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Publikacja recenzowana / Peer-reviewed publication ; This article examines the legal nature of the foundation treaties of the EC and the EU from the point of view of the Polish and the German Constitutional Tribunals. Neither the Polish Constitution nor the German Basic Law does determine in explicit terms the legal status of the foundation treaties. The recognition of the legal nature of those treaties by national constitutional tribunals has far-reaching legal and political consequences whose signifi cance is hard to overestimate. The adoption by a constitutional court of a specifi c legal qualifi cation of the foundation treaties not only determines their position in the system of national law but also enshrines a set of formulas with a lasting infl uence on the relations between a member state and the EU. And last but not least the qualifi cation infl uences the position of a national constitutional tribunal within the European community of constitutional courts, especially in connection with the question which tribunal has the last word in the European constitutional conversations. This analysis, based on the case law of the German BVG and the Polish TK, focuses on those highly signifi cant formulas and statements that deal, fi rstly, with legal aspects of the EC and EU foundation treaties and, secondly with legal aspects of international agreements concluded within the European Union in accordance with the "Schengen intergovernmental method". ; Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza charakteru prawnego podstaw funkcjonowania WE i UE, a więc traktatów założycielskich z punktu widzenia polskiego oraz niemieckiego Trybunału Konstytucyjnego. Zarówno w Konstytucji RP, jak i w Ustawie Zasadniczej RFN nie został określony expressis verbis charakter prawny traktatów założycielskich, a nastąpiło to w drodze twórczej wykładni prawa, dokonywanej przez trybunały konstytucyjne. Określenie charakteru prawnego tychże traktatów przez trybunały konstytucyjne ma nie tylko dalekosiężne konsekwencje prawne, ale także polityczne. Przyjęcie określonej kwalifi kacji prawnej traktatów założycielskich nie tylko determinuje ich miejsce w systemie prawa krajowego, ale także zasadniczo wpływa na relacje pomiędzy danym państwem członkowskim a UE. Last but not least kwalifikacja ta wpływa również na pozycję samego trybunału konstytucyjnego w ramach europejskiej wspólnoty sądów konstytucyjnych, a także jest istotna z punktu wskazania, który trybunał ma "ostatnie słowo" w konwersacjach konstytucyjnych w Europie. W artykule analizie poddane zostały wybrane, najważniejsze tezy z orzecznictwa FTK, a następnie polskiego TK, dotyczące charakteru prawnego traktatów stanowiących podstawę prawną integracji europejskiej, a także umów międzynarodowych zawieranych w ramach metody "schengeńskiej". ; This article was written as part of research project no. WPAiSM/DS/10/2016-KON, financed from funds for statutory activity of Faculty of Law, Administration and International Relations of Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University.

Corporate social responsibility has become a concept that hasbeen taken into consideration in our country towards the end of1980s.While the studies on the subject were first in the field of privatesector, the mission and vision determination task of the institutions inthe public sector has become mandatory since the beginning of the2000s.The purpose of these practices is that the private sector and thepublic sector are aware of the responsibility of the stakeholders. Thus,these organizations will ensure their sustainability by takingresponsibility for both employees and their environment. Therefore,companies will have the opportunity to create a strategic competitiveadvantage in the medium and long term in the global competitionenvironment. Today, various practices related to corporate socialresponsibility are also common.This research was carried out on the students and employeesattending a university in the Eastern Black Sea Region. The aim of thisstudy is to examine the effects of corporate social responsibilityperceptions on corporate perception and dimensions (Emotional Attractiveness, products and services, Vision and Leadership,Workplace environment, social and environmental responsibility,financial performance).As a result of the survey conducted on a total of 328 participants,it was observed that the perceptions of the students and theiremployees regarding the increase of corporate social responsibilityincreased significantly and in the same direction and this relationshipwas very strong. On the other hand, participants perceived social andenvironmental responsibility as more meaningful than other corporatereputation dimensions. Vision and leadership are perceived as leastsignificant in terms of corporate reputation. There were also significantdifferences between age, gender, seniority, education level anddepartmental perceptions. ; Kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk, ülkemizde 1980'li yılların sonundanitibaren dikkate alınan bir kavram haline gelmiştir. Konuyla ilgiliçalışmalar özel sektörde ilk sırada yer bulurken, kamu sektöründekikurumların misyon ve vizyon belirleme görevi 2000'lerin başından berizorunlu hale gelmiştir.Bu uygulamaların amacı, özel sektörün ve kamu sektörününpaydaşların sorumluluğunun farkında olmasıdır. Böylelikle, buorganizasyonlar hem çalışanlar hem de çevreleri için sorumluluk alaraksürdürülebilirliklerini sağlayacaktır. Bu nedenle, şirketler küreselrekabet ortamında orta ve uzun vadede stratejik bir rekabet avantajıyaratma fırsatına sahip olacaklardır. Günümüzde kurumsal sosyalsorumuluk ile ilgili çeşitli uygulamalara da çok sık rastlanmaktadır.Bu araştırma, Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi'nde bir üniversiteye devamedenöğrencilervebuüniversiteninçalışanlarıüzerindegerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kurumsal sosyal sorumlulukalgılarının kurumsal algı ve boyutlar üzerindeki etkilerini (DuygusalEtkililik, ürün ve hizmetler, Vizyon ve Liderlik, İşyeri ortamı, sosyal veçevresel sorumluluk, finansal performans) incelemektir.Toplam 328 katılımcı üzerinde yapılan anket sonucunda,öğrencilerin ve çalışanlarının kurumsal sosyal sorumluluğun artmasınailişkin algılarının anlamlı ve aynı yönde arttığı ve bu ilişkinin çok güçlüolduğu görülmüştür. Öte yandan, katılımcılar sosyal ve çevreselsorumluluğu diğer kurumsal itibar boyutlarından daha anlamlı olarakalgılamıştır. Vizyon ve liderliği kurumsal itibar açısından en az anlamlıolarak algılılamıştırlar. Ayrıca çalışılan yaş, cinsiyet, kıdem, eğitimdüzeyi ve bölüm algıları arasında anlamlı farklar olduğu dagözlemlenmiştir.

Fiji is the most urbanised state in Melanesia. Its main city, Suva, is facing many challenges of rapid growth. With more than 50 per cent of its population now living in its cities and that number set to increase to about 60 per cent in the next decade (UN-Habitat 2012a), Suva officials and residents are working to address the pressures of urbanisation and to capitalise on its opportunities. Rapid growth has given rise to familiar urban problems in Suva, including unemployment, poverty, informal settlements and patchy services — about a fifth of the Greater Suva residents live in informal or squatter settlements,1 many in poverty with poor services and connectivity to the city. Yet despite the inequities and service gaps, positive gains from urbanisation are being made in Suva. The challenge for urban managers and residents is to capitilise on the potential of cities to boost productivity, connectivity and infrastructure coverage while better managing emerging social, cultural and service delivery divides. There are some positive signs. While unemployment in Fiji is high, at about 7.6 per cent, it is declining; Suva remains a strong driver of national economic growth, accounting for about a third of gross domestic product (GDP); and while urban poverty persists, it is falling (World Bank 2014). Moreover, emerging institutional arrangements are attempting to reconcile the impetus for growth with customary values and land tenure. As part of a broader study of urbanisation by the State, Society and Governance in Melanesia (SSGM) program at the Australian National University, this paper outlines some of the tensions and innovations that have occurred in Suva with respect to urban development and informal settlements over the last decade. 'Informal settlements' is an umbrella term used in this paper to encompass settlements of 'squatters' (the vernacular term for those who reside on freehold or state land without legal title), and people who have made informal arrangements with owners to reside on customary land. Both situations tend to mushroom in rapidly urbanising contexts, and Fiji's attempts to grapple with this and other urban issues might be applicable across the Pacific region. The research involved reviewing government documents and literature, and conducting interviews with high-level government officials in the Ministry of Lands, Department of Housing, Suva City Council and Nausori Town Council, as well as with key community stakeholders. We consider the lessons that can be learnt from Suva's experiences and the challenges that lie ahead. In particular, we are concerned with addressing issues of exclusion, inequality, and access to urban land and shelter ; AusAID

Abstract: This study aims to determine the form of implementation of Madrasah Diniyah Compulsory Education Policy in strengthening the character of elementary school students in BangilPasuruan, supporting and inhibiting factors, and their solutions. This research method is qualitative with a descriptive approach. Data collection uses interviews, observation, and document techniques. Data analysis using data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. Test the validity of the data by triangulation. The results showed that 1) Implementation of Diniyah Madrasah Compulsory Education in elementary schools in Bangil was carried out by directing students to attend Madrasah Diniyah that are around the student's residence if the school does not have a Diniyah madrasa. Learning and teaching activities in Madrasah Diniyah are conducted around 2.00 - 4.00 p.m. 2) Supporting factors of this policy are support from the government of Pasuruan Regency in the form of funds and continuous socialization in 24 Subdistricts in Pasuruan Regency. The inhibiting factor of this policy is that the socialization of the Diniyah Madrasah Compulsory Education Policy has not been fully socialized so that in the first year many primary schools in Pasuruan Regency did not implement this compulsory Madin. 3) The solution of this policy is to conduct socialization to the community and schools so that this policy can be realized properly and implemented optimally.Keywords: Policy Implementation, Compulsory Education, Madrasah Diniyah, Student Character Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bentuk Implementasi Kebijakan Wajib Belajar Madrasah Diniyah dalam memperkuat karakter siswa SD di BangilPasuruan, faktor pendukung dan penghambat, serta solusinya. Metode penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik wawancara, observasi, dan dokumen. Analisa data dengan menggunakan data reduction, data display, dan conclusion drawing/verification. Uji keabsahan data dengan triangulasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 1) Implementasi Wajib Belajar Madrasah Diniyah pada sekolah dasar di Bangil dilakukan dengan mengarahkan siswa untuk mengikuti Madrasah Diniyah yang berada di sekitar tempat tinggal siswa, apabila sekolah tersebut tidak memiliki madrasah diniyah. Kegiatan belajar dan mengajar di Madrasah Diniyah dilakukan sekitar pukul 14.00 – 16.00 WIB. 2) Faktor pendukung dari kebijakan ini adalah support dari pemerintahan Kabupaten Pasuruan berupa dana dan sosialisasi secara terus menerus di 24 Kecamatan se Kabupaten Pasuruan. Faktor penghambat kebijakan ini adalah sosialisasi tentang Kebijakan Wajib Belajar Madrasah Diniyah belum disosialisasikan secara maksimal sehingga di tahun pertama banyak sekolah dasar di Kabupaten Pasuruan tidak menerapkan wajib Madin ini. 3) Solusi dari kebijakan ini yaitu melakukan sosialisasi pada masyarakat dan sekolah-sekolah, agar kebijakan ini dapat terealisasi dengan baik dan terlaksana dengan maksimal.Kata kunci: Implementasi Kebijakan, Wajib Belajar, Madrasah Diniyah, Karakter Siswa

Plastic bag and its litter has become a painful issue for governments around the world (Hopewell et al. 2009). Several policies are applied to reduce the consumption of the residents, in which, few has shown remarkable improvement. In 2015, the European parliament and the council of the European Union amended the Directive 94/62/EC to make sure that all its member countries reduce the household consumption of plastic bag. Norway, as a part of European Economic Area (EEA) is obligated to follow the Directive. From then, two plans to achieve the goal have proposed to Norwegian government. While the method is similar by focusing on putting an additional fee on every plastic bag consumed, the purposes of how the money collected is used differs in directions – Norwegian Environment Agency supports Tax and Trade Association supports Environmental Fund. Thus, the purpose of this master thesis is to bring forward knowledge about the effect on consumer behaviour of a price increase on plastic bag, and whether is matters if the price increase comes in the form of a tax to the government or donations to an environmental fund. To investigate this issue, the author have conduct a review of academic research as well as international cases. Furthermore, I have conducted and analysed a quantitative survey with Norwegian consumers willingness to pay on plastic bag, including a split sample experiment on increased plastic bag prices. ; Plastpose og forsøpling har blitt et smertefullt problem for regjeringer over hele verden (Hopewell et al. 2009). Flere miljøtiltak brukes for å redusere forbruket til beboerne, hvor få har vist en bemerkelsesverdig forbedring. I 2015 har Europa-parlamentet og Rådet for Den europeiske union vedtatt endring av Direktivet 94/62/EF for å sikre at alle medlemsstatene reduserer husholdningenes forbruk av plastposer. Norge, som en del av Det europeiske økonomiske samarbeidsområdet (EØS), er forpliktet til å følge direktivet. Fra da, har to miljøtiltak for å nå målet blitt foreslått til den norske regjerningen. Selv om metoden er lik ved å fokusere på å legge til en ekstra avgift på hver plastpose som forbrukes, er formålene med hvordan pengene samles brukt, er i forskjellig retninger – 'Miljødirektoratet støtter regjering- og Handelsnæringen støtter miljøfond. Formålet med denne masteroppgaven er således å gi kunnskap om effekten av forbrukeradferd på prisøkning på plastposer, og om det er viktig om prisøkningen kommer i form av skatt til staten eller donasjoner til en miljømessig fond. For å undersøke dette problemet har forfatteren gjennomgått en gjennomgang av faglig forskning og internasjonale saker. Videre har jeg gjennomført og analysert en kvantitativ undersøkelse hos norske forbrukere betalingsvillighet på plastpose, inkludert et delteksperiment på prisøkning på plastposer. ; M-ØA

The primary purpose of this paper is to analyze the (political or legal) mechanisms for the regulation of cultural diversity, especially religious diversity, by European states. This research is conducted in light of the development and growth of the global phenomenon of migration and its consequences, especially in Europe. Due to its evolution and the challenges that it often poses to the organization of contemporary societies, states increasingly have the need to regulate the activity of churches and religious communities for the sake of the balance/pacification of religious diversity. This regulation is usually based on secular principles and solutions that nonetheless recognize, accommodate, and promote activities of particular churches or religious communities. However, as in the examples of national legislation or political practices - such as morality policies - there is a certain hegemony of these secular values which have consequences for religion. Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo principal analisar os mecanismos (políticos ou legais) de regulação da diversidade cultural, nomeadamente a religiosa, pelos Estados democráticos de direito europeus. A nossa investigação é feita à luz do desenvolvimento e crescimento dos fenómenos migratórios globais e das suas consequências, em especial, no continente europeu. Por conta da sua evolução e dos desafios que amiúde colocam à organização das sociedades contemporâneas, os Estados sentem cada vez mais a necessidade de regular a atividade das igrejas e comunidades religiosas em favor do equilíbrio/pacificação da diversidade religiosa. Esta regulação é, normalmente, feita a partir de princípios e respostas seculares que, não obstante, reconhecem, acomodam e promovem as atividades de determinadas igrejas ou comunidades religiosas.No entanto, como nos exemplos das legislações nacionais ou das práticas políticas - como as políticas de moralidade, existe uma certa hegemonia desses valores e remédios seculares que tem consequências para a religião. ; Este artigo tem como objetivo principal analisar os mecanismos (políticos ou legais) de regulação da diversidade cultural, nomeadamente a religiosa, pelos Estados democráticos de direito europeus. A nossa investigação é feita à luz do desenvolvimento e crescimento dos fenómenos migratórios globais e das suas consequências, em especial, no continente europeu. Por conta da sua evolução e dos desafios que amiúde colocam à organização das sociedades contemporâneas, os Estados sentem cada vez mais a necessidade de regular a atividade das igrejas e comunidades religiosas em favor do equilíbrio/pacificação da diversidade religiosa. Esta regulação é, normalmente, feita a partir de princípios e respostas seculares que, não obstante, reconhecem, acomodam e promovem as atividades de determinadas igrejas ou comunidades religiosas.No entanto, como nos exemplos das legislações nacionais ou das práticas políticas - como as políticas de moralidade, existe uma certa hegemonia desses valores e remédios seculares que tem consequências para a religião.

NUR'AINI. 2016, Financial Performance Analysis of the City of Samarinda, under the guidance of Prof.Dr.H. Eddy SoegiartoK and Ms. Titin RulianaIssues raised in this study are: "Are the financial performance of the city of Samarinda from 2013 to 2015 has been effective and whether the financial performance of the city of Samarinda from 2013 until 2015 has been efficient?The purpose of this study is to determine the financial performance of the city of Samarinda from 2013 until 2015. Analyzer in measuring the effectiveness and efficiency of financial performance of the city of Samarinda by using effectiveness ratio, effectiveness criteria table, efficiency ratio and efficiency criteria table.The results of research conducted, it is known that the financial performance of the Local Government of Samarinda City from the period of 2013 local government finances Samarinda City is very effective because the effectiveness ratio is greater than 100%. In the period of 2014, the financial performance of Samarinda City Government was less effective because its effectiveness ratio was smaller than 90% and showed a downward trend. In the period of 2015 the regional finances of the Samarinda City Government were also less effective. This is because the effectiveness ratio is smaller than 90% and also indicates a downward trend.The financial performance of the Local Government of Samarinda City in the period of 2013 if measured by the ratio of the efficiency of local revenue (PAD) is inefficient, this is because the efficiency ratio is greater than 80%. In the period of 2014 the financial performance of Samarinda City Government is less efficient, this is because the efficiency ratio of Samarinda City Government is greater than 80% and shows an increasing trend. While in the period of 2015, the financial performance of Samarinda City Government is also less efficient. This is also caused by the ratio of efficiency of Local Original Income (PAD) is greater than 80% and shows the trend of denial.Thus it can be concluded that the hypothesis in the period of 2013 for the effectiveness ratio is rejected because the level of effectiveness is greater than 90%, the hypothesis of 2014 accepted because the level of effectiveness is smaller than 90%, while in the period 2015 hypothesis proposed is also accepted because the level of effectiveness more Small than 90%. For the efficiency level in the period of 2013 the hypothesis presented is accepted, this is because the level of efficiency is greater than 80%. In the period 2014, the hypothesis was accepted because the level of efficiency is greater than 80%. And the period of 2015, the hypothesis put forward previously accepted this is also due to the level of efficiency is also greater than 80%

ABSTRAK Masalah ketenagakerjaan sampai saat ini masih menjadi sorotan. Kurangnya jaminan keselamatan, kesehatan, dan hak-hak reproduksi bagi tenaga kerja wanita merupakan salah satu faktor penyebab terjadinya berbagai permasalahan dalam bidang ketenagakerjaan. Tenaga kerja sebagai pekerja di perusahaan masih saja mendapat perlakuan yang diskriminatif dari pengusaha, hal ini yang menimbulkan hak-hak yang seharusnya diterima oleh tenaga kerja wanita seperti perlindungan terhadap keselamatan, kesehatan dan hak-hak reproduksi tenaga kerja wanita tidak diberikan sepenuhnya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif untuk melihat perlindungan hukum terhadap keselamatan, kesehatan dan hak-hak reproduksi pekerja wanita dan kendala yang dihadapi dalam pelaksanaan perlindungan terhadap keselamatan, kesehatan, dan hak-hak reproduksi bagi tenaga wanita. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa Perlindungan hukum terhadap keselamatan, kesehatan dan hak-hak reproduksi dalam pelaksanannya secara umum sebagian sudah sesuai, misalnya jaminan sosial secara umum telah diberikan kepada tenaga kerja wanita, tetapi ada sebagian yang belum sesuai misalnya, cuti haid, cuti hamil. Kendala yang dihadapi dalam pelaksanaan perlindungan terhadap keselamatan, kesehatan, dan hak-hak reproduksi tenaga kerja wanita, dari pihak pemerintah yaitu lemahnya pengawasan, dari pihak pengusaha sering melanggar peraturan demi keuntungan pengusaha, dari pihak tenaga kerja wanita yaitu kurang paham terhadap peraturan perundangan ketika terjadi pelenggaran hak-haknya sebagai pekerja. Kata kunci: pekerja wanita; perlindungan hukum; reproduksi. ABSTRACT Employment problem is still in the spotlight. Lack of warranty of safety, health, and reproductive rights received by female workers was one factor contributting to the problems in the employment field. Female workers as wokers in the company still gets the discriminatory treatment from the employer which cause the rights that should be accepted by the female workers as a protection of safety, heatlh and reprodutive rights of women workers are not given in full. The research method used is normative juridical to see the legal protection of the safety, health and reproductive rights of female workers and the obstacles faced in implementing protection against safety, health, and reproductive rights for female workers. The results show that legal protection for safety, health and reproductive rights in general implementation is partly appropriate, for example social security in general has been given to female workers, but there are some item are not suitable for example, menstruation leave, maternity leave. Constraints faced in the implementation of protection against safety, health, and reproductive rights of female workers, from the government, namely weak supervision, from the employer often violate the rules for the benefit of employers, from the female labor force that is lack of understanding of legislation when it occurs release of his rights as a worker. Keywords: female workers; legal protection; reproductive.

We present the challenges of environmental management and underline the importance of an energy saving policy for companies. We propose a model to determine the energy balance of manufacturing by integrating the different productive and non-productive phases. We define two purposes for minimizing production time and energy consumption. We apply this model to the scheduling of flexible job-shop workshops. To determine the optimal solution we use two types of methods: - The first is genetic algorithms. We propose different types of algorithms to solve this multi-criteria problem. For example, we propose to develop two populations to minimize the energy consumed and the production time, and to cross them to achieve the overall objective. - The second is constraint programming. We propose to find the optimal solution by developing a double tree to evaluate the energy consumed and the production time. We build our algorithm starting from the tasks to be performed on the machines or from the machines that will perform the tasks. We discuss the construction of the Pareto front to get the best solution.We finish by comparing the different approaches and discussing their relevance to deal with problems of different sizes. We also offer several improvements and some leads for future research. ; Nous présentons les enjeux du management environnemental et soulignons l'importance d'une politique d'économie d'énergie pour les entreprises. Nous proposons un modèle pour déterminer le bilan énergétique de la fabrication en intégrant les différentes phases productives et non-productives. Nous définissons un double objectif pour la minimisation de la durée de production et de la consommation d'énergie. Nous appliquons ce modèle à l'ordonnancement d'ateliers job-shop flexibles. Pour déterminer la solution optimale nous utilisons deux classes de méthodes : - La première relève des algorithmes génétiques. Nous proposons différents types d'algorithmes pour résoudre ce problème multicritère. Nous proposons par exemple de faire évoluer deux populations pour minimiser respectivement l'énergie consommée et la durée de production et de les croiser pour atteindre l'objectif global. - La seconde relève de la programmation sous contrainte. Nous proposons de rechercher la solution optimale en développant une double arborescence pour évaluer l'énergie consommée et la durée de production. Nous construisons notre algorithme en partant des tâches à réaliser sur les machines ou en partant des machines qui réaliseront les tâches. Nous discutons de la construction du front de Pareto pour l'obtention de la meilleure solution.Nous terminons en comparant les différentes approches et en discutant leur pertinence pour traiter des problèmes de différentes tailles. Nous proposons également plusieurs améliorations et quelques pistes pour de futures recherches.

The article analyzes the radical transformations of classical education, characterizes the peculiarities of foreign and national system of education reaction to the challenges of a modern innovative society. It has been outlined that in many countries of the European Union, North America (the USA, Canada), the East (Japan, China), new schemes for the division of higher education programs into professional and academic ones are being developed and implemented, a system of narrow-profile higher educational institutions is being formed, research and corporate universities come into being. At all levels of higher education the aims, theory and practice of training prospective specialists are reconsidered. In addition, it has been shown that in Ukraine, modern problems of reforming education, on the contrary, lack system and consistency, in programs and slogans of subjects of educational policy there are often elements of populism, and setting of unrealistic tasks. As a result, many participants of the educational process have a sense of cognitive dissonance both when trying to assess the true state of the academic environment and evaluate the models that are offered. Based on comprehension of the most important points of bifurcation in modern Ukrainian education, ten key problems are identified and characterized. It is proved that solving them and ensuring the renaissance of education is possible, at least, based on three viable steps: introduction of a new organizational and economic mechanism for innovative development of education; reconstruction of the content and methodological resources of education; audit of the academic environment and optimization of the network of higher educational institutions. ; У статті проаналізовано радикальні трансформації класичної освіти, охарактеризовано особливості реакції зарубіжної та вітчизняної освіти на виклики сучасного інноваційного суспільства. Окреслено, що у багатьох країнах Євросоюзу, Північної Америки (США, Канада), Сходу (Японія, Китай) активно відпрацьовуються і впроваджуються нові схеми поділу програм у вищій школі на професійні та академічні, формується система вузькопрофільних закладів вищої освіти, виникають науково-дослідницькі та корпоративні університети. На усіх рівнях вищої освіти переосмислюються цілі, теорія і практика підготовки майбутніх фахівців. Поряд з цим, показано, що в Україні сучасним проблемам реформування освіти, навпаки, бракує системності й послідовності, в програмах і гаслах суб'єктів освітньої політики нерідко присутні елементи популізму, постановка нереальних завдань. Як результат, багатьох учасників освітнього процесу не полишає відчуття когнітивного дисонансу як при спробі оцінити істинний стан академічного середовища, так і при спробі дати оцінку тим рецептам, що пропонуються. На основі осмислення найважливіших точок біфуркації в сучасній українській освіті визначені й охарактеризовані десять знакових проблем. Доведено, що вирішити їх та забезпечити ренесанс освіти можливо, принаймні, на основі трьох життєдайних кроків: впровадження нового організаційно-економічного механізму інноваційного розвитку освіти; перебудови змісту і методичних ресурсів освіти; аудиту академічного середовища та оптимізації мережі закладів вищої освіти.

Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor apa yang menjadi kekuatan, kelemahan, peluang dan ancaman kerajinan tangan UMKM Tikar Amanah dan untuk mengetahui strategi apa yang harus dilakukan untuk pemasarannya berdasarkan faktor-faktor kekuatan, kelemahan, peluang dan ancaman tersebut. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah Analisis SWOT dan analisis data Model Miles Huberman Alternatif strategi yang dapat diterapkan dalam memasarkan kerajinan pembuatan tikar pada UMKM Tikar Amanah plastik amanah yaitu Strategi S-O (Strength-Opportunity) dengan meningkatkan kualitas SDM pengrajin dalam rangka meningkatkan daya saing produk serta memperkuat jejaring permodalan, promosi, dan pelanggan serta menjaga hubungan baik dengan pemasok untuk menjamin kontinyuitas bahan baku. Strategi W-O (Weakness-Opportunity) dengan optimalisasi penggunaan berbagai media dalam meningkatkan promosi dan pemanfaatan fasilitas pemerintah untuk meningkatkan inovasi, permodalan, manajemen produksi, dan pemasaran. Strategi S-T (Strength-Threat) melal ui peningkatkan efisiensi produk dan margin dengan menggunakan saluran distribusi yang pendek serta menjaga kepercayaan konsumen dengan kualitas dan kontinyuitas produk melalui manajemen produksi yang lebih baik. Sedangakan Strategi W-T (Weakness-Threat) adalah dengan meningkatkan inovasi dan promosi produk dengan melihat perkembangan pasar serta meningkatkan alokasi waktu pengrajin serta melakukan pencatatan data produksi dan penguatan dana mandiri. Kata Kunci: Analisis Swot, Kerajinan tangan UMKM, Model Miles Huberman. Abstract:The purpose of this study is to know what factors into the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of handicraft of Tikar Amanah SMEs and to know what strategy should be done for marketing SMEs Amanah Mat based on the factors of strength, weakness, opportunities and threats. The research was conducted with qualitative descriptive approach. Data analysis technique used is SWOT Analysis and data analysis Model Miles Huberman Alternative strategies that can be applied in marketing the handicraft-making mats on SMEs Amanah mandah Amanah that is Strength-Opportunity Strategy by improving the quality of human resources of craftsmen in order to improve the competitiveness of products and strengthen the network of capital, promotion, and customers and maintain good relationships with suppliers to ensure the continuity of raw materials. W-O (Weakness-Opportunity) Strategy by optimizing the use of various media in enhancing the promotion and utilization of government facilities to improve innovation, capitalization, production management, and marketing. The Strength-Threat Strategy improves product efficiency and margin by using short distribution channels and maintaining consumer confidence with product quality and continuity through improved production management. While the W-T Strategy (Weakness-Threat) is to increase innovation and product promotion by looking at market developments and increasing the time allocation of craftsmen as well as recording production data and strengthening self-fund. Keyword: Swot Analysis, Handicraft of SMEs, Miles Huberman Model.

Abstrak Gegar budaya hampir selalu menampilkan kedigdayaan penguasaan informasi, dan ditopang kemajuan di bidang teknologi komunikasi. Salah satu catatan penting terletak pada media sosial, meskipun awalnya hanya sebagai alternative solutif atas kegamangan masyarakat pengguna media massa. Problematika sosial ini timbul sejak hadirnya teknologi internet yang dipopulerkan melalui The Millenium of Age 2000. Megatrend ini pula yang mendorong terbentuknya masyarakat maya (cyber community), khususnya dalam memberikan kontribusi positif terhadap penyebaran informasi. Gerakannya yang masih telah dapat mengendalikan kehidupan sosial politik, dengan tendensinya pada pencitraan figur-figur yang ditampilkan. Inilah yang menjadikan urgensi penelitian dengan memfokuskan pada upaya mengungkap secara wajar kontribusi media sosial secara selektif dalam rangka meningkatkan elektabilitas figur politik. Penelitian ini sekaligus menganalisis data, khususnya pada pelaku-pelaku media sosial yang relatif tersembunyi, dan pada akhirnya dapat menetapkan 9 (Sembilan) informan secara purposif. Hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut; (1) pemanfaatan media sosial lebih mengedepankan prinsip keseimbangan dalam mengagendakan kepentingan, mengingat terdapat filter literasi yang menjadikan audiens sangat selektif terhadap informasi, (2) etika bermedia konteks politik bukan berakar pada pelaku media, namun justru terletak pada karakter audiens yang sangat aktif, dan (3) intensitas komunikasi berbasis cybernetics dapat efektif apabila membuka ruang dialog yang bersifat konsultatif. Abstract Concussions almost always display the power of information mastery, and sustained advances in the field of communications technology. One of the important notes lies in social media, although initially only as an alternative solution to the crowds of mass media users. This social problem arises from the presence of internet technology popularized through the millennium of age 2000. This Megatrend also encourages the formation of cyber community (cyber community), especially in making a positive contribution to the dissemination of information. Its massive movement has been able to control socio-political life, with his tendency to imaging the figures shown. This is the urgency of research, focusing on the fair expression, the selective contribution of social media in order to improve the electability of political figures. This study uses a qualitative-interactive approach, in order to obtain the flexibility to dig as well as analyze the data, especially on the social media players are relatively hidden, and in the end can set as many as 9 informants purposively. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: (1) social media utilization more emphasizes the principle of balance in agenda of interest, considering there is filter of literacy make the audience very selective to information; (2) ethics in the media-based political context is not rooted in the media actors, but rather lies in the character of a very active audience; and (3) the intensity of cybernetics-based communication can be effective, if it opens a consultative dialogue space.

Abstrak Sampah merupakan persoalan klasik yang selalu ada disetiap tempat atau wilayah yang berpenduduk. Termasuk juga di desa Centong, dimana Desa Centong merupakan desa yang terletak di dataran tinggi dan terluas di Kecamatan Gondang yang terdiri dari 9 (Sembilan) dusun, dengan mayoritas masyarakat bermata pencaharian sebagai petani. Perubahan paradigma yang mendasar dalam pengelolaan sampah yaitu dari paradigma kumpul – angkut – buang menjadi pengolahan yang bertumpu pada pengurangan sampah dan penanganan sampah, merupakan agenda pemerintah yang dicanangkan oleh Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup yang di turunkan dalam undang-undang no 18 tahun 2008 tentang Pengelolaan Sampah, beserta peraturan pemerintah no 81 tahun 2012. Dan bentuk tindak lanjut dari undang-undang tersebut adalah dicanangkannya program 3R (Reduce, Re-use, dan Recycle) oleh pemerintah, yang kemudian diteruskan pemerintah daerah ke desa-desa yang ada di wilayahnya. Melalui penelitian yang menggunakan metode studi kasus ini, ingin diketahui faktor-faktor penyebab dan bagaimana pengaruhnya terhadap kegagalan pengorganisasian dan manajemen pengelolaan sampah di desa Centong. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertama, dasar berdirinya bank sampah tersebut karena anjuran pemerintah dan bukan berasal dari inisiatif warga, sehingga tidak ada komitmen bersama didalamnya. Kedua, minimnya pengetahuan tentang manajemen Bank Sampah. Ketiga, kurangnya komunikasi dan koordinasi, sehingga terjadi stagnasi dalam kegiatan-kegiatannya. Abstract Garbage is a classic problem that always exists in every place or region that is inhabited. It is also included in the village of Centong, where the village located on the plateau and the widest in the District of Gondang which consists of 9 (nine) hamlets, with the majority of the people working as farmers. The fundamental paradigm change in waste management, from the paradigm of gathering - waste to processing that relies on reducing waste and handling waste, is a government agenda proclaimed by the Ministry of Environment which was passed down in Law No. 18 of 2008 concerning Waste Management, along with government regulation No. 81 of 2012. And the follow-up form of the law is the launching of the 3R (Reduce, Re-use, and Recycle) program by the government, which is then forwarded by the regional government to the villages in the region. Through research using this case study method, it is desirable to know the causal factors and how they affect the failure to organize and manage waste management in the village of Centong. The results of the study show that the basis for the establishment of the waste bank is because of the government's suggestion and not from the citizens' initiative, so there is no joint commitment in it, lack of knowledge about the management of the Waste Bank and lack of communication and coordination, resulting in stagnation in its activities.

Dermatitis is a group of diseases that are often underestimated, whereas it includes the top 10 diseases suffered by the people of Indonesia. Prevalence in Makassar City, 2014 dermatitis case number 53,365 cases, while in Puskesmas Rappokalling dermatitis cases amounted to 2030 (15.63%) cases. The purpose of this research is to know the correlation of risk factor of individual characteristic, personal hygiene, environmental sanitation, environmental exposure, genetic / heredity, and allergy with dermatitis incidence. The study design used was case control study, where patients who visited the Rappokalling Puskesmas were suffering from dermatitis (cases) and patients who did not suffer from dermatitis (control) as population and sample. The sample counted 64 people (cases) and 64 people (control), so the total sample size was 128 people. Data analysis was done by odds ratio test and presented in tabular form. The results showed that there was a personal hygiene relationship, environmental sanitation (clean water facilities), and allergy to the incidence of dermatitis in the work area of Rappokalling Puskesmas. It is recommended that the government, especially Rappokalling Puskesmas to provide education to the public to always maintain personal hygiene such as cleanliness of towels, body hygiene (bath 2 times a day), hand hygiene and nails (diligent hand washing and cutting nails). The government should provide clean water facilities that meet the requirements of the community and take into account the potential for allergic-related dermatitis. ; Dermatitis termasuk kelompok penyakit yang sering dianggap enteng, padahal termasuk 10 besar penyakit yang diderita masyarakat Indonesia. Prevalensi di Kota Makassar, tahun 2014 jumlah kasus dermatitis 53.365 kasus, sedang di Puskesmas Rappokalling jumlah kasus dermatitis sebesar 2030 (15,63%) kasus. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan faktor risiko karakteristik individu, personal hygiene, sanitasi lingkungan, pajanan lingkungan, genetik/hereditas, serta alergi dengan kejadian dermatitis. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah case control study, dimana pasien yang berkunjung ke Puskesmas Rappokalling yang menderita dermatitis (kasus) dan pasien yang tidak menderita dermatitis (kontrol) sebagai populasi dan sampel. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 64 orang (kasus) dan 64 orang (kontrol), sehingga jumlah keseluruhan sampel sebanyak 128 orang. Analisis data dilakukan dengan uji odds ratio dan disajikan dalam bentuk tabel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada hubungan personal hygiene, sanitasi lingkungan (sarana air bersih), dan alergi dengan kejadian dermatitis di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Rappokalling. Disarankan pemerintah khususnya Puskesmas Rappokalling untuk memberikan penyuluhan kepada masyarakat agar senantiasa menjaga personal hygiene seperti kebersihan handuk, kebersihan badan (mandi 2 kali sehari), kebersihan tangan dan kuku (rajin mencuci tangan dan memotong kuku). Pemerintah hendaknya menyediakan sarana air bersih yang memenuhi syarat bagi masyarakat serta memperhatikan potensi munculnya dermatitis yang terkait dengan alergi.

The study of the roles of men and women during violent conflicts and postconflict situations has traditionally restricted the experiences of women to those of victims, and those of men to violent perpetrators. This paper adopts a feminist constructivist approach to explore how traditional gender discourses have sustained the victimisation of women and the association of violence with men in the roles of aggressors and protectors. Throughout the case study of the Rwandan genocide, this research illustrates gender stereotypes tend to ignore on the one hand the role of women as violent perpetrators, and on the other hand, the victim status of men during conflicts. This study attempts to show experiences of Rwandan women were not limited to those of victims, but they planned and participated in genocidal violence and abuses. Additionally, and also contrary to traditional gender discourses, Rwandan men compromised the first targets of violence during the conflict. This thesis concludes that a broader and deeper understanding of conflict studies and ultimately world politics can be acquired by challenging traditional gender discourses, and investigating and recognizing the multifaceted experiences of women and men in conflict and post-conflict situations. ; El estudio de los roles de hombres y mujeres durante situaciones de conflictos y de los escenarios post-conflicto, tradicionalmente ha restringido las experiencias de las mujeres a las de las víctimas, y las de los hombres a los perpetradores de violencia. Este documento adopta un enfoque constructivista feminista para explorar cómo los discursos tradicionales de género han sostenido por un lado, la victimización de las mujeres, y por otro lado, la asociación de la violencia con los hombres bien sea en su papel de agresores y/o protectores. A lo largo del estudio de caso del genocidio de Ruanda, esta investigación ilustra que en situaciones de conflicto los estereotipos de género tienden a ignorar, por una parte, el papel de las mujeres como perpetradoras violentas y, por otra parte, el estatus de víctima de los hombres. Este estudio intenta mostrar que las experiencias de las mujeres ruandesas no se limitaron únicamente a las de las víctimas, sino que planificaron y participaron de manera active en la violencia y abusos genocidas. Además, y también en contra de los discursos de género tradicionales, los hombres de Ruanda conformaron los primeros objetivos y víctimas de la violencia durante el conflicto. Esta tesis concluye que se puede adquirir una comprensión más amplia y profunda de los estudios de conflicto y, en última instancia, de la política mundial, desafiando los discursos tradicionales de género e investigando y reconociendo las experiencias multifacéticas de mujeres y hombres en situaciones de conflicto y posconflicto.