity which characterizes national and INGOs operating in/for Iraq.The current period is certainly a transition period, even though it is difficult to set limits to its duration. In 2003, INGOs arrived in Iraq with the idea that they should avert a humanitarian crisis. The crisis materialized in 2014 in many areas of Iraq. Consequently, until recently, INGOs have been reacting in emergency response towards rapidly changing realities without adequate long-term planning. The study used a mixed participatory approach and aimed to understand how western leadership theories influenced Iraqi employees working with NGOs in post-ISIS. The research findings show most surveyed participants are somehow familiar with western leadership, and respondents agree and support western leadership style in northern Iraq due to the reducing paper-based routine works, clear roles and responsibilities compared to the traditional style government follows in Iraq. The study showed the majority of the participants report the effectiveness of western leadership theory. The reasons mentioned interviewees stating that under western leadership style, they have been introduced to new management procedures such as; each employee is supposed to have their job description, which employees were not introduced before, promotion was based on experience but not qualifications, mechanisms to follow policies and clear tools to lead people and manage tasks, transitioning responsibilities to each department and reducing micromanagement.

INGOs' contributions to the evolution of the Iraqi NGO sector have been quite varied and irregular, given the diversity which characterizes national and INGOs operating in/for Iraq.The current period is certainly a transition period, even though it is difficult to set limits to its duration. In 2003, INGOs arrived in Iraq with the idea that they should avert a humanitarian crisis. The crisis materialized in 2014 in many areas of Iraq. Consequently, until recently, INGOs have been reacting in emergency response towards rapidly changing realities without adequate long-term planning. The study used a mixed participatory approach and aimed to understand how western leadership theories influenced Iraqi employees working with NGOs in post-ISIS. The research findings show most surveyed participants are somehow familiar with western leadership, and respondents agree and support western leadership style in northern Iraq due to the reducing paper-based routine works, clear roles and responsibilities compared to the traditional style government follows in Iraq. The study showed the majority of the participants report the effectiveness of western leadership theory. The reasons mentioned interviewees stating that under western leadership style, they have been introduced to new management procedures such as; each employee is supposed to have their job description, which employees were not introduced before, promotion was based on experience but not qualifications, mechanisms to follow policies and clear tools to lead people and manage tasks, transitioning responsibilities to each department and reducing micromanagement.

This paper analyses the theoretical approaches of the concept of "identity", which refers to the "historisation" of public life. It is argued that throughout the history people can recognize and interpret social life and people's behaviour is affected by the projections, expectations and memories arising from a broad and defined social, cultural, and historical field in which they are available. While studying the identity of Russian society, the Soviet period is analyzed, in which a national identification was characterized by vertical interaction (human – Soviet government) by levelling down horizontal identity types like ethnic, religious, regional. It is believed that the transformation of Russian to Soviet identity in the nineteenth century overcame the crisis of imperial Russian identity, but almost completely destroyed week ethnic identity layer. The main representatives of the Eurasian concept that had a huge influence in forming the theoretical background to Russian identity were Nicholas Danilevsky (1822-1885), Nicholas Trubeckoi (1890-1938), and Lev Gumiliov (1912-1992). This article emphasizes the ideas of Trubeckoi and his opinion that Western civilization is the greatest enemy of all mankind and the greatest obstacle for the formation of other civilizations and cultures identity. Finally the real, contemporary Russian political steps are analysed which reflected the answers of the Russian identity issue. Vladimir Putin re-established the czarist and Soviet eras' symbols in this way searching for "useful history" that would unite the nation by appealing to the nostalgia. A key trend that is followed is Russia's desire to emphasize that it manages its own affairs and that the West has no right to dictate the direction of democracy or Russia identity development.

This paper analyses the theoretical approaches of the concept of "identity", which refers to the "historisation" of public life. It is argued that throughout the history people can recognize and interpret social life and people's behaviour is affected by the projections, expectations and memories arising from a broad and defined social, cultural, and historical field in which they are available. While studying the identity of Russian society, the Soviet period is analyzed, in which a national identification was characterized by vertical interaction (human – Soviet government) by levelling down horizontal identity types like ethnic, religious, regional. It is believed that the transformation of Russian to Soviet identity in the nineteenth century overcame the crisis of imperial Russian identity, but almost completely destroyed week ethnic identity layer. The main representatives of the Eurasian concept that had a huge influence in forming the theoretical background to Russian identity were Nicholas Danilevsky (1822-1885), Nicholas Trubeckoi (1890-1938), and Lev Gumiliov (1912-1992). This article emphasizes the ideas of Trubeckoi and his opinion that Western civilization is the greatest enemy of all mankind and the greatest obstacle for the formation of other civilizations and cultures identity. Finally the real, contemporary Russian political steps are analysed which reflected the answers of the Russian identity issue. Vladimir Putin re-established the czarist and Soviet eras' symbols in this way searching for "useful history" that would unite the nation by appealing to the nostalgia. A key trend that is followed is Russia's desire to emphasize that it manages its own affairs and that the West has no right to dictate the direction of democracy or Russia identity development.

The object of this study is a manor, which is determined as significantly outstanding at peasants' houses, managed by feudal nobleman; this nobleman efficiently manages the farming, builds elaborate manors, plants parks and gardens and uses peasants as working power for maintaining his manor. The objective of this study is to collect information about archaeological investigations of Lithuanian manors, to allot them into stages (Interwar Lithuania, Soviet period, contemporary Lithuania) by comparing the number of manors' investigations, their intensity and depth in each stage. Also the reasons of the presence, as well as absence of the investigations, the juridical aspect of saving the manors and certain saving works underway are intended to be reviewed and analysed. The aims of this study are the following: preparation of data basis of manors, collection of information about archaeologically investigated manors, comparison of these two databases by preparing maps and a list of archaeologically investigated manors, and review of manors' investigations and ward in various periods. After research it can be maintained, that manor heritage in all periods has been quite neglected. Both in Interwar and Soviet Lithuania the government did not pay sufficient attention for ward of manors. In both periods the reasons had an ideological background. After restoring of independence Lithuania inherited a neglected manor culture; during the first decades of independence manor heritage fell into a complete crisis. Just recently situation betters. If to take archaeological aspect, it can be maintained that manors were not investigated in depth. First excavations were executed in Soviet period, in the 6th decade of the 20th century; but their intensity increased only since 1994 and became more or less stable. However, very few manors have been excavated. Moreover, these investigations have been more explorations than excavations, so they have a minor importance for the cognizance of Lithuanian manors.

The object of this study is a manor, which is determined as significantly outstanding at peasants' houses, managed by feudal nobleman; this nobleman efficiently manages the farming, builds elaborate manors, plants parks and gardens and uses peasants as working power for maintaining his manor. The objective of this study is to collect information about archaeological investigations of Lithuanian manors, to allot them into stages (Interwar Lithuania, Soviet period, contemporary Lithuania) by comparing the number of manors' investigations, their intensity and depth in each stage. Also the reasons of the presence, as well as absence of the investigations, the juridical aspect of saving the manors and certain saving works underway are intended to be reviewed and analysed. The aims of this study are the following: preparation of data basis of manors, collection of information about archaeologically investigated manors, comparison of these two databases by preparing maps and a list of archaeologically investigated manors, and review of manors' investigations and ward in various periods. After research it can be maintained, that manor heritage in all periods has been quite neglected. Both in Interwar and Soviet Lithuania the government did not pay sufficient attention for ward of manors. In both periods the reasons had an ideological background. After restoring of independence Lithuania inherited a neglected manor culture; during the first decades of independence manor heritage fell into a complete crisis. Just recently situation betters. If to take archaeological aspect, it can be maintained that manors were not investigated in depth. First excavations were executed in Soviet period, in the 6th decade of the 20th century; but their intensity increased only since 1994 and became more or less stable. However, very few manors have been excavated. Moreover, these investigations have been more explorations than excavations, so they have a minor importance for the cognizance of Lithuanian manors.

The object of this study is a manor, which is determined as significantly outstanding at peasants' houses, managed by feudal nobleman; this nobleman efficiently manages the farming, builds elaborate manors, plants parks and gardens and uses peasants as working power for maintaining his manor. The objective of this study is to collect information about archaeological investigations of Lithuanian manors, to allot them into stages (Interwar Lithuania, Soviet period, contemporary Lithuania) by comparing the number of manors' investigations, their intensity and depth in each stage. Also the reasons of the presence, as well as absence of the investigations, the juridical aspect of saving the manors and certain saving works underway are intended to be reviewed and analysed. The aims of this study are the following: preparation of data basis of manors, collection of information about archaeologically investigated manors, comparison of these two databases by preparing maps and a list of archaeologically investigated manors, and review of manors' investigations and ward in various periods. After research it can be maintained, that manor heritage in all periods has been quite neglected. Both in Interwar and Soviet Lithuania the government did not pay sufficient attention for ward of manors. In both periods the reasons had an ideological background. After restoring of independence Lithuania inherited a neglected manor culture; during the first decades of independence manor heritage fell into a complete crisis. Just recently situation betters. If to take archaeological aspect, it can be maintained that manors were not investigated in depth. First excavations were executed in Soviet period, in the 6th decade of the 20th century; but their intensity increased only since 1994 and became more or less stable. However, very few manors have been excavated. Moreover, these investigations have been more explorations than excavations, so they have a minor importance for the cognizance of Lithuanian manors.

The object of this study is a manor, which is determined as significantly outstanding at peasants' houses, managed by feudal nobleman; this nobleman efficiently manages the farming, builds elaborate manors, plants parks and gardens and uses peasants as working power for maintaining his manor. The objective of this study is to collect information about archaeological investigations of Lithuanian manors, to allot them into stages (Interwar Lithuania, Soviet period, contemporary Lithuania) by comparing the number of manors' investigations, their intensity and depth in each stage. Also the reasons of the presence, as well as absence of the investigations, the juridical aspect of saving the manors and certain saving works underway are intended to be reviewed and analysed. The aims of this study are the following: preparation of data basis of manors, collection of information about archaeologically investigated manors, comparison of these two databases by preparing maps and a list of archaeologically investigated manors, and review of manors' investigations and ward in various periods. After research it can be maintained, that manor heritage in all periods has been quite neglected. Both in Interwar and Soviet Lithuania the government did not pay sufficient attention for ward of manors. In both periods the reasons had an ideological background. After restoring of independence Lithuania inherited a neglected manor culture; during the first decades of independence manor heritage fell into a complete crisis. Just recently situation betters. If to take archaeological aspect, it can be maintained that manors were not investigated in depth. First excavations were executed in Soviet period, in the 6th decade of the 20th century; but their intensity increased only since 1994 and became more or less stable. However, very few manors have been excavated. Moreover, these investigations have been more explorations than excavations, so they have a minor importance for the cognizance of Lithuanian manors.

Economic Diplomacy is a big challenge in the modern day world and opportunity. It allows states to create and maintain bonds with other countries in order to benefit its economy, which is important in an era of reoccurring financial crisis. However, different strategies are developed by different states and it is interesting to see what objective characteristics of the country influence Economic Diplomacy practices and how it does so. This research takes a look into three different states in an attempt to investigate how different characteristics, such as relative power, size and historical background, affect Economic Diplomacy decisions and priorities. Germany, Poland and Lithuania were selected for the research as they provide an opportunity for the comparative analysis of the most different cases. At first, this paper considers the theoretical aspect of Economic Diplomacy, defining the term and naming most relevant theoretical approaches to it. Then, main contextual differences between the states included in the study are established. These differences in political system, relative power and size, and historical background allow for more in depth comparative analysis, because it is possible to place results into a broader context, revealing which countries proportionally are doing better. Finally, Economic Diplomacy structures, priorities and outcomes are analysed. Neorealism perspective allows for a better view of power struggles within the global arena of political economy that all these states are incorporated into. The research reveals that Economic Diplomacy in Lithuania was the most broadly articulated from this selection of states. There is a special institution and strategies devoted specifically for this practice. However, as so far, outcomes are relatively poor because of historical context – inefficient governance and undeveloped image do not allow simple solutions to be effective. Poland can be singled out as a relative leader in FDI field, since it manages to attract significant FDI flows as well as become an important FDI source country. Germany is a big power, immersing into global power games. While Poland and Lithuania are looking for investments, Germany is housing many international corporations and is focusing its Economic Diplomacy towards more global goals and expansion of export market. All of these results confirm initial assumption that power, size and historical background are important, power remaining the most significant one.