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While historical and protected landscapes have been well studied for years, the cultural significance of ordinary landscapes is now increasingly recognised. This groundbreaking book discusses how contemporary cultural landscapes can be, and are, created and recognised. The book challenges common concepts of cultural landscapes as protected or 'special' landscapes that include significant buildings or features. Using case studies from around the world it questions the usual measures of judgement related to cultural landscapes and instead focuses on landscapes that are created, planned or simply evolve as a result of changing human cultures, management policy and practice. Each contribution analyses the geographical and human background of the landscape, and policies and management strategies that impact upon it, and defines the meanings of 'cultural landscape' in its particular context. Taken together they establish a new paradigm in the study of landscapes in all forms.

One of our deepest needs is for a sense of identity and belonging. A common feature in this is human attachment to landscape and how we find identity in landscape and place. The late 1980s and early 1990s saw a remarkable flowering of interest in, and understanding of, cultural landscapes. With these came a challenge to the 1960s and 1970s concept of heritage concentrating on great monuments and archaeological locations, famous architectural ensembles, or historic sites with connections to the rich and famous. Managing Cultural Landscapes explores the latest thought in landscape and place by: airing critical discussion of key issues in cultural landscapes through accessible accounts of how the concept of cultural landscape applies in diverse contexts across the globe and is inextricably tied to notions of living history where landscape itself is a rich social history record widening the notion that landscape only involves rural settings to embrace historic urban landscapes/townscapes examining critical issues of identity, maintenance of traditional skills and knowledge bases in the face of globalization, and new technologies fostering international debate with interdisciplinary appeal to provide a critical text for academics, students, practitioners, and informed community organizations discussing how the cultural landscape concept can be a useful management tool relative to current issues and challenges. With contributions from an international group of authors, Managing Cultural Landscapes provides an examination of the management of heritage values of cultural landscapes from Australia, Japan, China, USA, Canada, Thailand, Indonesia, Pacific Islands, India and the Philippines; it reviews critically the factors behind the removal of Dresden and its cultural landscape from World Heritage listing and gives an overview of Historic Urban Landscape

Study Aim The present research focuses on the question how to design future cultural landscape management and cultural landscape dynamics. Cultural landscape change, as it takes place in West Norway, gains increased rapidity and displays partly irreversible processes. Driving factors (such as climate, demographics, sectoral change and agricultural production) substantiate the change and transform over centuries grown summer farming cultural landscapes based on a vertical land use gradient in the vicinity of the Josetdalsglacier. Admitting large fiscal expenditures and political attempts to manage the summer farming landscapes, the successive overgrowing ('gjengroing') advances and impairs visibility. A local identity anchor and immense potential for tourism and regional development are at stake likewise. Theory and Methods The study combines institutional, commodity and governance theory to constitute local cultural landscape identity, communication and action arenas on the example of Briksdalen, Bødalen and Erdalen in Stryn Municipality. There, a cultural landscape governance can take place. Governance describes the process, where the state is resigning from its monopoly functions regarding cultural landscape management and integrates non-governmental participants. Cultural landscape history, change of cultural landscapes, driving factors, stakeholders and cultural landscape institutions are investigated. Document search and guideline based expert interviews comprise the empirical fundament of such a governance based access. To examine a possible correspondence between a reflexive-discursive approach in science to normative policy and planning strategies, the data corpus sustained institutional, discourse and governance analysis. Results The inquired cultural landscape history refers to a unique cultural landscape pattern in the close vicinity of the Jostedalsglacier (identity arena). Formal institutions (such as acts, regulations and financial allocation systems) signify the basis for sectoral policies (agriculture, cultural heritage, nature protection, tourism, spatial planning and rural development) of contemporary care-taking, safeguarding and management efforts regarding the cultural landscapes on-site. They define cultural landscape management rules in manifold ways. The primary sector materialises as the principal cultural landscape management operator. In various cases, the top-down organised institutional framework reinforces the cultural landscape change on-site. Conflicts, dilemmas, paradoxes and discourses about the present management, the future development, the use and the valorisation of cultural landscapes emerge (communication arena) among three logics of action (hierarchy, market and solidarity). Non-administrative stakeholders', who perform active cultural landscape management are, in contrary to administrative stakeholders, mainly driven by informal institutions (e.g. ontological settings, reifications and values). A compatibility intolerance of cultural landscape management is detected. Conclusions Several governance modes, such as revitalising old traditions (goat farming) and the introduction and branding of the toponym 'Inner Nordfjordscape' are forthcoming promising accesses for future cultural landscape management approaches (action arena) to contain the 'gjengroing' in the case study valleys. Present efforts in tourism and nature conservation mark the fundament of such governance attempts. Successive overgrowing occurs as a window of opportunity to widen cultural landscape management concepts.

Introduction. Interfaces among Placemaking and Cultural Landscapes: Review and Appraisal -- Vision and Exposition of Placemaking: Homage and Memorial Tribute to Sung-Kyun Kim -- Pung-su: Evolving Cultural Landscapes and Placemaking in Korea -- Cultural Landscapes: Integrating Culture and Nature to Uplift Global Sustainability and Climate Action -- Branding the image of religious heritage in India -- Cultural Landscapes: Essence and application perspectives in Georgia -- Ayodhya (India): Placemaking and Transformation of Historic Urban Landscape -- Placemaking Approach in Revitalising Cultural Tourism in Temple Towns: Case of Melukote, Karnataka -- The Challenges of Integrated Conservation and Development in Historic Rural Landscapes; Case study: The Historic Villages of East Azerbaijan, Iran -- Chinese Cities as Sacred Landscapes: The case of the Capitals of the Ming Dynasty -- Protagonists for Making Sacred Places and Its Cultural Landscape: Sansa, Korean Buddhist Mountain Monasteries -- Placemaking of the Barotse Cultural Landscape, Zambia -- Pandemics, Travel, and the Search for Sustainability -- Post Covid-19 Strategies: Cloisters as Urban Oases and Heritage to Reconnect Memory -- Archaeological sites in Northern Japan: Interfacing landscape and sacred rituals -- Archaeological Landscapes of Religious Significance on the UNESCO World Heritage List from Turkey: Continuities, Discontinuities -- The Sustainability and Spatial Analysis of Rural Cultural Landscapes: The historic Village "Maymand" in Iran -- Reuse of unoccupied religious monuments for tourist accommodation: Santa Maria da Ínsua (North of Portugal) -- Survival of Heritage from the Mangroves of Sundarbans to the Sattras of Majuli -- 'Pūch' as an institution for maintaining the cultural landscape of the Kullu Valley. .

This paper focus on the way Nepalese migrants in Myanmar use features of the natural environment in their homeland in metaphoric constructions of a cultural landscape expressing ethnic identity. It is through such "symbolic work" that perceptions of "ethnoscapes" are shaped and indoctrinated. Although the appeal is to symbols that can serve to foster the importance of Nepaliness as a basis for belonging to an imagined community, this does not mean that the caste/ethnicity interaction boundaries are broken down. It does mean however that sectors of activities where such boundaries are made relevant have been changed and so has the cultural content organized through such interaction boundaries. Ethnoscapes do not exist by themselves from a 'primordial' past; they require ongoing expression and confirmation. Features of a natural environment most migrants have never seen is used as sources for spinning compelling webs of significance extolling the values of belonging to a group that shares a common past in that environment. I shall here present material of an ethnoscape very different from what is experienced in Nepal, namely Nepalese multi-caste/ethnic communities among Kachins, Shans, Burmese, Indian and Chinese traders in the Kachin state of Northern Myanmar. Keywords: Nepali migrants; Myanmar; ethnic identity; cultural landscape DOI: 10.3126/dsaj.v4i0.4515 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.4 2010 pp.99-110

Unter Verwendung sozialwissenschaftlicher Ansätze der Güter- und Institutionentheorie
werden in diesem Beitrag Gemeinschaftsgutaspekte und Triebkräfte der Kulturlandschaftsentwicklung
thematisiert und im Kontext von drei unterschiedlichen Problemstellungen dargestellt:
Am Beispiel der Landwirtschaft wird erläutert, wie nutzungsorientierte Institutionensysteme
die Kulturlandschaftsentwicklung beeinflussen. Anhand von Seen und ihren
Uferzonen werden Konflikte zwischen übergeordneten gesellschaftlichen Ansprüchen und
individuellen Nutzungsinteressen erörtert. Die Analyse von Regionalparks als Governance-
Form zeigt Möglichkeiten auf, wie neben staatlichen Institutionen, die für die Kulturlandschaft
zuständig sind, ein dynamisches Kulturlandschaftsmanagement möglich ist. Zusammenfassend werden Erkenntnisse der Gemeinschaftsgutforschung für den Umgang mit
Kulturlandschaften in der Raumordnung abgeleitet.

This compelling book offers a fresh perspective on how the natural world has been imagined, built on, and transformed by human beings throughout history and around the globe. Coverage ranges from the earliest societies to preindustrial China and India, from the emergence in Europe of the modern world to the contemporary global economy. The focus is on what the places we have created say about us: our belief systems and the ways we make a living. Also explored are the social and environmental consequences of human activities, and how conflicts over the meaning of progress are reflected in today