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The main challenge faced by case study researchers is how to make the most of a rich & varied body of evidence. One way of achieving this goal is to use a combination of analytical strategies. This paper presents three case study strategies -- the periodization strategy, the process-oriented strategy, & the counterfactual strategy -- discussing the methodological problems involved & suggesting ways of combining the strategies in order to produce high-quality case study research. References. Adapted from the source document.

This article presents a way of dealing scientifically with the problem of comparison among dynamically evolving units of analysis in social science, namely by using methods from theoretical, computational & mathematical biology & phylogeny (evolutionary tree) analysis. First, the standard political science & static method of comparative analysis is criticized. Second, some important aspects of the dynamic comparison are presented from its multidisciplinary & historic context, commenting on the compatibility with evolutionary institutional as well as universal Darwinian theoretical perspectives. Third, dynamic comparison is approached using first techniques from standard social science statistical software (SPSS) & then from molecular genetics (MEGA, Molecular Evolutionary Analysis). Examples of evolutionary tree analyses of the European nations are presented & discussed. Similarities & dissimilarities between social science & biological applications of the dynamic comparison techniques are discussed, emphasizing the importance of openness to new techniques & application of panel data for elaboration of new methods of dynamic comparative analyses in social sciences. 2 Tables, 9 Figures, 68 References. Adapted from the source document.

La crisis sociocultural y económica de octubre de 2019 en Chile, profundizada por la pandemia del COVID-19, ha develado una serie de discriminaciones e inequidades sociales en el ejercicio de la profesión académica, que afectan con mayor fuerza a las mujeres. Lo anterior, interpela a repensar modelos alternativos de hacer academia y construir conocimiento, considerando la posición que ocupan estas y sus conceptualizaciones en el espacio universitario, cuestión que cobra especial relevancia en la excepcional coyuntura constitucional, si se busca resolver las problemáticas de la sociedad actual. Así, el objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar en torno a la situación de las mujeres en la educación superior y a los aportes teóricos de los feminismos ante la crisis de sentido de la academia en el contexto neoliberal. Bajo una lectura crítica-reflexiva de fuentes secundarias, enmarcada en una epistemología feminista, se construye el texto desde una estructura global de ensayo argumentativo. Se concluye que existen diversos aportes teórico-prácticos de los feminismos con potencial transformador, en tanto herramientas conceptuales que permiten comprender y hacer frente a la crisis de la universidad y del neoliberalismo, por lo que resulta urgente promover una plena igualdad de género en el espacio académico.

En el momento de crisis sanitaria, económica, política y social que atraviesa la humanidad, es importante recurrir a los hechos históricos y contrastarlos con la realidad actual, para de esta manera tener mayores argumentos interpretativos y de conocimiento sobre la misma. En esa línea, este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis de las consecuencias que trajeron para la humanidad, tanto la peste negra como la gripe española, así como los efectos que la Covid-19 hoy causa en algunos países en el marco de una crisis del capitalismo. De esta manera, será un aporte a los innumerables debates que sobre el tema se han ejercido en los diferentes campos, dentro y fuera de la academia. Su metodología se centra en recoger los aportes investigativos que se han realizado respecto a sus temáticas para llegar a un análisis cualitativo y comparativo de los efectos causados a la humanidad. Las pandemias estudiadas produjeron varias consecuencias sociales, económicas y políticas en el devenir histórico que posibilitaron a su vez ciertos cambios en las sociedades. La Covid-19, por su parte, ha evidenciado las debilidades del sistema capitalista en su forma neoliberal, varios países que han recurrido a la aplicación de este modelo no han podido sostener de una manera eficaz la emergencia sanitaria.

A decreased financing for research education in political sciences is being debated in the Swedish Parliament in 2005. This means that instead of 5-6 Ph.D. students per year, fewer will be accepted, & only every two year. Two reasons: too many previously accepted students & insufficient external financing are given. Working conditions for graduate students are variable between different institutions, the first years usually financed by grants, & only later by more stable fellowships. The need for establishing a national standard for graduate student financing is stressed. A. Barral

The evaluation of organizational climate is a critical factor in business management, and its importance is even greater in military higher education institutions, due to the high motivation and commitment expected from their members. However, research on this topic in Ecuador is scarce. The present study validates a scale to measure organizational climate in Ecuadorian military higher education institutions. The instrument proposed by Hernández, Garrido & Rico (2016) was applied to an intentional sample of 44 Military Engineering School (ESINGM) members. Its reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, obtaining values above 0.960, indicating high internal consistency. The dimensions of the organizational climate present in the institution were identified, and the results of the first-level statistical validation were presented. It is concluded that the scale is valid and reliable for measuring the organizational climate in this institution. In addition, this study contributes to the understanding of the organizational climate in military higher education institutions in Ecuador and may have implications for the management and improvement of educational quality in the context of higher education in Ecuador.

The thesis of this article is that logic/science does not exclude but requires knowledge of rhetoric. Rhetoric is not merely a technique for persuasion but, more importantly, a science of how we structure our knowledge through language. Logic & science are nothing but instruments that natural language constructs to handle observable factual circumstances, something that became possible with the invention of the alphabet & written language. A positivistic, reductive science is suitable only by research on given facts. Alongside the knowledge of facts, we must also handle the knowledge of action, which is impossible to do only with the positivistic methods of conventional social science. Drawing on his personal experiences of municipal politics & communal planning the author suggests that rhetorical conceptions & methods of research can play a big role in community planning research & in sciences of man, which necessarily brings facts & actions together. The article refers to a rhetorical based theory called 'human-scientific theory of action.' While science helps us to know (knowledge of causes), rhetoric helps us to understand (knowledge of intentions & meanings). 40 References. Adapted from the source document.

The relationship between actors & structures is an important ontological aspect in social sciences. Today, the notion that this relationship should be seen as categorized by mutual interdependence, & consequently that both actors & structures should be considered primary ontological categories, is not a very controversial one. More controversial, however, is the phenomenon in social as well as natural sciences commonly known as social constructionism (or constructivism). In this article, the actor structure thinking is related to different constructionist conceptions. In connection with this, it is argued that if constructionism is primarily seen as an epistemological approach, it is in fact a natural consequence of the actor structure thinking. From the actor structure perspective then, the constructionist advocacy for contextualism -- ie, the ambition to accentuate the temporally & spatially distinctive character of reality in the analysis -- can be viewed as an important methodological guideline. 1 Table, 1 Figure, 35 References. Adapted from the source document.

It is epistemologically motivated to describe the human sciences as divided into one objectivistic (nature/body) & one intersubjectivistic (society) part. The problem is to bridge these parts, & evolutionary theory is chosen as a possible instrument. As a preparation it is necessary to find the relevant epistemological & ontological categories. Two epistemological (objectivism & intersubjectivism) & three ontological (levels of aggregation, position of actors & plans of reality) dimensions are discussed together with some fundamental methodological problems. Another important part of the task is to elucidate societal change in relation to different types of societal patterns (from laws to similarities & differences). 8 Figures, 104 References. Adapted from the source document.

The first decade of the 21st century has brought with it two important breakthroughs in the study of comparative politics. The first one concerns the availability of data. Nowadays, access to a wide range of information sources for a large number of countries in the world can be gained without too much effort. The second one concerns the methodological achievements made in recent years. Today, sophisticated multi-level analyses can be conducted fairly easily. Among qualitatively oriented researchers, Charles Ragin has made a significant contribution by introducing the fs/QCA-technique into the field of political science. However, the growing amount of data & the new methods not only open up new possibilities for the researcher. The present article explicitly deals with the problems related to the use of multi-level analyses & fs/QCA in comparative political research. In addition, attention is drawn to the drawbacks of using survey data from heterogeneous settings. Adapted from the source document.

Over the last decades there has been a growing interest in normative theory within the social sciences in general & political science in particular. Timeless questions of good & bad, right & wrong, & of the nature & justification of the good society -- of what the good society ought to be -- have thus surfaced again. However, not much has been written on the specific methodological issues that arise when explicitly approaching normative questions on social scientific, i.e. systematic & inter-subjective, grounds. Departing from a reflection concerning the conceptual meaning of norms & values -- the anchor of normative analysis -- & by confronting different axiological positions, this essay formulates a few guiding principles for a normative methodology. These principles include requirements on internal validity (accuracy, consistency, clarity, coherence, & intersubjective reasoning) as well as external validity (external justification, plausibility, & empirical relevance). 46 References. Adapted from the source document.

El principal propósito de este trabajo es conocer el grado de implementación de las directrices dictadas por las administraciones educativas durante la crisis del COVID-19 (curso 2019/2020) en los centros de Educación Secundaria obligatoria. Para ello se establece un estudio de corte cualitativo naturista que parte de una muestra de 7 docentes de diferentes centros educativos de la ciudad de Almería. Los resultados muestran que las directrices administrativas fueron muy genéricas, lo que llevó a problemas de adaptación a la docencia virtual, así como adaptaciones de las directrices de formación y evaluación en función de cada centro e incluso en función de cada docente. Como conclusión se hace hincapié en la necesidad de establecer directrices más claras por parte de la administración que permitan llevar a cabo procedimientos comunes que, aunque favorezcan la flexibilización en función de cada contexto, supongan un referente común para los diferentes centros educativos.