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For many years the studies on black populations in Mexico focused mainly on historic themes. During the past few years, studies regarding Mexican black populations have begun to multiply and to diversify towards a more contemporary approach. These studies are responding to a small but real mobilization of some Afro-Mexican groups, which are venturing into the cultural and public arenas, and less frequently into the political realm. The critical revision of the present and past bibliography allows us to pinpoint the challenges and specificities of the Mexican situation. Furthermore, we analyze the strategies of the participants in the current debates, mainly academic, political and cultural activists. Facing a process of rapid and exogenous ethnicization, we are proposing alternative approaches and leads to consider in this field of study. ; Les travaux sur les populations noires au Mexique ont longtemps été cantonnés au cercle restreint de quelques spécialistes, principalement historiens. Depuis quelques années, les études se multiplient et abordent des thématiques contemporaines concernant ces populations certes minoritaires mais qui commencent à exprimer publiquement des revendications d'ordre culturel et, plus timidement, politique. La révision bibliographique permet de pointer les atouts et les faiblesses des courants théoriques actuels, tout en situant les enjeux de la problématique mexicaine sur la scène nationale et au sein des études " afro " en Amérique latine. On analyse ensuite les stratégies et moyens d'action des acteurs – universitaires, politiques, culturels – qui participent aux débats. Face à un phénomène d'ethnicisation rapide et largement exogène, une dernière partie explore quelques voies de recherche alternative.

For many years the studies on black populations in Mexico focused mainly on historic themes. During the past few years, studies regarding Mexican black populations have begun to multiply and to diversify towards a more contemporary approach. These studies are responding to a small but real mobilization of some Afro-Mexican groups, which are venturing into the cultural and public arenas, and less frequently into the political realm. The critical revision of the present and past bibliography allows us to pinpoint the challenges and specificities of the Mexican situation. Furthermore, we analyze the strategies of the participants in the current debates, mainly academic, political and cultural activists. Facing a process of rapid and exogenous ethnicization, we are proposing alternative approaches and leads to consider in this field of study. ; Les travaux sur les populations noires au Mexique ont longtemps été cantonnés au cercle restreint de quelques spécialistes, principalement historiens. Depuis quelques années, les études se multiplient et abordent des thématiques contemporaines concernant ces populations certes minoritaires mais qui commencent à exprimer publiquement des revendications d'ordre culturel et, plus timidement, politique. La révision bibliographique permet de pointer les atouts et les faiblesses des courants théoriques actuels, tout en situant les enjeux de la problématique mexicaine sur la scène nationale et au sein des études " afro " en Amérique latine. On analyse ensuite les stratégies et moyens d'action des acteurs – universitaires, politiques, culturels – qui participent aux débats. Face à un phénomène d'ethnicisation rapide et largement exogène, une dernière partie explore quelques voies de recherche alternative.

For many years the studies on black populations in Mexico focused mainly on historic themes. During the past few years, studies regarding Mexican black populations have begun to multiply and to diversify towards a more contemporary approach. These studies are responding to a small but real mobilization of some Afro-Mexican groups, which are venturing into the cultural and public arenas, and less frequently into the political realm. The critical revision of the present and past bibliography allows us to pinpoint the challenges and specificities of the Mexican situation. Furthermore, we analyze the strategies of the participants in the current debates, mainly academic, political and cultural activists. Facing a process of rapid and exogenous ethnicization, we are proposing alternative approaches and leads to consider in this field of study. ; Les travaux sur les populations noires au Mexique ont longtemps été cantonnés au cercle restreint de quelques spécialistes, principalement historiens. Depuis quelques années, les études se multiplient et abordent des thématiques contemporaines concernant ces populations certes minoritaires mais qui commencent à exprimer publiquement des revendications d'ordre culturel et, plus timidement, politique. La révision bibliographique permet de pointer les atouts et les faiblesses des courants théoriques actuels, tout en situant les enjeux de la problématique mexicaine sur la scène nationale et au sein des études " afro " en Amérique latine. On analyse ensuite les stratégies et moyens d'action des acteurs – universitaires, politiques, culturels – qui participent aux débats. Face à un phénomène d'ethnicisation rapide et largement exogène, une dernière partie explore quelques voies de recherche alternative.

For many years the studies on black populations in Mexico focused mainly on historic themes. During the past few years, studies regarding Mexican black populations have begun to multiply and to diversify towards a more contemporary approach. These studies are responding to a small but real mobilization of some Afro-Mexican groups, which are venturing into the cultural and public arenas, and less frequently into the political realm. The critical revision of the present and past bibliography allows us to pinpoint the challenges and specificities of the Mexican situation. Furthermore, we analyze the strategies of the participants in the current debates, mainly academic, political and cultural activists. Facing a process of rapid and exogenous ethnicization, we are proposing alternative approaches and leads to consider in this field of study. ; Les travaux sur les populations noires au Mexique ont longtemps été cantonnés au cercle restreint de quelques spécialistes, principalement historiens. Depuis quelques années, les études se multiplient et abordent des thématiques contemporaines concernant ces populations certes minoritaires mais qui commencent à exprimer publiquement des revendications d'ordre culturel et, plus timidement, politique. La révision bibliographique permet de pointer les atouts et les faiblesses des courants théoriques actuels, tout en situant les enjeux de la problématique mexicaine sur la scène nationale et au sein des études " afro " en Amérique latine. On analyse ensuite les stratégies et moyens d'action des acteurs – universitaires, politiques, culturels – qui participent aux débats. Face à un phénomène d'ethnicisation rapide et largement exogène, une dernière partie explore quelques voies de recherche alternative.

La culture, mode d'expression artistique et ethnographique de la condition humaine, est bien représentée dans le cinéma, considéré ici comme un divertissement, mais aussi comme un moyen de préserver un patrimoine culturel. La production cinémato graphique a généralement un but lucratif mais, dans les cultures cinématographiques africaines, cela se fait souvent au détriment du potentiel artistique du patrimoine culturel. Cet article examine comment la production cinématographique haoussa dans le Nord du Nigeria est devenue une marchandise, aux dépens de la préservation culturelle et artistique du patrimoine culturel haoussa. À l'aide de données récoltées auprès de distributeurs de films à Kano, dans le Nord du Nigeria, il explore de manière historique comment les forces du marché déterminent l'avenir de la production de films dans la région.

The objective of this study is to propose an analysis pattern for the production of the nationalistic discourse during Ceauşescu's regime and the interdependence relations connecting the various actors of this type of discourse. The main idea is that the nationalistic message of Ceauşescu's regime is not the exclusive creation of the main political actor, i.e. the political instrument of the Communist Party; the nationalistic message is in fact built from the interaction of an ensemble of political and cultural factors integrated within a network of multiple communication choices and of mutual influence.

The subject questions the historians' relationship with time in France, from the 1930s to the 1950s, by means of published historical production. By combining historiographic questions with issues of cultural history, the will is to adopt a social definition of history and historians. Based on the private holdings of historians, publishers, and books held in legal deposit, this study aims to understand how historians write, conceive, and debate history. The aim is to take a step back from the mere professional definition of history and to consider the writing of history as a cultural process involving historians with different legitimacies, in contact with cultural intermediaries, in particular, publishers, addressing an audience or several audiences. The production context of the period was over-determined by an intellectual crisis, which began in 1931, concerning the legitimacy of history, and its place in society, coming from philosophers and critics. The question of historiographic construction is central: historians, in their diversity – academic or polygraph – write historical works, more or less permeable to the issues of the present, for scientific purposes, symbolic but also political, of which we can make a historiographic and epistemological typology. The representations of history vary appreciably from the pole of production of historians to the pole of mediation. Considered as an editorial genre, history then becomes more malleable and responds to social and economic issues, which aim the widest possible dissemination to the public. In this context, the main novelty of the period is the historical collection, which is an opportunity as well as a constraint for historians. The study questions the receptions of this published history, not only by the political authorities, in a censorial framework from 1940 to 1944, but also, in the longer term, by the cultural mediators, who are booksellers, journalists and critics, specialist and generalist ones. Finally, the study of receptions by the public shows ...

Since the creation of the Indian Union, (1947), many local Indian territories have witnessed the structuring ofmodern economic fields based on networks of agents able to define the orientation of the development of theirown territory. From 1970 onwards, in the ancient Princely Capital Cities of Rajasthan, tourism has gradually become the basis of economic development. Rajput businessmen of Royal descent were at the origin of thistourist-centered project of development. It consists in the reappropriation, for economic purposes, of the socialmemories and of the cultural heritage of the royal dynasty. This research work purposes an analysis of the emergence of tourism in the city of Udaipur, where the project,initiated by entrepreneurs of Râjput origins, descendents of the royal principes of India, aims at theconstruction of a social memory of the royalty and of its heritage in the way to generate economic benefits. In this, tourism processes are linked to the territory, extracting in the material and immaterial elements, in theheritages and in the memories of the foundation of this ancient royal capital of Mewar Kingdom.Located in the historic city, near the places related to the royal heritage, this project relies on a permanent political domination, and on the mastery of the territory.The specificities of such an economic activity based on material and immaterial elements of the territory, are itsconstant references to the local cultures, and its ability to produce new forms of cultural expresions. The resulting cultural and economic system partakes of a global image. It also implies a territorial dynamic based onpolitical domination. This movement has an influence on the actual places, but conveys in the same time at abroader level a specific set of representation. The structuration of this emerging form of production combines cultural and economic innovation. It consequently defines a cultural district specializing in tourism. The study analyses the modes of emergence of this particular district, and of its ...

Since the creation of the Indian Union, (1947), many local Indian territories have witnessed the structuring ofmodern economic fields based on networks of agents able to define the orientation of the development of theirown territory. From 1970 onwards, in the ancient Princely Capital Cities of Rajasthan, tourism has gradually become the basis of economic development. Rajput businessmen of Royal descent were at the origin of thistourist-centered project of development. It consists in the reappropriation, for economic purposes, of the socialmemories and of the cultural heritage of the royal dynasty. This research work purposes an analysis of the emergence of tourism in the city of Udaipur, where the project,initiated by entrepreneurs of Râjput origins, descendents of the royal principes of India, aims at theconstruction of a social memory of the royalty and of its heritage in the way to generate economic benefits. In this, tourism processes are linked to the territory, extracting in the material and immaterial elements, in theheritages and in the memories of the foundation of this ancient royal capital of Mewar Kingdom.Located in the historic city, near the places related to the royal heritage, this project relies on a permanent political domination, and on the mastery of the territory.The specificities of such an economic activity based on material and immaterial elements of the territory, are itsconstant references to the local cultures, and its ability to produce new forms of cultural expresions. The resulting cultural and economic system partakes of a global image. It also implies a territorial dynamic based onpolitical domination. This movement has an influence on the actual places, but conveys in the same time at abroader level a specific set of representation. The structuration of this emerging form of production combines cultural and economic innovation. It consequently defines a cultural district specializing in tourism. The study analyses the modes of emergence of this particular district, and of its ...

Since the creation of the Indian Union, (1947), many local Indian territories have witnessed the structuring ofmodern economic fields based on networks of agents able to define the orientation of the development of theirown territory. From 1970 onwards, in the ancient Princely Capital Cities of Rajasthan, tourism has gradually become the basis of economic development. Rajput businessmen of Royal descent were at the origin of thistourist-centered project of development. It consists in the reappropriation, for economic purposes, of the socialmemories and of the cultural heritage of the royal dynasty. This research work purposes an analysis of the emergence of tourism in the city of Udaipur, where the project,initiated by entrepreneurs of Râjput origins, descendents of the royal principes of India, aims at theconstruction of a social memory of the royalty and of its heritage in the way to generate economic benefits. In this, tourism processes are linked to the territory, extracting in the material and immaterial elements, in theheritages and in the memories of the foundation of this ancient royal capital of Mewar Kingdom.Located in the historic city, near the places related to the royal heritage, this project relies on a permanent political domination, and on the mastery of the territory.The specificities of such an economic activity based on material and immaterial elements of the territory, are itsconstant references to the local cultures, and its ability to produce new forms of cultural expresions. The resulting cultural and economic system partakes of a global image. It also implies a territorial dynamic based onpolitical domination. This movement has an influence on the actual places, but conveys in the same time at abroader level a specific set of representation. The structuration of this emerging form of production combines cultural and economic innovation. It consequently defines a cultural district specializing in tourism. The study analyses the modes of emergence of this particular district, and of its ...

International audience ; In order to meet growing demand for chocolate products, numerous initiatives have been launched over the last 10 years with a view to increasing cocoa production. These initiatives continue to promote the input-intensive model advocated since the 1960s, even though this model has reached its agronomic, socio-economic, and environmental limits. Hence the proposal to learn from agroforestry in order to develop the current model: introducing fruit and forest tree species into cocoa plantations contributes to the agro-ecological intensification of cocoa production, while improving flexibility and resilience, which are essential to smallholder farmers, who grow 95% of the world's cocoa. ; Para satisfacer el incremento en el consumo de productos con chocolate, se tomaron varias iniciativas en la última decena para aumentar la producción de cacao. Esas iniciativas siguen promoviendo el modelo intensivo en insumos recomendado desde los años 1960, aun si este modelo ha alcanzado sus límites agronómicos, socio-económicos y ambientales. A raíz de esto se elaboró la propuesta de inspirarse de la Agroforestería para influenciar la evolución del modelo actual: introducir árboles frutales y maderables en las plantaciones de cacao contribuye a la intensificación agroecológica del cultivo del cacao, aportando al mismo tiempo la flexibilidad y la resiliencia necesarias a los pequeños agricultores quienes producen el 95% del cacao en el mundo. ; Pour satisfaire la consommation croissante de produits chocolatés, de nombreuses initiatives ont été lancées depuis une décennie afin d'augmenter la production de cacao. Ces initiatives continuent de promouvoir le modèle intensif en intrants préconisé depuis les années 1960, alors que ce modèle a atteint ses limites agronomiques, socio-économiques et environnementales. D'où la proposition de s'inspirer de l'agroforesterie pour faire évoluer le modèle actuel : introduire des arbres fruitiers et forestiers dans les cacaoyères contribue à l'intensification agroécologique de la cacaoculture, tout en apportant souplesse et résilience, nécessaires aux petits agriculteurs, qui produisent 95 % du cacao mondial.

International audience ; In order to meet growing demand for chocolate products, numerous initiatives have been launched over the last 10 years with a view to increasing cocoa production. These initiatives continue to promote the input-intensive model advocated since the 1960s, even though this model has reached its agronomic, socio-economic, and environmental limits. Hence the proposal to learn from agroforestry in order to develop the current model: introducing fruit and forest tree species into cocoa plantations contributes to the agro-ecological intensification of cocoa production, while improving flexibility and resilience, which are essential to smallholder farmers, who grow 95% of the world's cocoa. ; Para satisfacer el incremento en el consumo de productos con chocolate, se tomaron varias iniciativas en la última decena para aumentar la producción de cacao. Esas iniciativas siguen promoviendo el modelo intensivo en insumos recomendado desde los años 1960, aun si este modelo ha alcanzado sus límites agronómicos, socio-económicos y ambientales. A raíz de esto se elaboró la propuesta de inspirarse de la Agroforestería para influenciar la evolución del modelo actual: introducir árboles frutales y maderables en las plantaciones de cacao contribuye a la intensificación agroecológica del cultivo del cacao, aportando al mismo tiempo la flexibilidad y la resiliencia necesarias a los pequeños agricultores quienes producen el 95% del cacao en el mundo. ; Pour satisfaire la consommation croissante de produits chocolatés, de nombreuses initiatives ont été lancées depuis une décennie afin d'augmenter la production de cacao. Ces initiatives continuent de promouvoir le modèle intensif en intrants préconisé depuis les années 1960, alors que ce modèle a atteint ses limites agronomiques, socio-économiques et environnementales. D'où la proposition de s'inspirer de l'agroforesterie pour faire évoluer le modèle actuel : introduire des arbres fruitiers et forestiers dans les cacaoyères contribue à l'intensification ...

This research invests the relations between cultural phenomena and urban space. Culture is envisaged as a source and expression of urban dynamics. In this empowerment to lead research (HDR), we defend the idea that culture is collective matters, that it is born of the interrelations that people make with their territories, and that it is rooted in places of the city. The object of research constituted by "cultural places" is explored through a geographical interpretation centered on the concepts of location and heterotopy, while integrating the urban environment and the fact that the city constitutes a systemic entity crossed by the movement of the world and affected by various temporalities. Thus, there is a complex interplay of sociological, spatial, environmental, economic and political elements interacting during the production of a cultural site, or when the choice of its location is made, or even when people used the cultural site. This HDR takes a look at cultural places in two stages: defining the cultural places, drawing the outlines and observing the margins on the one hand (Part 1 - Cultural Places in Society, between « heritage-making objects" and urban function), and on the other hand, to explore how cultural places are produced (Part 2 - The production of cultural places: practices, motivations, actors' systems). ; Cette recherche investit les relations entre les phénomènes culturels et l'espace urbain. La culture est envisagée comme source et expression de la dynamique urbaine. Dans cette Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches, on défend l'idée que la culture est affaire collective, qu'elle naît des interrelations que les hommes nouent avec leurs territoires, et qu'elle s'enracine dans des lieux de la ville. L'objet de recherche constitué par "les lieux culturels" est exploré au travers d'une interprétation géographique centrée sur les concepts de localisation et d'hétérotopie, tout en intégrant l'environnement urbain et le fait que la ville constitue une entité systémique traversée par le mouvement du monde et affectée de temporalités diverses. Ainsi assiste-t-on à un jeu complexe d'éléments sociologiques, spatiaux, environnementaux, économiques et politiques en interaction lors de la production d'un lieu culturel, ou du choix de sa localisation, ou encore, lors des usages qu'on en fait. Cette HDR porte un regard sur les lieux culturels en deux temps : définir les lieux culturels, en dessiner les contours et en observer les marges d'une part (Partie 1 - Lieux culturels en société, entre "objets patrimonialisés" et fonction urbaine), et d'autre part, explorer la manière dont on produit les lieux culturels (Partie 2 - La production des lieux culturels : pratiques, motivations, systèmes d'acteurs).

The subject questions the historians' relationship with time in France, from the 1930s to the 1950s, by means of published historical production. By combining historiographic questions with issues of cultural history, the will is to adopt a social definition of history and historians. Based on the private holdings of historians, publishers, and books held in legal deposit, this study aims to understand how historians write, conceive, and debate history. The aim is to take a step back from the mere professional definition of history and to consider the writing of history as a cultural process involving historians with different legitimacies, in contact with cultural intermediaries, in particular, publishers, addressing an audience or several audiences. The production context of the period was over-determined by an intellectual crisis, which began in 1931, concerning the legitimacy of history, and its place in society, coming from philosophers and critics. The question of historiographic construction is central: historians, in their diversity – academic or polygraph – write historical works, more or less permeable to the issues of the present, for scientific purposes, symbolic but also political, of which we can make a historiographic and epistemological typology. The representations of history vary appreciably from the pole of production of historians to the pole of mediation. Considered as an editorial genre, history then becomes more malleable and responds to social and economic issues, which aim the widest possible dissemination to the public. In this context, the main novelty of the period is the historical collection, which is an opportunity as well as a constraint for historians. The study questions the receptions of this published history, not only by the political authorities, in a censorial framework from 1940 to 1944, but also, in the longer term, by the cultural mediators, who are booksellers, journalists and critics, specialist and generalist ones. Finally, the study of receptions by the public shows that history has a social function, suggesting a specific representation of the past. The underlying movement of the study, whether in production, mediation, or receptions, is the remarkable analogy between the events of the past and the present. Provoked, fantasized, real, or recused, this dialogue of the times is disclosed to our eyes with a particular acuity during these two decades. ; Le sujet interroge le rapport des historiens au temps en France, des années 1930 aux années 1950, au moyen de la production historique éditée. En alliant les questionnements historiographiques aux problématiques d'histoire culturelle, la volonté est d'adopter une définition sociale de l'histoire et des historiens. Menée à partir des fonds privés d'historiens, de fonds d'éditeurs et des ouvrages conservés au dépôt légal, cette étude vise à comprendre comment les historiens écrivent, conçoivent et débattent de l'histoire. L'objectif est de prendre du recul quant à la seule définition professionnelle de l'histoire et d'envisager l'écriture de l'histoire comme un processus culturel mettant en jeu des historiens aux légitimités différentes, en prise avec des intermédiaires culturels, notamment les éditeurs, s'adressant à un public ou plusieurs publics. Le contexte de production de la période est surdéterminé par une crise intellectuelle, débutée en 1931, portant sur la légitimité de l'histoire, et sa place dans la société, de la part de philosophes et de critiques. La question de la construction historiographique est centrale : les historiens, dans leur diversité – académiques, universitaires ou polygraphes –, écrivent des ouvrages historiques, plus ou moins perméables aux enjeux du présent, à des fins scientifiques, symboliques mais aussi politiques, dont on peut faire une typologie historiographique et épistémologique. Les représentations de l'histoire varient appréciablement du pôle de production des historiens, au pôle de médiation. Perçue comme un genre éditorial, l'histoire devient alors plus malléable et répond à des enjeux sociaux et économiques, qui visent à une diffusion la plus large possible auprès du grand public. Dans ce cadre, la principale nouveauté de la période est la collection historique, qui constitue une opportunité autant qu'une contrainte pour les historiens. L'étude interroge les réceptions de cette histoire éditée, non seulement par les instances politiques, dans un cadre censorial de 1940 à 1944, mais aussi, sur le plus long terme, par les médiateurs culturels, que sont les libraires, journalistes et critiques, spécialisés et généralistes. Enfin, l'étude des réceptions par les publics montre que l'histoire a une fonction sociale, en suggérant une représentation spécifique du passé. Le mouvement de fond qui sous-tend l'étude est, qu'il s'agisse de production, de médiation ou de réceptions, la remarquable analogie entre les événements du passé et le temps présent. Provoqué, fantasmé, réel, ou récusé, ce dialogue des temps se révèle à nos yeux avec une acuité particulière pendant ces deux décennies.