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Abstract: In "Cross-cultural Communication and Cultural Variation" Yina Cao discusses the concept of "cultural variation" (Cao Shunqing) as an extension of the discipline of comparative literature. She argues that the concept of cultural variation explains
many problems in the field of cross-cultural communication while it can also provide a unique research perspective for the phenomenon of cultural integration. By summarizing and sorting out the problems which need to be solved in "cultural variation" and the core cases of cultural
variation (e.g., "journey to the West"), Cao discusses the phenomenon of aphasia in the process of cultural foreignization, cultural transmission, and cultural variation and attempts to imagine a new approach in scholarship in order to explore new theoretical tools for the
future of the discipline of comparative literature with the use of Cao's variation theory.

Forty-eight female nursing students who were in the reproductive age group were evaluated for cognitive, affective and somatic changes in the premenstrual phase. A retrospective rating method was used with measurements on numerical and visual analogue scales. The visual analogue scale was used for bidirectionality of measure ment. Ratings on 17 items were compared during the premenstrual phase and the rest of the cycle. Significant changes were seen in three of the distressing items. A Premenstrual Syndrome, the late luteal phase disorder of DSM-IIIR criteria, was identified in 6% of the women. The varying patterns of premenstrual changes and their prevalence are discussed in a sociocultural context.

The effect of varied cultural traditions on concepts of animal welfare appears to be a novel issue, growing out of recent societal concerns with globalisation, multi-culturalism, and diversity. In more imperialistic times, Western culture cared little about such issues. Upon reflection, however, it is apparent that this is not a new issue, as even within our culture the concept of welfare has been variously defined, based on differences in values in general and ethics in particular, varying enormously with different views of the moral status of animals. A most dramatic example of this can be found in production agriculture's view that (to paraphrase) 'the animal is experiencing good welfare when it fulfils the human (production) purpose for which it is kept', as expressed in the Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) report of 1981. Clearly, an animal welfare advocate opposed to confinement agriculture would have expressed a very different view. If the concept of animal welfare is both intra- and cross-culturally varied, how then does one resolve differences? The answer may be found in what I have termed the 'new social ethic for animals' that is fairly uniform across Western societies, as I explain in this paper. In essence, the new ethic focusses on satisfying animals' needs dictated by their telos or biological nature. Insofar as Western democratic societies dictate to the rest of the world, which is economically dependent upon them, we will see this animal ethic achieve global hegemony, much as the notion of human rights has become globally ubiquitous as an ideal.

Guided by gaps in the literature with regard to the study of politicians the aim of the research is to explore cross-cultural differences in political leaders' style. It compares the MLQ (Avolio & Bass, 2004) scores of elected political leaders (N = 140) in Bulgaria and the UK. The statistical exploration of the data relied on multivariate analyses of covariance. The findings of comparisons across the two groups reveal that compared to British political leaders, Bulgarian leaders were more likely to frequently use both transactional and passive/avoidant behaviours. The study tests Bass's (1997) strong assertion about the universality of transformational leadership. It contributes to the leadership literature by providing directly measured data relating to the behaviours of political leaders. Such information on the characteristics of politicians could allow for more directional hypotheses in subsequent research, exploring the contextual influences within transformational leadership theory. The outcomes might also aid applied fields. Knowledge gained of culturally different leaders could be welcomed by multicultural political and economic unions, wherein understanding and allowances might aid communication.

Guided by gaps in the literature with regard to the study of politicians the aim of the research is to explore cross-cultural differences in political leaders' style. It compares the MLQ (Avolio & Bass, 2004) scores of elected political leaders (N = 140) in Bulgaria and the UK. The statistical exploration of the data relied on multivariate analyses of covariance. The findings of comparisons across the two groups reveal that compared to British political leaders, Bulgarian leaders were more likely to frequently use both transactional and passive/avoidant behaviours. The study tests Bass's (1997) strong assertion about the universality of transformational leadership. It contributes to the leadership literature by providing directly measured data relating to the behaviours of political leaders. Such information on the characteristics of politicians could allow for more directional hypotheses in subsequent research, exploring the contextual influences within transformational leadership theory. The outcomes might also aid applied fields. Knowledge gained of culturally different leaders could be welcomed by multicultural political and economic unions, wherein understanding and allowances might aid communication. ; peerReviewed ; publishedVersion

An area of continuing debate in anthropology is that of the conceptual distinction between culture and observable behavior. This paper accepts the distinction between culture as an ideational system and behavior and an attempt is made to show how the ideational system may be elaborated. Using a data collection technique developed by Dawson and his colleagues, the culture of a rural population in Papua New Guinea is analyzedfor differences between and within village samples. Hierarchies of cultural elements, arrived at by Warfield's structural modeling procedures, indicate how cultural systems change unevenly and at different rates.

Intro -- Contents -- Research for Cultural DNA in Design -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Where Can the Cultural DNA Be in Design? -- 2.1 Cultural DNA Is in the Design -- 2.2 Cultural DNA Is in the Observer/User of the Design -- 2.3 Cultural DNA Is in the Design Process that Produced the Design -- 2.4 Cultural DNA Is in the Designer -- 2.5 Cultural DNA Is in the Interaction Between the User and the Design -- 2.6 Cultural DNA Is in the Effect the Design Has on Consumers and the Society in Which Designs Sit -- 2.7 Cultural DNA Is in the Interaction of All the Above -- 3 What About Cultural DNA in Design Has Been Researched? -- 3.1 Studying Cultural DNA in the Designs -- 3.2 Studying Cultural DNA in Observer/User of the Designs -- 3.3 Studying Cultural DNA in the Design Process that Produced the Designs -- 3.4 Studying Cultural DNA in the Designer -- 3.5 Studying Cultural DNA in the Interaction Between the User and the Design -- 3.6 Studying Cultural DNA in the Effect the Design Has on Consumers and the Society in Which They Sit -- 3.7 Studying Cultural DNA in Design in the Interaction Amongst All of the Above -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Directly Interactive Design Gallery Systems: Interaction Terms and Concepts -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Alternative Views -- 3 Collection Views -- 4 Interactions -- 5 Introducing the Parallel Coordinate View-Controller -- 5.1 Motivation -- 5.2 Design Overview -- 5.3 Generative Use -- 5.4 Summary -- 6 Future Work -- References -- Underlying Principles and Emerging Designs: Design Exercises Based on Magic Squares -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Notion of Underlying Principes -- 3 Magic Square: An Underlying Principle of Spatial Designs -- 4 Parametric Designs -- 5 Summary -- References -- Multi-leveled Tridimensional Public Place and Urban Promenade -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Dynamic Public Square Examples and Concepts.

This volume's central purpose is to provide a clearly written, scholarly exploration of cultural variation regarding conflict resolution and in so doing, highlight certain alternatives to violence. It presents an interdisciplinary examination of how conflicts are perceived and handled in a variety of cultural settings. Drawing on data and models from anthropology, psychology, and political science, the chapters analyze conflict resolution across the societal spectrum, including cases from Western and non-Western traditions, complex and tribal societies, and violent and non-violent cultures. Wh

The relationship between political culture & economic development policy is examined by drawing on Daniel J. Elazar's analysis of US political culture (Cities of the Prairie Revisited: The Closing of the Metropolitan Frontier, Lincoln: U of Nebraska Press, 1986), in which the existence of three subcultures -- individualistic, traditionalistic, & moralistic -- is posited. It is suggested that these subcultures & their corresponding values entail different strategies for stimulating economic growth. Annual measures of states' activity on four dimensions of development policy (derived from published statistics) are used to demonstrate that: moralistic states adopt strategies that emphasize solidarity; individualistic states are more inclined to pursue policies that confer particularistic benefits on investors; & policymakers in traditionalistic states prefer exclusionary incentives that are likely to reinforce existing patterns of domination. It is concluded that the impact of development policies on economic performance is still not clear, & that actions which positively affect economic performance may erode cultural values by triggering migrations that bring new values into the extant political culture. 3 Tables, 4 Figures. Adapted from the source document.