Flest getum við verið sammála um að fræði og vísindi séu ekki bara til fyrir fólkið sem leggur stund á þau heldur fyrir allan almenning líka. Fræðin eru fyrir okkur öll. Þegar betur er að gáð kemur þó í ljós að þessi sakleysislega hugmynd vekur upp ýmis heimspekileg álitamál, svo sem um gildi þekkingar, eðli vísinda og fræða og verkaskiptingu innan samfélaga. Til að svara þessum spurningum set ég fram heimspekilega kenningu sem ég kalla þekkingarlega jafnaðarstefnu og kveður í grófum dráttum á um að þekking allra sé einhvers virði. Eftir að hafa rökstutt þessa kenningu beiti ég henni til að varpa ljósi á hvernig best sé að skilja hugmyndina um að fræðin séu fyrir okkur öll. Í lok greinarinnar velti ég því líka upp hvaða praktísku afleiðingar það hefur fyrir fræðin ef fallist er á þessa hugmynd: Hvernig yrðu fræði sem raunverulega eru fyrir okkur öll?
This essay concerns itself with perceptions of the urban sphere, with its manifestations in literature and life writing, and with the city as a place of strangeness and travel in various senses, including the ways in which it pertains to the individual world view. Cities are places of density and internal connections, but their gates also open out and connect with other places, and increasingly other cities. Following a discussion of the Icelandic links between Copenhagen and Reykjavík, and the slow emergence of the latter as a "literary capital", the course is set for foreign cities, including Berlin and Paris in the company of Walter Benjamin, and the experience of getting lost with Franz Kafka in places that may be Prague and New York. In attempting to answer the question whether it is possible to become intimate with cities, we have recourse to city guides, life maps, a touring theatre – and the art of losing and finding.
ParlaMint is a multilingual set of comparable corpora containing parliamentary debates mostly starting in 2015 and extending to mid-2020, with each corpus being about 20 million words in size. The sessions in the corpora are marked as belonging to the COVID-19 period (after October 2019), or being "reference" (before that date). The corpora have extensive metadata, including aspects of the parliament; the speakers (name, gender, MP status, party affiliation, party coalition/opposition); are structured into time-stamped terms, sessions and meetings; with speeches being marked by the speaker and their role (e.g. chair, regular speaker). The speeches also contain marked-up transcriber comments, such as gaps in the transcription, interruptions, applause, etc. Note that some corpora have further information, e.g. the year of birth of the speakers, links to their Wikipedia articles, their membership in various committees, etc. The corpora are encoded according to the Parla-CLARIN TEI recommendation (https://clarin-eric.github.io/parla-clarin/), but have been validated against the compatible, but much stricter ParlaMint schemas. This entry contains the ParlaMint TEI-encoded corpora with the derived plain text version of the corpus along with TSV metadata on the speeches. Also included is the 2.0 release of the data and scripts available at the GitHub repository of the ParlaMint project. Note that there also exists the linguistically marked-up version of the corpus, which is available at http://hdl.handle.net/11356/1405.
ParlaMint 2.1 is a multilingual set of 17 comparable corpora containing parliamentary debates mostly starting in 2015 and extending to mid-2020, with each corpus being about 20 million words in size. The sessions in the corpora are marked as belonging to the COVID-19 period (after November 1st 2019), or being "reference" (before that date). The corpora have extensive metadata, including aspects of the parliament; the speakers (name, gender, MP status, party affiliation, party coalition/opposition); are structured into time-stamped terms, sessions and meetings; with speeches being marked by the speaker and their role (e.g. chair, regular speaker). The speeches also contain marked-up transcriber comments, such as gaps in the transcription, interruptions, applause, etc. Note that some corpora have further information, e.g. the year of birth of the speakers, links to their Wikipedia articles, their membership in various committees, etc. The corpora are encoded according to the Parla-CLARIN TEI recommendation (https://clarin-eric.github.io/parla-clarin/), but have been validated against the compatible, but much stricter ParlaMint schemas. This entry contains the ParlaMint TEI-encoded corpora with the derived plain text version of the corpus along with TSV metadata on the speeches. Also included is the 2.0 release of the data and scripts available at the GitHub repository of the ParlaMint project. Note that there also exists the linguistically marked-up version of the corpus, which is available at http://hdl.handle.net/11356/1431.
Icelandic politics are analysed from the perspectives of three normative models of democracy: the liberal, republican and deliberative democratic theories. While the Icelandic constitution is rooted in classical liberal ideas, Icelandic politics can be harshly criticized from a liberal perspective, primarily because of the unclear separation of powers of government and for the extensive involvement of politics in other social sectors. Despite strong nationalist discourse which reflects republican characteristics, rooted in the struggle for independence from Denmark, republicanism has been marginal in Icelandic politics. In the years before the financial collapse, Icelandic society underwent a process of liberalization in which power shifted to the financial sector without disentangling the close ties that had prevailed between business and politics. The special commission set up by the Icelandic Parliament to investigate the causes of the financial collapse criticized Icelandic politics and governance for its flawed working practices and lack of professionalism. The appropriate lessons to draw from this criticism are to strengthen democratic practices and institutions. In the spirit of republicanism, however, the dominant discourse about Icelandic democracy after the financial collapse has been on increasing direct, vote-centric participation in opposition to the system of formal politics. While this development is understandable in light of the loss of trust in political institutions in the wake of the financial collapse, it has not contributed to trustworthy practices. In order to improve Icelandic politics, the analysis in this paper shows, it is important to work more in the spirit of deliberative democratic theory ; Peer Reviewed
ParlaMint is a multilingual set of comparable corpora containing parliamentary debates mostly starting in 2015 and extending to mid-2020, with each corpus being about 20 million words in size. The sessions in the corpora are marked as belonging to the COVID-19 period (after October 2019), or being "reference" (before that date). The corpora have extensive metadata, including aspects of the parliament; the speakers (name, gender, MP status, party affiliation, party coalition/opposition); are structured into time-stamped terms, sessions and meetings; with speeches being marked by the speaker and their role (e.g. chair, regular speaker). The speeches also contain marked-up transcriber comments, such as gaps in the transcription, interruptions, applause, etc. Note that some corpora have further information, e.g. the year of birth of the speakers, links to their Wikipedia articles, their membership in various committees, etc. The corpora are encoded according to the Parla-CLARIN TEI recommendation (https://clarin-eric.github.io/parla-clarin/), but have been validated against the compatible, but much stricter ParlaMint schemas. This entry contains the linguistically marked-up version of the corpus, while the text version is available at http://hdl.handle.net/11356/1388. The ParlaMint.ana linguistic annotation includes tokenization, sentence segmentation, lemmatisation, Universal Dependencies part-of-speech, morphological features, and syntactic dependencies, and the 4-class CoNLL-2003 named entities. Some corpora also have further linguistic annotations, such as PoS tagging or named entities according to language-specific schemes, with their corpus TEI headers giving further details on the annotation vocabularies and tools. The compressed files include the ParlaMint.ana XML TEI-encoded linguistically annotated corpus; the derived corpus in CoNLL-U with TSV speech metadata; and the vertical files (with registry file), suitable for use with CQP-based concordancers, such as CWB, noSketch Engine or KonText. Also included is the 2.0 release of the data and scripts available at the GitHub repository of the ParlaMint project.
ParlaMint 2.1 is a multilingual set of 17 comparable corpora containing parliamentary debates mostly starting in 2015 and extending to mid-2020, with each corpus being about 20 million words in size. The sessions in the corpora are marked as belonging to the COVID-19 period (from November 1st 2019), or being "reference" (before that date). The corpora have extensive metadata, including aspects of the parliament; the speakers (name, gender, MP status, party affiliation, party coalition/opposition); are structured into time-stamped terms, sessions and meetings; with speeches being marked by the speaker and their role (e.g. chair, regular speaker). The speeches also contain marked-up transcriber comments, such as gaps in the transcription, interruptions, applause, etc. Note that some corpora have further information, e.g. the year of birth of the speakers, links to their Wikipedia articles, their membership in various committees, etc. The corpora are encoded according to the Parla-CLARIN TEI recommendation (https://clarin-eric.github.io/parla-clarin/), but have been validated against the compatible, but much stricter ParlaMint schemas. This entry contains the linguistically marked-up version of the corpus, while the text version is available at http://hdl.handle.net/11356/1432. The ParlaMint.ana linguistic annotation includes tokenization, sentence segmentation, lemmatisation, Universal Dependencies part-of-speech, morphological features, and syntactic dependencies, and the 4-class CoNLL-2003 named entities. Some corpora also have further linguistic annotations, such as PoS tagging or named entities according to language-specific schemes, with their corpus TEI headers giving further details on the annotation vocabularies and tools. The compressed files include the ParlaMint.ana XML TEI-encoded linguistically annotated corpus; the derived corpus in CoNLL-U with TSV speech metadata; and the vertical files (with registry file), suitable for use with CQP-based concordancers, such as CWB, noSketch Engine or KonText. Also included is the 2.1 release of the data and scripts available at the GitHub repository of the ParlaMint project. As opposed to the previous version 2.0, this version corrects some errors in various corpora and adds the information on upper / lower house for bicameral parliaments. The vertical files have also been changed to make them easier to use in the concordancers.
Julia Kristeva er einn af helstu hugsuðum póststrúktúralisma og afbyggingar og er þekkt fyrir skrif sín á sviði sálgreiningar, málvísinda og bókmennta. Hún fæddist árið 1941 í Búlgaríu og lagði stund á málvísindi við Háskólann í Sofiu áður en flutti sig um set til Parísar árið 1966. Þar fór hún í doktorsnám í bókmenntum og málvísindum sem hún lauk með ritgerð um 15. aldar rithöfundinn Antoine de La Salle og skáldsögu hans, Le Petit Jehan de Saintré. Í París kynntist hún fljótt fjölmörgum fræðimönnum á borð við Michel Foucault, Émile Benveniste, Lucien Goldmann, Roland Barthes, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Jacques Derrida, Philippe Sollers o.fl. og tók þátt í ritstjórn tímaritsins Tel Quel sem upphaflega var ætlað að fjalla um nýja og róttæka strauma í bókmenntum og menningu en lét sig einnig varða stjórnmál, ekki síst maóisma, um nokkurt skeið.
Að námi loknu fékk hún stöðu við Diderot-háskólann í París (Paris VII) en eftir að hafa gengist undir sálgreiningu á árunum 1974-1979 hjá André Green fór hún sjálf einnig að starfa sem sálgreinandi. Í æðri doktorsritgerð sinni, La Révolution du langage poétique (Bylting í tungumáli skáldskaparins, 1974) beitti Kristeva kenningum sálgreiningarinnar á tungumál og bókmenntir. Þar fjallar hún um tvö svið tungumálsins: hið táknræna svið og hið semíótíska svið sem mynda andstöðu hvort við annað. Sjálfsveran verður til í tungumálinu en þar eiga sér stað átök sviðanna tveggja. Semíótíska sviðið tengist líkama sjálfsverunnar, hvötunum og móðurinni; það verður til á undan tungumálinu en er því til grundvallar. Táknræna sviðið er hins vegar svið tungumálsins, málfræði, setningaskipanar og samfélagsins. Forsenda þess er bæling hins sviðsins sem liggur dýpra en gerir þó vart við sig á ýmsan hátt, t.d. í listrænni sköpun eða meðferð tungumálsins, mismæli, þögnum og stílbrögðum.[1]
Julia Kristeva hefur þróað og sett fram hugmyndir sínar og kenningar í fjölmörgum ritum og útgefin verk hennar – fræðirit, skáldsögur, greinar og greinasöfn – skipta tugum. Greinin sem hér er þýdd, "Unglingsskáldsagan" eða "Le roman adolescent" kom fyrst út í tímaritinu Adolescence árið 1986 en var svo endurútgefin árið 1993 í greinasafninu Les nouvelles maladies de l'âme. Hér fléttar Kristeva saman umfjöllun um bókmenntir og sálgreiningu og skoðar tengslin milli skáldsagnaritunar og unglingsáranna. Unglingurinn í hennar skrifum vísar ekki til ákveðins aldurskeiðs heldur til þess sem hún kallar opna sálræna gerð eða structure psychique ouverte. Unglingsgerðin opnar sig fyrir hinu bælda og í greininni bendir Kristeva á tengsl hennar við skáldsagnaskrif og tvíræðni með því að taka dæmi úr ýmsum skáldsögum, m.a. viðfangsefni fyrri doktorsritgerðar sinnar en einnig verkum eftir þekktari höfunda, s.s. Rousseau og Dostojevskí.
[1] Ítarlegri kynningu á Juliu Kristevu má finna í inngangi Dagnýjar Kristjánsdóttur "Ástin og listin gegn þunglyndinu" í íslenskri þýðingu ritsins Soleil noir : Dépression et mélancolie (París: Éditions Gallimard, 1987). Svört sól: Geðdeyfð og þunglyndi, Ólöf Pétursdóttir þýddi, Reykjavík: Háskólaútgáfan, Bókmenntafræðistofnun Háskóla Íslands, 2008, bls. 13–45. Einnig má benda á þýðingu Garðars Baldvinssonar á "Le mot, le dialogue et le roman" (Σηµειωτικη. [Semeiotike] Recherches pour une sémanalyse, París: Éditions Seuil, 1969) sem birtist undir heitinu "Orð, tvíröddun og skáldsaga" í Spor í bókmenntafræði 20. aldar: frá Shklovskíj til Foucault, ritstjórn: Garðar Baldvinsson, Kristín Birgisdóttir, Kristín Viðarsdóttir, Reykjavík: Bókmenntafræðistofnun, 1991, bls. 93–128.
