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This study is in line with the analysis of natural and social mechanisms that determin the present situation in the Ferlo Low Valley. Some describe that situation as a tragedy on a natural scauge and others describe it as a serious ecological crisis.The changes have been observed in the rural landscape of Low Ferlo because of the extent of damage on farm lands that is, on the one side the consequence of a very frequent use of the lands after the arrival of mourid colonists and new farmers attracted by the drop of the price of water in a part of Low Ferlo. On the other side, it is the consequence of the excessive concentration of cattles in a more and more reduced space around the drillings and some ponds, being thus at the origin of concentric circles of damage and serious conflicts between the different users all around. Here we notice that the ambiguity that characterize the rules concerning land management, is undoubtedly the real cause of conflits in Ferlo Low Valley. Besides, the difficulties to find water due to the shortage of corridors of passage and the variability of courses makes essential a much more frequent pastoral mobility, in order to minimize risks.But, despite the alarmist discourse on Ferlo, the analysis of the landscape reveals agricultural belts that almost identically recur, in terms of area since 1954. The Ferlo Low Valley remains a particularly pastoral area. And the alarming feature of the landscapes is just a kind of adaptation of the society to a vulnerable space. ; Cette étude s'inscrit dans cette analyse des mécanismes naturels et sociaux dans la Basse Vallée du Ferlo ; qui ont été qualifiés souvent par beaucoup de chercheurs et d'experts du fléau naturel ou de crise écologique profonde. Certes des mutations ont été observées dans le paysage rural du Bas-Ferlo. D'une part, celles-ci s'expliquent essentiellement par l'ampleur de la dégradation des terres agricoles due à des pratiques culturales intenses favorisées par l'arrivée de colons mourides et de nouveaux paysans grâce à la ...

L'introduction dans la politique agricole commune de mesures dites d'accompagnement incitant à la mise en oeuvre de pratiques culturales plus respectueuses de l'environnement soulève un certain nombre de questions sur l'efficacité actuelle des producteurs que ce soit sur un plan technique ou environnemental. Cette contribution propose l'utilisation de fonctions distance pour définir des mesures de la performance des producteurs tout en tenant compte de l'existence de rejets polluants liés à l'activité agricole. De plus, l'approche utilisée permet de calculer le prix implicite de la pollution azotée et d'évaluer s'il subsiste des possibilités de réduction de celle-ci suite à une augmentation des unités de travail sur l'exploitation. L'application considère un échantillon d'exploitations laitières de Bretagne et des Pays-de-la-Loire sur la période 1992-1997 et met en évidence une amélioration de la performance environnementale sur la période étudiée alors que l'évolution de la performance technique est plus variable. De plus, l'on observe une diminution du prix implicite de la pollution ainsi que des possibilités de substitution entre travail et pollution pour la technologie de production observée.

Atelier "Territoires" ; International audience ; The cultural approach of the Southern question, built a distorted representation of the process of social, economic and political development of Italy of the South. It attributes at the community links and of family affiliation, lack of civic engagement and forms of cooperation. However, to nuance these theoretical contributions, we shall attempt to analyze the action of the social cooperatives which manage, since decade, the property confiscated from mafia criminal networks. Not only, these cooperatives mobilize new forms of commitment by articulating the political dimension of their claims, connected to the fight against the mafia, to the production of goods and the services, but they manage to develop territorial projects co-built with the local authorities. ; L'approche culturaliste de la question méridionale a construit une représentation aussi déterministe que déformée du processus de développement social, économique et politique de l'Italie du Sud. Elle attribue aux liens communautaires et d'appartenance familiale, le manque d'engagement civique et de formes de coopération. Or, pour nuancer ces apports théoriques, nous nous attacherons à analyser l'action des coopératives sociales qui gèrent, depuis une dizaine d'années, des biens confisqués aux réseaux criminels mafieux. Non seulement, ces coopératives mobilisent des formes d'engagement nouvelles en articulant la dimension politique de leurs revendications, liées à la lutte contre la mafia, à l'action de production de biens et de services mais elles arrivent à élaborer des projets territoriaux co-construits avec les pouvoirs publics locaux.

Atelier "Territoires" ; International audience ; The cultural approach of the Southern question, built a distorted representation of the process of social, economic and political development of Italy of the South. It attributes at the community links and of family affiliation, lack of civic engagement and forms of cooperation. However, to nuance these theoretical contributions, we shall attempt to analyze the action of the social cooperatives which manage, since decade, the property confiscated from mafia criminal networks. Not only, these cooperatives mobilize new forms of commitment by articulating the political dimension of their claims, connected to the fight against the mafia, to the production of goods and the services, but they manage to develop territorial projects co-built with the local authorities. ; L'approche culturaliste de la question méridionale a construit une représentation aussi déterministe que déformée du processus de développement social, économique et politique de l'Italie du Sud. Elle attribue aux liens communautaires et d'appartenance familiale, le manque d'engagement civique et de formes de coopération. Or, pour nuancer ces apports théoriques, nous nous attacherons à analyser l'action des coopératives sociales qui gèrent, depuis une dizaine d'années, des biens confisqués aux réseaux criminels mafieux. Non seulement, ces coopératives mobilisent des formes d'engagement nouvelles en articulant la dimension politique de leurs revendications, liées à la lutte contre la mafia, à l'action de production de biens et de services mais elles arrivent à élaborer des projets territoriaux co-construits avec les pouvoirs publics locaux.

Les innovations paysannes conçues et/ou développées par des agriculteurs familiaux et d'autres acteurs du secteur informel proche, ont accompagné depuis 3 décennies le développement des cultures irriguées dans la plaine du Saïs (Maroc) et plus particulièrement le maraîchage. L'adaptation du système d'irrigation localisée ou " goutte à goutte " importé de l'étranger puis des grandes exploita-tions d'arboriculture, a été réalisée par ces agriculteurs en partenariat avec des artisans et des installateurs " infor-mels ". Elle a consisté à valoriser des équipements fabriqués localement et à rendre les systèmes d'irrigation mobiles et moins coûteux. Face à la raréfaction des eaux souterraines (profondeur de la nappe, moindre débit des puits), agricul-teurs et puisatiers ont conçu des systèmes de drainage basés sur des micro-galeries en fond de puits, moins cou-teux que l'installation de forages. Plus récemment, la ferti-gation organique basée sur la fabrication d'un purin dilué est venue compléter dans quelques exploitations familiales la fertigation minérale des arbres fruitiers et des cultures légumières. Ce dynamisme s'explique par (i) la proximité entre les agri-culteurs familiaux et les grandes entreprises de production pratiquant l'irrigation avec les techniques importées des pays du pourtour méditerranéen depuis plus longtemps, (ii) la présence d'un système d'innovation local, multi-acteurs et dynamique, et surtout (iii) le besoin de changer les pra-tiques culturales ou de s'adapter à de nouvelles contraintes ou opportunités. Partant de ces constats empiriques, nous proposons aux agronomes des structures d'appui au déve-loppement et de recherche de mieux prendre en considéra-tion ces innovations paysannes et les processus qui ont permis de les faire émerger. Cette reconnaissance des capa-cités d'innovation des agriculteurs interpelle les méthodes de conception dans le secteur agricole et plus largement la définition des politiques agricoles.

This article aims to construe the movie In the Valley of Elah from a feminist theoretical perspective of International security, in order to uncover the gender and race relations underlying the construction of different masculinities within discourses and narratives on militarization, war and international security; particularly in the context of the war in Iraq and the cultural productions recounting that conflict. In fact, while the movie is critical towards the war in Iraq, the Issue is whether these criticisms have led to a real deconstruction of gendered and racialized discourses legitimizing and enabling militarization and wars, or if those discourses, even when criticized, are reproduced by the narratives related to this conflict. The article sustains that the main character's hegemonic masculinity is constructed in opposition to the perverted masculinity of young soldiers, perversion caused by the war in Iraq, restricting the critique to this war in particular rather than war in general. Adapted from the source document.

1. IntroductionStone adze blades are so ubiquitous in the Pacific that they have always been central to the work of archaeologists. Polynesian adze heads were often viewed as convenient "cultural fossils" displaying stylistic features that could be used as chronological markers (e.g. Davidson 1984; Duff 1977; Suggs 1961) or to infer inter-island relationships (Duff 1960; Emory 1968; Sinoto 1970). The typological approach developed throughout the 20th century thus proved useful for understanding the archaeological diversity in the Pacific. Yet, it rarely took into account the environmental or technical contexts involved in the production of these artefacts. A broader technological turn began in the 1970's (Cleghorn 1982; 1986; Leach 1980; 1984), which has led to better understanding of the technical and economic dimensions involved in Polynesian stone tool production.In this paper, I propose an integrated method to the study of stone tool technology and socio-economic evolution in Polynesian chiefdoms. My approach draws on the 'research program' which was set up by a group of French anthropologists (Cresswell 1976; Lemonnier 1983; 1986) to emphasize the systemic and multi-scalar dimensions of technical activities and to identify the fundamental role of techniques and production activities in the performance and evolution of societies. The work presented here was conducted during my PhD research, and therefore represents a first step in a wider research program that will be address with the dynamics of stone tool production at the inter-site scale, in different Polynesian islands. 2. Background and MethodologyAs a first step, each rock material was assigned a specific geological feature using a set of different geochemical analyses (Hermann et al. 2012; 2016). I used these results, combined with macroscopic identification of each artefacts, to track the spatial distribution of production processes ("chaînes opératoires") within two sites dating from the early 13th to the late 15th century AD and considered as part of the same "technical transect" (Coupaye 2015) on the northern coast of Tupua'i island (Austral archipelago, French Polynesia). Both sites were discovered within the main pre-Contact district of the island, named Toerauetoru (Aitken 1930: 31-32): the Tanataetea site consists of a quarry and several workshops where basanite prisms have been quarried and transformed in great quantity, and the Atiahara site is a domestic occupation involving small thatched houses known from the ethnographical period as 'arepota'ata (Hermann et al. 2016). I propose a thorough description of technological patterns in the making of adze heads in these two sites, not only through the description of finished products, but also through the identification of other artefacts including discarded preforms, roughouts, and other flake wastes, each representing combined sets of gestures constitutive of each sequence in the overall process of production. For every sequence, I investigated four main parameters interacting with one another: the nature of the raw material selected and its physical properties (fine or coarse-grained, natural flaws, etc.), the individual involved (including the inherited and acquired know-how, the technical traditions, economic choices, etc.), the tools and techniques performed (physical actions, mechanical procedures, etc.), and the spatial-temporal dimension of the process (concentrated in one site or segmented in space). These intrinsic properties are subject to change in different processes, however in this case they could be described through direct macroscopic observations, and interpreted thanks to experimental tests previously performed with the help of archaeologist and experimenter Florent Le Mené. The extrinsic properties of production processes are eventually be inferred. This last step of the analysis regarding the scarcity or uneven distribution of resources, the social environment, and the social status of craftsmen, provides the greatest insight into the evolution of the traditional Polynesian chiefdoms. 3. Results In East Polynesian islands stone adzes were produced by both specialists and non-specialists; the assemblages from Tupua'i show very clear differences in terms of technical skills, production intensity, and formal standards of the finished products, as an example of this technical split. While the craftsmen working in the Tanataetea workshops were producing big, standardised adzes with fine knapping techniques and were displaying anticipation as well as good risk management skills; the stone knappers of the domestic site at Atiahara only managed to produce only small flake adzes and appear to have maintained and recycled adzes produced elsewhere (including in the Tanataetea workshops). They therefore did not display any skills involving adapted percussion techniques or reaction facing flaking accidents, such as hinging or plunging fractures.At a diachronic level, the technological investigation suggests a significant evolution in the organisation of stone adze production in Tupua'i during the 14th century AD, with an increase of specialised production, as visible in the Tanataetea workshops, towards other sites from the same local chiefdom. The limited distribution of good-quality material in non-specialised sites like the domestic occupations of Atiahara also implies an increase in political control over key resources. 4. Discussion and conclusionThe general development of craft specialisation in the limited context of Tupua'i echoes previous observations from other parts of Polynesia (Cleghorn 1982; 1986; Leach 1993; Winterhoff 2007), and further reinforce the hypothesis of a strong correlation between technical specialisation and social complexity (Brun et al. 2006). This interpretation also fits the view of an increasing hierarchy among Polynesian chiefdoms where social and religious elites took control over different groups of specialists during the first half of the second millennium AD (Kirch 1984). I propose that the emerging view in the evolution of Polynesian craft production can also be explained in Sahlins' terms of the "inflexion of the domestic mode of production" (Sahlins 1976). This model predicts that the intensification of production in traditional chiefdoms is driven by new economic choices prioritising centralisation and collaboration between households. Therefore, I propose that a heuristic approach of viewing material culture through the technological approach of chaînes opératoires is a promising method for investigating these patterns on the longue durée and across different Polynesian regions. ; La lame d'herminette en pierre, élément ubiquiste des cultures matérielles polynésiennes, a toujours été utilisée pour établir une périodisation des séquences culturelles pré-européennes. Bien que cette approche ait permis d'aborder la diversité des traditions culturelles et de définir une typo-chronologie des occupations pré-européennes dans la région, très peu de travaux ont pris en compte les aspects techno-économiques liés à la production de cet outillage. Cet article concerne la production des herminettes en Polynésie centre-orientale dans la première moitié du deuxième millénaire de notre ère, et se base sur les avancées théoriques et méthodologiques développées au sein de l'école française de l'anthropologie des techniques (aussi connue comme "technologie culturelle"). En nous basant sur l'analyse de plusieurs chaînes opératoires de production des lames d'herminette dans l'île de Tupua'i (Archipel des Australes, Polynésie Française), nous mettons en évidence des stratégies et des choix relativement complexes liés à la variabilité technique et l'organisation spatiale des chaines opératoires mises en œuvre, l'accès aux matières premières de qualité (en l'occurrence les basaltes à grains fins) et la présence d'artisans spécialisés.Enfin, nous traitons du rôle joué par le phénomène de spécialisation artisanale dans l'évolution des anciennes chefferies polynésiennes et proposons de considérer l'investigation approfondie des systèmes techniques comme un moyen efficace pour mettre en évidence des indices de la complexité sociale.

Les analyses de long terme éclairent sur le développement économique et sur les relations entre production et utilisation industrielle du coton. La tendance est d'évaluer l'intérêt économique du coton à partir du seul prix d'achat : cela reste insuffisant pour une évaluation plus globale et plus juste des impacts socio-économiques, à laquelle la recherche doit s'associer. Pour l'Afrique zone franc, l'importance du rôle économique du coton est constatée. Mais ce fait est hypothéqué par un marché mondial défavorable. Au delà des cours historiquement bas depuis la fin 1998, plusieurs facteurs, dont les fibres artificielles, limitent la demande en coton et conduisent à une perte de marché sur le marché des fibres textiles. Les doutes sur les modes de production, notamment les effets des pesticides, portent atteinte au caractère naturel du coton, qui est un élément essentiel de promotion depuis les années 70. Pour rester présents sur le marché mondial, les pays producteurs doivent être plus compétitifs, tant par les coûts que par la qualité. Cela est d'autant plus vrai pour les pays qui ne peuvent pas soutenir leurs producteurs. La notion de qualité ne renvoie pas qu'aux caractéristiques technologiques de la fibre, mais aussi à la façon dont elle est obtenue - organisation sociale, protection de l'environnement. Pour l'Afrique zone franc, l'objectif est une production compétitive et durable, adaptée aux conditions socio-économiques des producteurs. Cela implique des pratiques culturales tenant compte de leurs contraintes, fruits d'une démarche de recherche adéquate.

En Côte d'Ivoire, la production de café a connu une baisse depuis les années 1980. Les économistes l'ont expliquée par la baisse du prix du café par rapport au cacao, qui a poussé les producteurs à négliger la caféiculture au profit de la cacaoculture puis de l'hévéaculture. Pour comprendre les mécanismes agronomiques de cette baisse et les pratiques agricoles des planteurs, une enquête sur la conduite des vergers caféiers a été menée dans les principales régions productrices. Cent cinquante-six parcelles ont été visitées et les données ont été collectées à deux niveaux : auprès des caféiculteurs et par observation dans les parcelles. Les résultats montrent que la superficie moyenne des plantations de caféiers est de l'ordre d'un hectare. Les deux tiers du verger sont constitués de matériel végétal non sélectionné. Ce verger est vieillissant et les densités de plantation moyennes sont inférieures à 1960 caféiers/ha, densité recommandée par la recherche. Plus de la moitié des vergers sont conduits sous ombrage composé principalement d'un mélange d'arbres forestiers et d'arbres fruitiers. L'entretien des plantations se limite en moyenne à deux désherbages manuels par an et la lutte contre les insectes à un seul traitement insecticide avant la récolte. Moins de 10 % des caféiculteurs apportent des fertilisants. Les techniques de conduite des caféiers par la taille et le recépage ne sont pas mises en oeuvre correctement. En conséquence, le verger est peu productif et le rendement moyen n'est que de 325 kg/ha/an. Ces pratiques très extensives et les vergers vieillissants reflètent l'intérêt limité des agriculteurs pour la caféiculture.

The increasingly intensive cultural, information, language, political and economic contacts and exchanges between countries and the developement of different new technologies make it necessary to foresee some media communications which from the beginning are addressed to recipients of different cultures. The Franco-German channel Arte, a European company is an example of this conception. It is responsible for the production and diffusion of cultural programmes which are aimed at various national audiences. Part of that as Arte broadcasts simultaneously all its programmes in two languages: French and German, it is necessary to use translators and interpreters who make it possible for the French audience to watch the German version and vice versa. In the following article, the results of our study about the translation of sociocultural aspects via Arte will be presented. First we will talk about the specific characteristic of the translation in the media -which apart from words also includes images. We will also show that sometimes an extra explanation is required to understand what is shown in the programme. Eventually, we will introduce the different procedures of translation used by translators when they are confronted with a term related to sociocultural aspects. Some samples from Arte TV news will be provided as a support for this article. ; The increasingly intensive cultural, information, language, political and economic contacts and exchanges between countries and the developement of different new technologies make it necessary to foresee some media communications which from the beginning are addressed to recipients of different cultures. The Franco-German channel Arte, a European company is an example of this conception. It is responsible for the production and diffusion of cultural programmes which are aimed at various national audiences. Part of that as Arte broadcasts simultaneously all its programmes in two languages: French and German, it is necessary to use translators and interpreters who make it possible for the French audience to watch the German version and vice versa. In the following article, the results of our study about the translation of sociocultural aspects via Arte will be presented. First we will talk about the specific characteristic of the translation in the media -which apart from words also includes images. We will also show that sometimes an extra explanation is required to understand what is shown in the programme. Eventually, we will introduce the different procedures of translation used by translators when they are confronted with a term related to sociocultural aspects. Some samples from Arte TV news will be provided as a support for this article.

The aim of this thesis is to question the prevailing idea that a "political Europe" does not exist. The electoral discourses are placed at the centre of this research, considered as the material traces of the Europe's political essence. They enable the analysis of "the political" in its double dimension: cognitive and pragmatic. The first dimension is examined through the myths that these discourses construct, the second through the configuration of the production and circulations of the electoral discourse. The analysis of the dialogic relation between these two dimensions contributes to demystifying and unpacking the European public sphere. The findings are drawn from a comparative study of the mediated discourse of the parliamentary elections of 2009, taking into account different political parties and national contexts. On the one hand, these electoral discourse contain important similarities which reinforce the idea of a "technocratisation of politics". On the other hand, the discourses also produce various and contradictory myths, according to party affiliation and to geopolitical and cultural origins. They produce situations of "dissensus", a fundamental condition for the political. The conclusion is that political Europe does exist. However, this thesis goes beyond this statement and opens the discussion on the modalities of existence, production and re-contextualization of this political. It shows that the constructed myths can be and are articulated as part of the activities within the European Parliament, the status and origin of participants in the process of production of mediated.discourse These elements operate as catalysts for the production of political discourses. The results also highlight that the myths constructed at the European Union level do not circulate and are not recontextualised in the same way in all member-states: they depend on and are mediated via local issues and are embedded in the symbolic relations between the "grands" and the "petits" of Europe. ; Cette thèse doctorale se donne pour objectif de questionner l'idée, de plus en plus dominante, selon laquelle il n'y aurait pas/plus d'« Europe politique ». Les programmes électoraux en tant que traces matérielles possibles du politique européen sont mis au centre de cette recherche. Ils permettent l'analyse du politique à la fois dans sa dimension cognitive et pragmatique. La première dimension est examinée à travers les mythes que ces discours construisent. La deuxième est examinée à partir des configurations de la production et de la circulation des programmes électoraux. L'analyse du rapport dialogique de ces deux dimensions permet de démystifier le politique européen. Les constats sont issus d'une enquête comparative des programmes des élections parlementaires de 2009, prenant en compte des partis politiques et des contextes nationaux différents. Si ces programmes présentent des proximités importantes qui renforcent l'idée d'une « technocratisation du politique », les programmes construisent également des mythes diversifiés et contradictoires selon leur appartenance partisane et selon leur origine géopolitique et culturelle. Ils construisent des situations de « mésentente », condition fondamentale pour le politique. L'Europe politique existe ! Cette thèse va au-delà de cette affirmation afin de discuter les modalités de l'existence, de la production et de la recontextualisation de ce politique. Elle montre que les mythes produits s'articulent avec le mode d'action des parlementaires au sein de l'UE, le statut et l'origine des participants dans les processus de production des programmes.Ces éléments opèrent comme catalyseurs de la différenciation du discours politique. Les résultats mettent en avant aussi que les mythes produits au niveau européen ne circulent pas de la même manière dans tous les Etas-membres : ils dépendent des enjeux locaux et sont inscrits dans des rapports symboliques qui cadrent les relations entre les « grands » et les « petits » de l'Europe.

Mention très honorable ; Over the last twenty years, cultural exception and cultural diversity are at the core of an even more globalized debate on the balance between trade and culture. In 1993, during the GATT international negotiations, cultural exception is seen as an appropriate term for certain actors in order to protect the legitimacy of cultural policies and to withdraw the cultural products and services from the GATT agenda. Twelve years after, the Member States of UNESCO adopt the Convention on the protection and promotion of the diversity of cultural expressions, meant to be a mechanism of international regulation on the "trade-culture" interface. Norms and normative issues have been central to the study of international relations for at least two decades. The major issue of this thesis deals with the process of the emergence of international normative frames, the dynamics of their construction, as well as the factors of the international norms production. As a result, we seek to analyze the sequences of the construction of the normative frame in relation to the "trade-culture" interface and to attempt a temporal study in order to find the norm building mechanisms and to explore the complexity of its elaboration. We claim opening the black box of the building process and opting for an international political sociology analysis. Our scope is to observe closely the actors, their strategies, their interactions, as well as their constraints along the process of the construction of the normative frame. ; Depuis une vingtaine d'années, l'exception culturelle et la diversité culturelle se situent au cœur d'un débat de plus en plus mondialisé sur le rapport entre le commerce et la culture. En 1993, lors des négociations internationales du GATT, l'exception culturelle est vue comme un terme approprié pour certains acteurs dans leur but de préserver la légitimité de l'intervention publique en matière de culture et de soustraire les biens et services culturels de l'agenda de l'accord. Au bout de douze ans, le 20 ...

The debate about the singularity of the cultural industry in the times of free trade has been happening since the Cultural Exception. The international community has been contributing to this debate through the Convention for the Promotion and Protection of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, endorsed by the UNESCO in 2005. In parallel, the 1991 amendment to the Colombian constitution acknowledges a multiethnic and multicultural country, that is, it recognizes diversity in the nation´s cultural expressions. The third factor that influences this thesis are the technologic resources shared by music producers from the 90s. These facts made us wonder about the current situation of independent traditional music production in Colombia, the Andean Region and in the Caribbean. The theoretical framework was guided by the Critical Theory, the Political Economy, the Cultural Studies and the inputs from Latin-American authors on the relationship between Communication and Culture. The methodology used life stories in order to get to know the experience of traditional music independent producers. This thesis shows the production methods, from self-production to independent music producers. Besides, it shows the tension between independent producers and big companies, mass media and piracy. This research introduces the concept of Brotherhood Production in order to explain the relationships among musicians, producers, fans and institutions. These relationships make possible the production of independent traditional music. ; El debate sobre la singularidad de la industria cultural en tiempos de libre comercio viene dándose desde la Excepción Cultural y tiene una respuesta de la comunidad internacional con la Convención por la Protección y Promoción de la Diversidad de Expresiones Culturales aprobada en la UNESCO en el 2005. De otro lado, en Colombia, la reforma constitucional de 1991 afirma el carácter multiétnico y multicultural del país, es decir reconoce la diversidad de expresiones culturales de la nación. El tercer hecho ...

The debate about the singularity of the cultural industry in the times of free trade has been happening since the Cultural Exception. The international community has been contributing to this debate through the Convention for the Promotion and Protection of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, endorsed by the UNESCO in 2005. In parallel, the 1991 amendment to the Colombian constitution acknowledges a multiethnic and multicultural country, that is, it recognizes diversity in the nation´s cultural expressions. The third factor that influences this thesis are the technologic resources shared by music producers from the 90s. These facts made us wonder about the current situation of independent traditional music production in Colombia, the Andean Region and in the Caribbean. The theoretical framework was guided by the Critical Theory, the Political Economy, the Cultural Studies and the inputs from Latin-American authors on the relationship between Communication and Culture. The methodology used life stories in order to get to know the experience of traditional music independent producers. This thesis shows the production methods, from self-production to independent music producers. Besides, it shows the tension between independent producers and big companies, mass media and piracy. This research introduces the concept of Brotherhood Production in order to explain the relationships among musicians, producers, fans and institutions. These relationships make possible the production of independent traditional music. ; El debate sobre la singularidad de la industria cultural en tiempos de libre comercio viene dándose desde la Excepción Cultural y tiene una respuesta de la comunidad internacional con la Convención por la Protección y Promoción de la Diversidad de Expresiones Culturales aprobada en la UNESCO en el 2005. De otro lado, en Colombia, la reforma constitucional de 1991 afirma el carácter multiétnico y multicultural del país, es decir reconoce la diversidad de expresiones culturales de la nación. El tercer hecho ...

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; Family farms in the region of Kolda, characterized by poverty, experiencing the drastic face changes in their social, cultural and technical. Agriculture being the main activity was less important because of the deterioration of the means of production. To cope and maintain social cohesion, new activities are highlighted because of the stability of the income they generate. Through traditional poultry farming, we intend to see the impact of these activities within the family farm. Specifically, how the improvement of traditional poultry farming makes it increased revenue, especially through women and durability in its new configuration, within the farm. To try to answer them, we used the concepts of family farm, system activities, innovation and sustainable livelihoods. We have also mobilized two projects that have introduced innovations related to poultry farming in the region of Kolda. The surveys were conducted at the farm level and recipients were sent to their various active members particularly the heads of families and dependents (men and women). It appears from these investigations that agricultural activities remain important, but those outside farming are becoming more over. Poultry traditional, long left stranded, knows a revival of interest especially with the stability of income provided for women who begin to have a financial role in the operation. With the support of projects, this activity is becoming more secure through better organization at the farm level and within umbrella organizations. This has resulted in improved and stable income poultry. Finally, we tried to demonstrate the sustainability of this activity within the family farm focusing on improvements to the human, social, physical, natural and financial as well as the involvement of politicians.