Suchergebnisse

The article concerns the issue of the hospitality market development from the perspective of changes taking place in the economy of the 21st century as well as in the economic policy pursued at the level of states and integration groups. For this purpose, an analysis of changes in the supply of hotel services, the demand for hotel services and potential management efficiency of hotel facilities was conducted. To investigate the changes taking place in the hotel industry the basic instruments of economic analysis were used which allowed to analyze the dynamics and the structure of the examined phenomena against a background of the wider economic processes.

The institutions responsible for the security of those societies developed in the last two decades in the European Union. The Council of Europ accepted the first safety strategy in the history of this international organization. Terrorist attacks made taking forceful steps necessary. The process of creating union troops mainly in combat groups became significant. The creation of this group is the most important military initiative undertaken by the European Union. Since 2010 they have been working in rotation groups and with the ability to react quickly during a crisis outside European territory. Poland is taking part in this process with an increasingly active contribution to strengthen its position within EU structures. Poland is part of the Weimarsk and Visegrad combat group with other countries. There is no sign yet of the creation of a unileteral European army in the coming years. The European Union undertakes supplementary tasks in relation to military operations run by the United Nations and NATO. ; The institutions responsible for the security of those societies developed in the last two decades in the European Union. The Council of Europ accepted the first safety strategy in the history of this international organization. Terrorist attacks made taking forceful steps necessary. The process of creating union troops mainly in combat groups became significant. The creation of this group is the most important military initiative undertaken by the European Union. Since 2010 they have been working in rotation groups and with the ability to react quickly during a crisis outside European territory. Poland is taking part in this process with an increasingly active contribution to strengthen its position within EU structures. Poland is part of the Weimarsk and Visegrad combat group with other countries. There is no sign yet of the creation of a unileteral European army in the coming years. The European Union undertakes supplementary tasks in relation to military operations run by the United Nations and NATO.

The aim of the article is to show some trends in contemporary transformation of the public domain, and draw attention to certain analogies that occur between changes in the urban space and social modernization processes taking place at a wider, nationwide scale. In addition to the introduction and the conclusion, the text consists of two main parts: dedicated to theoretical considerations and empirical findings. The first part presents more general issues concerning the nature and significance of the urban public space and ways of interfering in its shape, taking into account in particular the phenomena referred to as revitalization (urban renewal) and gentrification. In the second part, for illustrative exemplification, three specific cases of modernizing impacts of various nature and effects that took place in recent years in Warsaw were briefly discussed.

The leading goal of this paper is to attempt to answer the question whether gender and ethnic origin have an influence on the international professional career of an individual. Since 1989 Poland has been affected by the changes taking place worldwide in the wake of rampant globalisation. The country's accession to the European Union has opened new labour markets, an opportunity that Polish people are eagerly taking advantage of. At the same time, Poland has become home to international corporations, which have transformed its economy to a considerable extent. These processes involve the active participation of women. Their social position, professional opportunities, as well as related expectations and challenges have undergone a substantial change. The first part contains an overview of literature on gender and ethnic origin and discusses the most significant concepts related to culture and its dimensions according to G. Hofstede, as well as with culturally-conditioned social roles. The second part presents the results of the author's research on the influence of gender and ethnic origin on international professional career, taking into account the research method applied. The final part indicates possible practical implications and potential directions for further research. (fragment of the text) ; Głównym celem artykułu jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy płeć i pochodzenie etniczne mają wpływ na przebieg międzynarodowej kariery zawodowej jednostki. W nurt zmian zachodzących na świecie, związanych z postępującą globalizacją, Polacy włączyli się po 1989 r. Wejście Polski do Unii Europejskiej otworzyło nowe rynki pracy, z czego Polacy chętnie korzystają. Jednocześnie do Polski przybyły korporacje międzynarodowe, w zasadniczy sposób zmieniając sposób dotychczasowego modelu funkcjonowania gospodarki. W procesach tych aktywnie uczestniczą kobiety. Ich pozycja społeczna, możliwości zawodowe i związane z tym oczekiwania oraz napotykane wyzwania uległy zasadniczej zmianie. W części pierwszej dokonano przeglądu ...

The author explores the problem of territorial reorganization of the metropolitan area within the Canadian evolutionary federal system, taking as an example the cities of Toronto and Montreal. The results of the research indicate that adaptation strategies, applied by states aiming at empowering the metropolis, depend on the general level of the territorial units' autonomy. The existence of strong local self-government favours creation of intercommunal cooperation structures without dissolution of current local territorial units. Territorial reorganization in the case of states with a low level of local autonomy may facilitate elimination of former local units by theirs amalgamation in new, larger metropolitan self-government structures. As far as this context is concerned, Canada constitutes a very interesting study case. Taking into consideration Canadian evolutionary federal system, highly limited local autonomy of the cities, and its mix of European and American traditions, one can observe almost all the above-mentioned dimensions of reform and adaptation strategies. Advanced and institutionalized intercommunal cooperation, developed in Toronto and Montreal in the middle of the 20th century, was interrupted by amalgamation imposed by provincial government, which resulted in creation of new, enlarged metropolitan cities of Toronto in 1998 and Montreal in 2002. In both cases the amalgamation has not been accepted by a part of the population and destabilized cooperation in these metropolitan areas. The trouble with amalgamation led to abandonment of further structural and territorial reforms, which were replaced by functional ones, taking the form of special agreements between Toronto and Montreal and their respective provinces (Ontario and Quebec), giving them both new competences and financial resources. Regardless of any difficulties in pursuing an appropriate metropolitan regime and the suitable position for the metropolis in the structure of a political and territorial system, both cities have achieved strong economic performance and high quality of life.

The processes of integration, disintegration and reintegration are central to thinking about politics in processual terms. Among many circumstances and determinants, a special place is occupied by issues related to the humanization or dehumanization of opponents. The article deals with the relationship between dehumanization-rehumanization and disintegration-reintegration in the context of savage wars and taking into account their consequences for the phenomena of politicization and depoliticization.

The paper attempts to indicate the variables that define the framework of EU policy towards Egypt in 2012–2014, and to analyse the scope of the new approach to mutual relations in terms of politics. Particular attention is given to the mechanism of various instruments applied by different EU policies and their implementation in the context of political developments in Egypt. These considerations allow the author to draw conclusions on the future possibilities for the European Union to continue its activities within the framework of cooperation in Egypt, taking into consideration the necessity to agree on common interests and to implement an adopted stand- point. ; The paper attempts to indicate the variables that define the framework of EU policy towards Egypt in 2012–2014, and to analyse the scope of the new approach to mutual relations in terms of politics. Particular attention is given to the mechanism of various instruments applied by different EU policies and their implementation in the context of political developments in Egypt. These considerations allow the author to draw conclusions on the future possibilities for the European Union to continue its activities within the framework of cooperation in Egypt, taking into consideration the necessity to agree on common interests and to implement an adopted stand- point.

Common awareness of threats and dangers, which has become an integral part of nature and mankind, has caused the situation when determination to guarantee safety makes this value timeless. According to H. Kissinger the notion of safety is nowadays 'the foundation of every human action'. That is why, in literature, one can see a very wide scope of safety categories in its defining. The aim of the article is the attempt to explain the notion and to show the essence of safety. Taking into consideration ambiguity of the notion of safety, attention has been directed to its description as the state. At the same time, safety has been described as a process where the state of safety and its organization are subjects of dynamic transformations proportionally to changes in safety conditions. Importance of geopolitical evolution and the progress of science and technology in the last decade of 20th century for transformation of views concerning creation of contemporary national security has been stressed. Realities of 21st century cause that safety of society depends mainly on global and national security. That is why the synthesis of contemporary description of national security has been presented, taking into consideration social category, functional and structural meaning. The attempt of theoretical presentation of the term of safety leads to fundamental conclusions. Firstly, safety undergoes the laws of social systems movements. Secondly, the phenomenon should be analysed thoroughly, noticing its subjective, objective and spatial diversity. ; Common awareness of threats and dangers, which has become an integral part of nature and mankind, has caused the situation when determination to guarantee safety makes this value timeless. According to H. Kissinger the notion of safety is nowadays 'the foundation of every human action'. That is why, in literature, one can see a very wide scope of safety categories in its defining. The aim of the article is the attempt to explain the notion and to show the essence of safety. Taking into consideration ambiguity of the notion of safety, attention has been directed to its description as the state. At the same time, safety has been described as a process where the state of safety and its organization are subjects of dynamic transformations proportionally to changes in safety conditions. Importance of geopolitical evolution and the progress of science and technology in the last decade of 20th century for transformation of views concerning creation of contemporary national security has been stressed. Realities of 21st century cause that safety of society depends mainly on global and national security. That is why the synthesis of contemporary description of national security has been presented, taking into consideration social category, functional and structural meaning. The attempt of theoretical presentation of the term of safety leads to fundamental conclusions. Firstly, safety undergoes the laws of social systems movements. Secondly, the phenomenon should be analysed thoroughly, noticing its subjective, objective and spatial diversity.

The Middle East, as one of the most strategic and, at the same time, confl icting areas both in the twentieth and the fi rst two decades of the 21st century, occupies a key place in the foreign policy of the United States. It is the region where, in various forms, American political, economic and military interests are being realized through competition the other actors in the international arena, taking actions to make the states clients of the United States, strengthening dependencies and links with the countries of the region (including Israel), taking initiatives to look for new allies or using military force as a means of implementing foreign policy in the Middle East, as exemplifi ed by the Gulf War, US involvement in Libya and Syria or the war with the so-called Islamic State. The essence of the Middle Eastern US policy has become a kind of sinusoidal variation in reaching for the instruments characteristic for the policy of hard and soft Wilsonianism. While the policy of Barack Obama towards the Middle East was marked by using soft power and an abandonment of the New Crusade and war on terrorism, characteristic for the administration of George W. Bush, Donald Trump presents an uncompromising strategy in accordance with the slogan Make America Great Again and the strategy of building American World Order in the Middle East.

Zmiany polityczne na Ukrainie dokonują się w szczególny sposób. Są one efektem rywalizacji różnych grup politycznych, ale także bywają wymuszane przez ruchy obywatelskie takie, jak pomarańczowa rewolucja czy Euromajdan. Autor artykułu podejmuje próbę analizy przyczyn, przebiegu i obecnych oraz przyszłych konsekwencji zmian systemu sprawowania władzy na Ukrainie. W oparciu o analizę systemową dokonuje szczegółowej analizy kolejnych zmian w systemie politycznym Ukrainy, wskazując na ich niekonstytucyjność i naruszenie zasad demokratycznego państwa prawa. ; Political changes in Ukraine are taking place in a peculiar way. They are the outcome of the competition between different political groups on the one hand, but they are also enforced by such social movements as the Orange Revolution a Euromaidan on the other. The author of this paper analyzes the reasons, the course and the present as well as future consequences of the changes in the system po\{er in Ukraine. On the basis of systemic analysis, he examines the subsequeril changes in the political system of ukraine in detail, indicating that they are unconstitutional and in breach of the principles of a democratic state of law. author also presents his forecast concerning the long-term outcomes produced by taking instrumental advantage of the temporary dominance enjoyed by vari groups of politicians and the threats related to the implementation of changes the political System of the state by means which go beyond the realm of law.

Taking under consideration Remi Brague's point of view in a discussion of the European identity, the author of the article searches for a new insightful consideration on the problem of 'being European'. In the cultural perspective the individual sense of belonging, creating an identity, depends on both historical and conscientious mechanisms, thus on the changeable factors affecting the individualities entangled in a struggle for 'being European'. Therefore Brague introduced, instead of a 'stable idea of Europe' which European-to-be can relates to, the cultural form of 'Roman attitude' which remains crucial for creating the 'European identity'. Actually, to put it bluntly, becoming an 'heir of Rome' is indispensable to become 'European', to exercise 'Roman attitude'. ; Taking under consideration Remi Brague's point of view in a discussion of the European identity, the author of the article searches for a new insightful consideration on the problem of 'being European'. In the cultural perspective the individual sense of belonging, creating an identity, depends on both historical and conscientious mechanisms, thus on the changeable factors affecting the individualities entangled in a struggle for 'being European'. Therefore Brague introduced, instead of a 'stable idea of Europe' which European-to-be can relates to, the cultural form of 'Roman attitude' which remains crucial for creating the 'European identity'. Actually, to put it bluntly, becoming an 'heir of Rome' is indispensable to become 'European', to exercise 'Roman attitude'.

Numerous reports and analyses of voter turnout levels have recorded the global trend of declining participation by citizens in national elections. One of the most important results of poor participation of citizens in electoral processes is the serious legitimization deficit. Governments in many countries try to prevent that by taking various measures to solve the problem of falling turnout and to increase the level of the electorate's involvement. In Poland, the low turnout level has been the subject of many scholarly discussions aimed at finding solutions to the problem of poor civic participation. The main goal of this study is to assess the various methods of increasing voter turnout which are used in different countries, including Poland. ; Numerous reports and analyses of voter turnout levels have recorded the global trend of declining participation by citizens in national elections. One of the most important results of poor participation of citizens in electoral processes is the serious legitimization deficit. Governments in many countries try to prevent that by taking various measures to solve the problem of falling turnout and to increase the level of the electorate's involvement. In Poland, the low turnout level has been the subject of many scholarly discussions aimed at finding solutions to the problem of poor civic participation. The main goal of this study is to assess the various methods of increasing voter turnout which are used in different countries, including Poland.

The processes of ethnopolitical integration and disintegration in interconnection with modern realities, challenges and processes are studied. Within the framework of the dialectical approach, they are defined as components of a single multilevel integration-disintegration process. Ethnopolitical integration may contain features, characteristics of ethnopolitical disintegration, and the latter may have integration consequences, contributing to the consolidation of the nation and society, the preservation of territorial integrity. The preconditions and factors of ethnopolitical disintegration of Ukraine and the forthcoming reintegration taking into account foreign experience are studied.