This paper deals with the analysis of the utilitarian model of the explanation of popular support for Croatian entry into the European Union. The utilitarian model for explicating support or lack of support for accession to the EU has been analysed through subjective principled expectations of benefits and harms of entry into the Union at a personal and at a national level, and through concrete expectations at the level of twenty-two aspects of social and economic life. The research results show that on the basis of principled expectations it is possible precisely to predict support for entry into the EU, but that the principled expectations are not to any very great extent founded on concrete expectations in the observed aspects of social and economic life, and that they are to a certain degree linked with political viewpoints. On the other hand, concrete expectations are relatively weakly correlated with support for Croatian entry into the EU. Such a result suggests the conclusion that on the basis of a utilitarian explanation of support it is possible only relatively poorly to predict viewpoints concerning joining the EU, and that principled expectations of benefits and harms are in good part an expression of general impressions about the EU, trust in the political elite and political views of Croatian citizens, and to a lesser extent realistic rational calculations of harms and benefits. The paper is based on empirical survey of the views and spectations performed on a probabilistic national sample of a thousand citizens older than 15.
Die Verfasser untersuchen die Auswirkungen der Europäisierung auf das Verhältnis zwischen Serbien und Montenegro. Die Aussicht auf eine zukünftige EU-Mitgliedschaft und die aktive Vermittlungstätigkeit der EU führten mit der Unterzeichnung des Belgrader Abkommens im März 2002 zur Schaffung einer prekären gemeinsamen Staatsformation. Die 'Staatenunion Serbien und Montenegro' ist ein hybrides Modell mit föderalen wie konföderalen Elementen und hat bisher in keiner der beiden Teilrepubliken politische Begeisterung wecken können. Politische Gruppen in Serbien wie in Montenegro bezweifeln ihre Überlebensfähigkeit, Befürworter nationaler Unabhängigkeit haben nach der Schaffung des gemeinsamen Staates Zulauf erfahren. Die Zukunft der 'Staatenunion' hängt entscheidend davon ab, in wie weit die EU fähig und willens ist, die Umsetzung des Belgrader Abkommens zu überwachen und Zwistigkeiten zwischen den beiden Republiken über Fragen im Zusammenhang mit deren gemeinsamem Antrag auf Aufnahme in die EU zu schlichten. (ICEÜbers)
"Folgt man dem einflussreichsten Beitrag zur vergleichenden Wohlfahrtsstaatsforschung der letzten Zeit, Esping-Andersens 'Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism', so tritt der entwickelte westliche Sozialstaat in drei Varianten auf: entweder als sozialdemokratisches, oder als konservatives, oder als liberales Wohlfahrtsstaatsregime. Ein genauerer Blick zeigt jedoch, dass Esping-Andersens Typenbildung und Länderzuordnungen insbesondere im Fall des konservativen Regimes problematisch sind. In diesem Papier argumentiere ich, dass gravierende Probleme daherrühren, dass seine Theorie vornehmlich den Klassenkonflikt, nur sehr selektiv aber den Einfluss konfessioneller Faktoren in den Blick nimmt. Wesentliche empirische Unstimmigkeiten seines Ansatzes lassen sich lösen, wenn man neben der Bedeutung der katholischen Soziallehre für den institutionellen Entwicklungspfad des entwickelten Wohlfahrtsstaates auch den Einfluss des Protestantismus, und hier insbesondere den Einfluss der reformierten protestantischen Strömungen, in den Blick nimmt. Der Beitrag zeigt dies mit vergleichenden Daten sowohl für die Frühphase (1890-1920) als auch für die Hochzeit des entwickelten Wohlfahrtsstaats (1960-1990)." [Autorenreferat]
Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht Wahlpolitik und Wahlverhalten von Roma in Osteuropa. Nach wie vor sind die Roma unterrepräsentiert in nationalen und lokalen politischen Bereichen. Der Autor analysiert die Probleme, die die Roma im Zusammenhang mit Wahlen haben, überprüft die Beziehungen zwischen Roma und wichtigen politischen Organisationen und erforscht das Wahlverhalten der Roma. Der politische Wandel vom Sozialismus zur freien Marktwirtschaft gab den Roma die Gelegenheit, ihre politische Marginalisierung zu verringern. Nach einer Dekade der Mobilisierung bleiben sie aber weiterhin unterrepräsentiert in der osteuropäischen Politik. Hierfür gibt es zahlreiche strukturelle Gründe auch innerhalb der Ethnie selbst. (ICD)
Character education in early childhood is not new, and character education is also not just a transfer of knowledge, but something that needs to be built early on through various stimula- tions. This study aims to develop the character of early childhood through audio-visual media with traditional Javanese songs. Using educational design-based research to develop audio-visual media from traditional songs, this media was tested in the field with an experimental design with a control group. Respondents involved 71 kindergarten students from one experimental class in one control class. The data revealed that character education in children shows the average value of the experi- mental class is higher than the control group, this means character education in children can be built through traditional songs. Further research can be done to improve the character of early childhood through a variety of media that interests children. 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The current literature presents inconsistencies with regard to the 'Bright' and 'Dark Sides' of emotional labour and related emotion management strategies: it indicates that the negative effect of emotional labour cannot be explained on the basis of emotion management strategies alone and additional factors should be considered. The aim of this research was to investigate the 'Dark Side' of emotional labour in greater depth by: a) analysing constructs (emotion management strategies, cultural orientation and personality influences) which might be responsible for the discrepancies in emotional labour which result in positive and negative effects; b) verifying Machiavellian responses and investigating the social desirability effect in self-report measures; and c) examining sources of Machiavellian amoral values and behaviour. Emotional labour was examined from the perspective of intra-organisational relationships. The focus was upon Machiavellianism as the main construct of this research, it being in the forefront of each of the three studies conducted. Study one investigated the relationship between the elements of an ego-centric triad (Individualistic Cultural Orientation, Surface Acting and Machiavellianism) and the impact of that triad upon employees' states at work (well-being, career success, job satisfaction and turnover intentions). This study asked the following research questions: 'RQ1 - Is there a positive relationship between the elements (Individualistic Culture, Surface Acting and Machiavellianism) of an ego-centric triad?' and 'RQ2 - How does the triad impact upon employees' well-being, career success, job satisfaction and turnover intentions?' It was hypothesised that: (H1) there would be a positive relationship between the elements of the ego-centric triad; (H2) the ego-centric triad elements will have negative impact on employee well-being, (H3) Machiavellian personality traits will be more prevalent in males than females; (H4) Machiavellianism leads to greater career success; (H5) Machiavellians experience lower job satisfaction; and (H6) Machiavellians will demonstrate higher turnover intentions than their counterparts. The sample consisted of 319 UK-based working professionals who were recruited via the social media site LinkedIn. Participants completed an online questionnaire comprised of amended validated tools measuring levels of Surface Acting, Idiocentrism, Machiavellianism, participants' well-being, career success, job satisfaction and turnover intentions. The analysis focused on Independent Sample T-Test and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) - model fit testing. SEM revealed a positive correlation between the elements of the ego-centric triad. Nevertheless, the elements did not have a unified effect upon employees' states at work, as only Machiavellianism demonstrated a negative impact upon employees' well-being. Individualistic cultural orientation (Idiocentrism) was linked to decreased job satisfaction and increased turnover intentions, while Surface Acting had the opposite effect of decreasing turnover intentions. The main variable of interest - Machiavellianism - demonstrated a negative impact upon employees' well-being, career success and job satisfaction factors, all of which served as the mediating variables for increased turnover intentions. Furthermore, the independent sample T-Test showed that gender does not serve as an antecedent to Machiavellianism. The research contributes to existing theoretical knowledge by introducing the ego-centric triad and demonstrating that the 'Dark Side' of emotional labour cannot be attributed to emotion management strategies alone but includes additional factors such as cultural orientation (Idiocentrism) and personality traits (Machiavellianism). The research also has practical implications, demonstrating that recruitment and selection strategies should pay attention to these undesirable characteristics; as they have negative implications for individuals and organisations alike. Furthermore, organisations need to invest more efforts in management of employee well-being as emotional labour contributes to impaired well-being in high Machiavellians, who may not necessarily exhibit obvious signs. Study two aimed to establish the validity of Machiavellian responses and to ascertain the level of confidence that can be placed on the findings deriving from Study one. It asked the following question: 'RQ3 - Does the social attractiveness effect take place in anonymous self-reports when ego-centric qualities are of concern?' and hypothesised (H7) that Machiavellianism is positively related to self-rating bias, and therefore high Machiavellians will under-report their true level of amoral values and behavioural practices to a much greater extent than will low Machiavellians. Participant sample consisted of 16 UK-based working professionals who were asked to complete an online MACH IV test and to provide an e-mail sample of their workplace correspondence. One-way Anova was used to compare the scores from the MACH IV test against the scores deriving from Lingustic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) analysis assessing Machiavellian attributes (use of personal pronoun 'I', negative emotions, analytic and clout dimension, power and rewards drives) evident within the workplace correspondence (e-mails). Therefore, the focus was upon reported versus observed levels of Machiavellianism. The results showed that individuals exhibited minor self-report bias at all levels of Machiavellianism (low, medium and high). Self-reported low Machiavellians demonstrated the lowest level of Machiavellianism (despite minor under-reporting), while self-reported medium Machiavellians demonstrated the highest level of Machiavellianism. Surprisingly, self-reported high Machiavellians demonstrated a medium level of Machiavellianism. Therefore, low and high Machiavellians under-reported, while medium Machiavellians over-reported their levels of amoral values and practice. The research findings support the notion of self-report bias and demonstrate that manipulative behaviour becomes acceptable in a workplace environment; as a result, high Machiavellians freely admit to their amoral values and behaviours. The research has also shown that self-reporting bias are evident across all levels of Machiavellianism. Therefore, whenever possible, objective measures should be included when investigating undesirable traits, values and behaviours. Study three investigated the sources of Machiavellian tendencies, their amoral values and behaviours by asking the following research question: 'RQ4 - Where do Machiavellian tendencies stem from? Are upbringing practices or organisational cultures responsible for employees' personal values and subsequent behaviour within an intra-organisational setting?' Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 participants (UK-based working professionals). The Mach IV test was employed to segment participants into high and low Machiavellians, while Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was utilised to investigate the sources of amoral values between the two groups. The results showed that the amoral values of both groups derived from upbringing practices and have a tendency to mirror parental values. Additionally, such values are relatively stable over time and unaffected by the institutional values deriving from organisational culture. Therefore, organisational culture and institutional values do not possess the power to override morality related values. However, workplaces that allow the presence of organisational politics provide positive stimuli for Machiavellianism, enabling high Machiavellians to flourish while alienating low Machiavellians. Despite the control measure (continuous employment in an organisation for three years or more), the cross-sectional design served as a limitation and further research is required to validate these findings.
Dissertação de Mestrado em Gestão e Internacionalização de Empresas ; O empreendedorismo tem merecido a atenção de muitos autores, e realmente é notável o papel deste fenómeno na economia. Este é considerado um motor para o crescimento da economia e riqueza. Alguma importância já tem sido dada a este fenómeno, mas não a suficiente, pois ainda persistem dificuldades/desigualdades em relação à capacidade de iniciar e gerir negócios com um considerável nível de crescimento. A literatura sublinha alguns determinantes para o alto crescimento das empresas tais como as características dos empreendedores, como o nível de educação, bem como, as experiências empresarias já adquiridas; o tamanho e a idade das empresas. De forma geral, percebe-se que as empresas mais pequenas e mais jovens crescem mais rapidamente que as empresas maiores e com mais idade. Muitos autores enfatizam o papel da inovação como motor do desempenho superior das empresas. A cultura é, também referida como chave para o alto crescimento das empresas. Existem diversos estudos sobre como os cidadãos de diferentes origens éticas conseguem enveredar no mundo dos negócios. Ainda na linha da cultura é crucial entender a sua influência no ambiente de trabalho e consequentemente no desempenho das empresas. De forma a investigar o impacto dos aspetos supracitados nas empresas de alto crescimento, utilizou-se dois formatos diferentes de investigação. Numa primeira fase, utilizou-se um programa de pesquisa que inclui avaliações anuais de níveis de atividade empresarial (perceções) em vários países, o Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), que atualmente é uma das principais bases de dados internacionais de pesquisa, com o intuito de verificar se há evidências estatísticas para afirmar que os determinantes mencionados pelos autores influenciam os indivíduos de certos países a mostrar níveis de iniciativa mais altos para gerenciar ou criar um negócio de alto crescimento. Para atingir este objetivo utilizaram-se técnicas de análise multivariada, em particular análise de regressão linear múltipla, análise de clusters e análise discriminante. Numa segunda fase, com o propósito de comprovar os determinantes mencionados pelos autores com dados reais, criou-se uma base dados que inclui dados de país de três bases de dados: base de dados da OCDE; base de dados EUROSTAT e base de dados HOFSTEDE; em que os dados foram submetidos a várias técnicas de análise multivariada, em particular a análise de regressão linear múltipla. Os resultados obtidos no primeiro artigo permitem concluir que os indivíduos que reagem rapidamente a oportunidades parecem mostrar melhores habilidades de iniciar e gerir um negócio de alto crescimento; As empresas menores e mais novas parecem mostrar mais inicitiva de gerir um negócio de alto crescimento; Os recursos e as politicas públicas disponíveis nos países são fulcrais para o nível de iniciativa de iniciar e gerir um negócio de alto crescimento, e; A cultura nacional também é comprovada como fator influenciador no nível de capacidade individual de iniciar e gerenciar negócios de alto crescimento. No segundo artigo, verifica-se uma relação estatisticamente significativa entre a distância de poder na sociedade com o alto crescimento das empresas; A incerteza no local de trabalho parece influenciar negativamente as taxas de crescimento nos países; A masculinidade detém uma relação negativa com o alto crescimento das empresas, e; ao contrário do verificado no primeiro artigo, há evidências estatísticas para afirmar que quanto maior o tamanho das empresas mais as suas taxas de crescimento. ; Entrepreneurship has attracted the attention of many authors, and indeed the role of this phenomenon in the economy is remarkable, this is considered a motor for the growth of economy and wealth. Some importance has already been given to this phenomenon, but not enough, because there are still difficulties / inequalities in the capacity to start and manage businesses with a considerable level of growth. The literature underlines some determinants for the high growth of firms such as the characteristics that the entrepreneurs hold as the education that they have, as well as, the entrepreneurial experiences already acquired; the size and the age of the firms, in general, it is perceived that it is unanimous that smaller and younger firms grow faster than larger and older firms. Innovation is also present in the literature, many authors emphasize the role of innovation as the engine of the superior performance of firms. And yet culture is referred to as the key to the high growth of firms, there are several studies on how citizens of ethical origin can embark on business. Still in the line of culture is crucial to understand the influence of culture in the work environment and consequently in the performance of firms. In order to investigate the impact of the aforementioned aspects on high growth firms, two different research formats were used. In the first phase, a research program was used which includes annual assessments of levels of business activity (perceptions) in several countries, the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), which is currently one of the main international research databases, with the in order to verify if there is statistical evidence to affirm that the determinants mentioned by the authors influence individuals in certain countries to show higher levels of initiative to manage or create a high growth business. To achieve this objective, multivariate analysis techniques were used, in particular multiple linear regression analysis, cluster analysis and discriminant analysis. In a second phase, in order to prove the determinants mentioned by the authors with real data, a database was created that includes country data from three databases, namely: OECD database; EUROSTAT database and HOFSTEDE database; in which data from more than 35 countries were subjected to various multivariate analysis techniques, in particular multiple linear regression analysis. The results obtained in the first article allow us to conclude that individuals who react quickly to opportunities seem to show better abilities to start and manage a high growth business; Smaller and younger firms appear to be a factor influencing the initiative to start and run a high growth business; The resources and public policies available in the countries are central to the initiative level of starting and managing a high growth business; National culture is also proven to influence the level of individual capacity to initiate and manage high growth business. In the second article, there is a statistically significant relation between the distance of power in the society with the high growth of the firms; Uncertainty in the workplace has a negative impact on growth rates in countries; Masculinity has a negative relation with the high growth of firms, and; contrary to what was verified in the first article, there is statistical evidence to affirm that the bigger size of the firms influences the growth rates of the firms.
ABSTRACTThe study looked at the protective legislation, policy and practice of archaeological heritage management in Kenya. The seriousness of the demise of archaeological heritage in the world in general and, Africa in particular is in no doubt. Archaeological heritage is thought to be endangered on the continent and the "crisis" in Africa, whether enunciated in terms of sheer decay or general destruction in the name of development, theft or looting, is becoming common place throughout the continent. Literature was reviewed on the concept of heritage management, history of archaeological heritage management, legal protection, policy and institutional framework for heritage management in the country. In its statement of the problem, the study examined the inter-phase between protection legislation, policy and practice of AHM in Kenya was done through an examination of the National Museums and Heritage Act 2006, and the National Culture and Heritage Policy 2009 in addressing the challenges faced in the implementation process. The study also evaluated various international Charters for culture and heritage management. The overall objective of the study was established by looking at the role of the legal framework, the practice, policy reforms and recommendation on how Archaeological Heritage Management in Kenya can be improved in Nairobi National Museum (Central Region), Kisumu Museum (Western region), Fort Jesus Museum (Eastern Region) and Thimlich Ohinga (Western Region). This was done through a SWOT analysis of the four sites under study. The study looked at the question of the research in which it established the role of legal and policy reforms played in streamlining the management of Archaeological Heritage in Kenya. Also, the study covered AHM practices and how they affect the management of various museums and heritage sites in the country. This was done in reference to the four sites under study. The study adopted the Adaptive theory in its theoretical framework and has drawn particular attention in resource management. Heritage studies, are trandisciplinary embracing ecology, archaeology history, and public policy to mention a few. Therefore, the public policy has been restricted to academic political opinion for evaluating internal and external capacity of NMK without leaving environmental policies leading to good governance of museums hence the this theory suited the study. The research adopted descriptive survey which was very useful because it does not allow the manipulation of the variables and it provided allot of information .During the process of data collection, primary sources such as interview and well structured questionnaire were used in addition to the observation method in all the three categories of the sampling areas which include western central and eastern. Also the research obtained the secondary information from the review of the previous document that included books journal and news papers. This provided essential procedure for the data analysis where SWOT method was used and the data analyzed presented in form of tables, charts and graphs. The study established that all the sites are under NMK management. However, the management of NMK concentrates so much on Nairobi National Museum and its affiliates, and Fort Jesus Museum at the expense of other museums, monuments and sites. Apart from Nairobi National Museum, all the other museums were under-staffed, with poorly managed storage of artefacts, and faced neglect in many areas. Kisumu Museum, despite its status, is under researched and has limited documented information about its historical background, services, and future plan. Comparatively, Thimlich Ohinga site was found to be adequately researched and has a lot of documented information. ; RÉSUMÉL'étude a examiné la législation de protection , la politique et la pratique de la gestion du patrimoine archéologique au Kenya . La gravité de la disparition du patrimoine archéologique dans le monde en général, et l'Afrique en particulier est dans aucun doute . Le patrimoine archéologique est pensé pour être en voie de disparition sur le continent et la «crise» en Afrique , que ce soit énoncé en termes de dégradation ou de destruction pure général au nom du développement , de vol ou de pillage , devient un lieu commun dans l'ensemble du continent . Littérature a été revue sur le concept de la gestion du patrimoine , de l'histoire de la gestion du patrimoine archéologique , la protection juridique , politique et institutionnel pour la gestion du patrimoine dans le pays . Dans sa déclaration du problème , l' étude a examiné l' inter- phase entre la législation sur la protection , la politique et la pratique de AHM au Kenya a été fait par un examen de la Culture et du Patrimoine de la politique nationale de 2009 Loi sur le patrimoine 2006, les musées nationaux et , et dans la lutte contre la difficultés rencontrées dans le processus de mise en œuvre . L'étude a également évalué diverses chartes internationales pour la culture et la gestion du patrimoine . L'objectif global de l'étude a été établie par la recherche sur le rôle du cadre juridique , la pratique , les réformes politiques et la recommandation sur la façon dont la gestion du patrimoine archéologique au Kenya peut être améliorée dans le Musée national de Nairobi ( Région du Centre ) , Musée Kisumu ( région de l'Ouest ) , Fort Jésus Musée ( Région de l'Est ) et Thimlich Ohinga ( région de l'Ouest ) . Cela a été fait par une analyse SWOT des quatre sites étudiés . L'étude a examiné la question de la recherche dans laquelle elle a créé le rôle des réformes juridiques et politiques ont joué dans la rationalisation de la gestion du patrimoine archéologique au Kenya . En outre, l' étude a porté sur les pratiques AHM et comment ils affectent la gestion de divers musées et sites du patrimoine dans le pays . Cela a été fait en référence aux quatre sites étudiés . L'étude a adopté la théorie d'adaptation dans son cadre théorique et a attiré une attention particulière à la gestion des ressources . Études du patrimoine , sont transdisciplinaire écologie enlacé , l'histoire de l'archéologie , et les politiques publiques de mentionner quelques-uns. Par conséquent , la politique publique a été limitée à l'opinion politique académique pour évaluer la capacité interne et externe de NMK sans laisser de politiques environnementales menant à la bonne gouvernance des musées où la cette théorie adaptée de l'étude . La recherche a adopté étude descriptive qui a été très utile , car il ne permet pas la manipulation de variables et il a fourni d'attribuer des informations . Pendant le processus de collecte de données , les sources primaires telles que l'entrevue et questionnaire bien structuré ont été utilisés dans plus de la méthode d'observation dans les trois catégories de zones d'échantillonnage qui comprennent centre-ouest et de l'est . Aussi la recherche a obtenu l'information secondaire de l'examen du document précédent qui comprenait des livres revue et journaux . Cette condition procédure essentielle pour l'analyse de données si la méthode SWOT a été utilisé et les données analysées présenté sous forme de tableaux, de diagrammes et de graphiques . L'étude a établi que tous les sites sont sous gestion NMK . Cependant , la gestion de NMK concentre tellement sur Musée national de Nairobi et de ses sociétés affiliées , et Fort Jesus Museum au détriment d'autres musées , monuments et sites . En dehors de Musée national de Nairobi , tous les autres musées étaient en sous-effectif , avec le stockage d'objets mal gérés , et face à la négligence dans de nombreux domaines . Musée Kisumu , malgré son statut , est sous documenté et a limité des informations documentées sur son contexte historique , les services et plan d'avenir . En comparaison, le site Thimlich Ohinga a été jugée suffisamment d'études et a beaucoup d' informations documentées .
In: Møller , K & Ledin , C 2021 , Viral Hauntology : Specters of AIDS in Infrastructures of Gay Sexual Sociability . in B M Stavning Thomsen , J Kofoed & J Fritsch (eds) , Affects, Interfaces, Events . 1 edn , vol. 1 , 6 , pp. 147-162 . https://doi.org/10.22387/IMBAIE.06
In recent years, HIV treatment has become so effective that a patients' viral load can become so low that it is undetectable, which in turn reduces the risk of viral transmission to zero (Eisinger, Dieffenbach, & Fauci 2019). At the same time, for people who are HIV negative, the use of the medical regimen "pre-exposure prophylaxis," or "PrEP," reduces the risk of HIV infection by 92%-99% (Anderson et al. 2012). The PrEP regimen typically targets people at high risk of HIV infection and consists of taking HIV medicines either daily or through event-based dosing ("PrEP" 2019). These innovations are celebrated as key in the fight against AIDS, and rightfully so. They offer hope to affected populations, that they might engage with the AIDS epidemic in a way that is more commemorative than somatically threatening. Thus, modern HIV medication promises access to a gay subjectivity that expands notions of sustainability otherwise made unavailable by the AIDS crisis. This access potentially alleviates stigma and enables a reorientation of mostly gay male sociability and politics across and beyond the viral serostatuses of "HIV negative" and "HIV positive." Such medical innovation does not erase the trauma of the AIDS crisis. Such trauma continually impacts gay cultures today, in the minds and on the bodies of survivors, and more broadly by informing how gay communities imagine gay sexual sociability to be virtuous, sustainable, transgressive, dangerous, etc. Contemporary gay sexual sociability is informed by the socio-technical interventions of condom use, regular STI testing, and sexual serosorting, practices that were negotiated during and after the AIDS crisis in order to retain access to gay somatic pleasures. These practices of vitality are not individual endeavors but rather socially negotiated responses, put in place and governed through an ethic of collective, cultural sustainability (Rofes 1998). The biomedical potential of this medical regimen, in the same way antiretroviral therapy (ART) made HIV positivity a manageable chronic condition, should and does invite hope. But the fact remains that while attitudes seem to be changing, there is a persistence of wariness and negative responses to the emergence of sexual cultures informed by the affective affordances of PrEP. These affective orientations do not align with the phantasmagoric futures that PrEP makes available; rather, they seem to reinstall modes of relationality based on fear of HIV. It is this persistence or "temporal drag" (Freeman 2010, 95) that this chapter concerns itself with. To further understand the relationship between the lingering fear of HIV and new prevention methods, it is necessary to interrogate how the HIV crisis materialises for gay people and their communities. Additionally, it is crucial to understand how affective sedimentations impact contemporary material and structural innovations that sustain, support, and change gay sexual sociability beyond and after the time/s of the crisis. Drawing from queer theory (Freeman 2010) and HIV/AIDS sociology (Decoteau 2008; Gordon, 2008; Gill-Peterson, 2013; Petrus, 2019), we take hauntology (Derrida 2006) as a useful framework for a diachronic and synchronic analysis of how past and present materials and ideas affect and might affect those living "post crisis" (Race 2001; Kagan 2018), particularly when the effects of the AIDS crisis (for some) manifest as distant affective echoes. This chapter leans on Derrida's (2006) concept of "hauntology" to develop what we call a "viral hauntology" coterminous with the development of new HIV prevention methods. This affect-driven intervention closely examines how the affective economies of circulation, as described by Sara Ahmed (2004), are embedded in current material infrastructures of HIV prevention technologies. We argue that viral hauntology allows us to think deeply about how 'old' technologies and their social lives fold over and into new ones, and how the folding process 'drags' in order to imagine other, more inclusive, gay socio-sexual futures. In this chapter, we think about HIV/AIDS not only as a somatic condition affecting a body, but also as a socio-technical matter. With HIV/AIDS's production of virality, certain norms and ideas about what constitutes "good" sexuality have emerged (Kagan 2018), norms that are then enforced, contested or modulated through the production and use of material infrastructures of gay sociability. Such materialist thinking is inspired by Kane Race's (2018) mobilization of Actor-Network-Theory, in which he considers how HIV/AIDS work on gay life through complex flows of chemical, digital, and communal infrastructures. Extending this research into the field of affect theory, we analyze two case studies to demonstrate how these infrastructures change through viral hauntology. The two case studies are used to unpack how socio-technical responses to the HIV/AIDS crisis play a role in the cultural and interfacial responses to the availability of the PrEP regimen. In the first case study, we examine the 'PrEP whore' figuration. We look closely at the circulation of anti-PrEP and anti-promiscuity sentiments, and how the condom's materiality and historicity—as a 'preferred' safer-sex technology for men who have sex with men (MSM)—is intertwined in this particular discourse. In the second case study, we compare how the gay hookup apps Grindr and Scruff (two of the most influential digital platforms for contemporary gay sociability) frame discussions of safer-sex practices and HIV status. In the following section, we will detail a conceptual framework for thinking about what could be called the affective 'haunting' of these HIV-impacted infrastructures, and how certain feelings 'haunt' interpretations of the HIV virus, the minds of gay people, and central infrastructures of gay life.
In: The journal of modern African studies: a quarterly survey of politics, economics & related topics in contemporary Africa, Band 25, Heft 4, S. 613-642
Ausführliche Diskussion der von Leutnant Jerry Rawlings nach einem erfolgreichen Staatsstreich seit 1982 eingeleiteten Reformpolitik, nachdem dieser erkannt hatte, daß er einen praktisch bankrotten Staat übernommen hatte. Kurzer Rückblick auf die Kolonialzeit und die postkoloniale Politik vor seiner Machtübernahme. Maßnahmen der neuen Militärregierung (Provisional National Defence Council - P.N.D.C.) auf den Gebieten der Verwaltung, des Rechtswesens, der Wirtschaft, der internationalen Beziehungen. Beurteilung der Entwicklung. Größte Herausforderung der Zukunft wird sein, wie das Regime auf weitere Demokratisierungswünsche seiner politisch wachen Bevölkerung reagiert. (DÜI-Hlb)
Contents: Preface: Older Men Learning in the Community – European Snapshots; Chapter 1: Introduction - Marvin Formosa, António Fragoso, Sabina Jelenc Krašovec, and Tiina Tambaum; Chapter 2: Older Men as Learners in the Community: Theoretical Issues - Marvin Formosa, António Fragoso, and Sabina Jelenc Krašovec; Chapter 3: Passing on Skills and Knowledge as Part of Learning for Older Men: Readiness and Obstacles among Older Men in the Municipality of Tartu - Tiina Tambaum and Helina Kuusk; Chapter 4: Older Men Learning Through Religious and Political Membership: Case Studies from Malta - Roberta Chetcuti Galea and Rosette Farrugia-Bonello; Chapter 5: Learning in Informal Spaces in the Community: A Case Study from Southern Portugal - Rute Ricardo, Nélia Tavares, Aurora Coelho, Hugo Lopes, and António Fragoso; Chapter 6: Older Men Learning in Urban and Rural Municipalities in Slovenia - Sabina Jelenc Krašovec, Marko Radovan, Špela Močilnikar, and Sabina Šegula; Chapter 7: Discussion and Conclusion - António Fragoso and Marvin Formosa; About the authors; Index of Authors; Subject Index. ; Preface: Older Men Learning in the Community – European Snapshots I am truly delighted to be asked to contribute this preface to what I regard as a very important and timely European contribution to the broad field of research on older men's learning in community settings. As an oft-quoted source in the field, it has seriously concerned me that more colleagues were not working in the field internationally to provide the critically important refutation, qualification, or validation of what many older men were reporting, and that my research was turning up in Australia half a world away. As Australian community men's sheds have taken root in culturally similar fertile ground in Ireland and the UK, I have wondered if things will turn out to be similar or different in the possible application of the same principles in more diverse and different cultural contexts in mainland Europe. This research provides some of the answers to this and many other important questions about men learning later in life. This set of excellently edited and carefully researched case studies by highly regarded researchers from Estonia, Malta, Portugal, and Slovenia, which they have modestly called 'snapshots,' is in fact a very important advance. By absolute coincidence, in our 'Discussion and Conclusion' (Chapter 16) in Men Learning through Life (Golding, Mark, and Foley (2014, p. 252), we also remarked that our seven 'national chapters are at best a partial snapshot and are far from representative of men's learning worldwide'. This work significantly widens the lens, both culturally and theoretically. The great value in this European book, excellently theorised and written in English, lies in part in the diverse backgrounds and theoretical depth of the 13 researchers who contribute chapters from countries whose national languages are not English. I first met and was enthused by the passion and expertise of Sabina Krašovec (from Slovenia) and António Fragoso (from Portugal) and other researchers from nations whose first language is not English at the 2009 ESREA (European Society for Research on the Education of Adults 'Education and Learning of Older Adults' (ELOA)) network meeting in Munich, Germany. I remain humbled by their linguistic dexterity, something most people like me, born in Australia (with the exception of Aboriginal Australians), do not share. Doing field research, writing, and assembling this painstakingly carefully researched book in English across four widely separated European nations, languages, and cultures is a notable achievement. Having access to literature and older men's cultural insights in at least five main languages (Slovenian, Portuguese, Estonian, and Maltese/English) expands our collective, recent 'snapshots' of men's learning to a very diverse and fascinating three dimensional, coloured picture. Veronica McGivney, a pioneer in the field on men's learning in England from two decades ago, remarked (in the preface of our Men Learning through Life) that this relatively unexplored field of research was a theoretical minefield, mainly because it raises questions about existing gender biases, not only in adult education practice, but also in terms of what constitutes an acceptable set of theoretical perspectives to bring to this much neglected field. It is gratifying, in a world increasingly plagued by narrowing, increasingly instrumental, neoliberal views about the highly desirable, emancipatory ideal of lifelong and lifewide learning, to find researchers bold enough to collectively declare at the outset that 'the neglect of masculinities in older adult learning can never be overstated.' ELOA ambitiously aims on its website 'to bring together research activities in this field [of older learning] on a European scale and to establish a regular interchange of researchers who work on these topics. By continuous exchange via internet and periodical network meetings the European collaboration in this field of educational research should be strengthened and common research projects and publications should be initiated.' 5 This research and book ably meet this laudable aim. The range of European contexts in which learning is examined in this book's national chapters and case studies further broaden the scope and cultural reach of research in this relatively new, interdisciplinary field. The Estonian and Slovenian examination of sharing knowledge, skills, and learning by older rural men has important resonances with some of our Australian research. The examination of politics and religion as vehicles for older men's learning in Malta breaks new and important ground, as does the nuanced examination of informal learning by older men in informal spaces in southern Portugal. The strongly stated theoretical issues and the carefully nuanced findings neatly bookend the volume that I highly recommend to those researchers, policy makers, professional and practitioners worldwide who interact with older men. I hope others take up the challenge of extending this thinking, research, and action into Asia, Africa, and the Americas, as well as into the diverse, other cultural 'nooks and crannies' across Europe. Finally, I am delighted, not because this gives recognition to the researchers, though this is warmly welcomed, but because excellent research like this can and does make a positive difference in the way we think about and treat older men. Research, in turn, can make huge differences in people's lives, as demonstrated by the men's sheds movement. There is a case for expanding this European snapshot of learning by older men in this volume to other groups similarly disadvantaged in accessing learning: by history, life circumstances, gender, income, language, culture, religion, or disability. It is a sobering reminder that we have to be very careful as academics, professionals, and practitioners not to get trapped into the dominant and potentially patronising discourse of clients, customers, patients, or students, particularly from ageist and deficit models of service provision which deny people agency. Older men are people with much knowledge and wisdom to share. Even from a narrow, economic-rationalist perspective, it makes sense to help all people to keep learning and looking after themselves, their families, children, and grandchildren for as long as they can. Professor Barry Golding, 2 April 2014 Faculty of Education and Arts, Federation University Australia Ballarat, Australia www.barrygoanna.com b.golding@federation.edu.au ; N/A
PENGARUH DUKUNGAN ORGANISASI, BEBAN KERJA DAN KETERIKATAN KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA PERAWAT PADA RSJD SUNGAI BANGKONG KALIMANTAN BARAT Kurnia Utami ABSTRAK Ketertarikan penulis dalam melakukan penelitian ini ialah dikarenakan adanya masalah-masalah yang menarik di RSJD Sungai Bangkong Kalimantan Barat yang menjadi satu-satunya rumah sakit jiwa di pontianak, dimana masalah yang didapatkan mengatakan bahwa diduga kurangnya dukungan organisasi yang diterima, tingginya beban kerja serta kurangnya keterikatan kerja yang dialami oleh perawat sehingga hal ini dapat menurunkan kinerjanya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji pengaruh dukungan organisasi, beban kerja, dan keterikatan kerja terhadap kinerja. Subjek penelitian ini adalah Perawat PNS pada RSJD Sungai Bangkong Kalimantan Barat. Metode penelitian ini berjenis kuantitatif. Berdasarkan tingkat eksplanasi, penelitian ini merupakan penelitian asosiatif kausal. 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Authors' introductionContemporary religion is at its core an organizational phenomenon. Religious behaviour is channelled and religious communities are structured through congregations, denominations, religious nonprofits, seminaries, and other organizational forms. To understand religion, then, one must understand the organizational aspects of religion. This includes those aspects common to all organizations and those unique to religious organizations.Authors recommendNancy Tatom Ammerman, Congregation and Community (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997) and Nancy Tatom Ammerman, Pillars of Faith: American Congregations and Their Partners (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2005).No organization, religious or otherwise, is an island. Each is surrounded by a unique environment, and each is embedded in a network of social and organizational ties. These two works by Ammerman explore the ecologies and networks that shape the identity and behaviour of religious congregations.Ross P. Scherer, American Denominational Organization: A Sociological View (Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library, 1980).This edited volume serves as an introduction to the structure and operations of different religious organizational forms, including denominations, Catholic religious orders, theological schools, and 'parachurch' mission societies. It also has three chapters addressing issues of change and conflict in religious organizations.Mark Chaves, Ordaining Women: Culture and Conflict in Religious Organizations (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997).Why did some denominations adopt policies allowing the ordination of women earlier than others? What explains the lag between adoption of the policy and actual implementation? Chaves applies ideas in organizational studies and social movements to understand these issues.Roger Finke and Rodney Stark, The Churching of America, 1776–2005: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005).Finke and Stark explore the dynamics underlying historical patterns of denominational growth and decline in the United States. Drawing upon ideas in economics, organizational studies, and other related disciplines they argue that American religious history can be understood as marketplace in which religious groups and organizations compete for resources.N. J. Demerath III, Peter Dobkin Hall, Terry Schmitt, and Rhys H. Williams (eds.), Sacred Companies: Organizational Aspects of Religion and Religious Aspects of Organizations (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1998).An interdisciplinary collection of authors examines the intersection of research on religion, organizations, and social movements. Chapters include essays and empirical studies, mostly pertaining to religious organizations. They cover prominent organizational forms (denominations, congregations, and religious non‐profits) and incorporate theories drawn from organizational sociology, social movements, economics, and the sociology of religion.Online materials1. The Association of Religion Data Archives http://www.thearda.com/ The Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) contains over 400 freely downloadable data files focusing on religion in the United States and around the world. The site also features many interactive online tools, including QuickStats on religious beliefs and behaviors, denominational profiles and statistics, and maps of religious, social and demographic information. Instructors and students will be particularly interested in the ARDA's Learning Center, which features downloadable 'Learning Modules' and other classroom resources.2. The Pluralism Project http://www.pluralism.org/ The Pluralism Project at Harvard University aims to 'help Americans engage with the realities of religious diversity through research, outreach, and the active dissemination of resources'. The website contains a variety of tools for students and instructors, including online slideshows of religious communities around the United States. Check out the site's Teacher Resources page for syllabi, maps, weblinks, and many other valuable resources.3. Hartford Institute for Religion Research http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ The Hartford Institute's website is a virtual clearing house of information on religion research. It has content devoted to congregations, theology, denominations, religious leadership, and the sociology of religion as a field. Under these areas, you can find helpful summaries, bibliographies, and links. A special section on megachurches is especially popular.4. Faith Communities Today http://fact.hartsem.edu/ This is the homepage for a major collection of data on religious congregations. The Faith Communities Today (FACT) survey was first conducted in 2000 and has been repeated in 2005 and 2008. You can access summaries of findings and other resources related to the study on this site.5. The U.S. Congregational Life Survey http://www.uscongregations.org/ Another valuable source of information on congregations comes from the U.S. Congregational Life Survey (USCLS), administered in 2001 and again in 2008. The USCLS is a nationally representative study of congregations and their worshippers. A novel feature of the USCLS is that it gathered information from both a leader and participants in each congregation. The website gives an overview of the survey, reports on key findings, and links to publications.6. Religion & Ethics Newsweekly http://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/ This is the website of a long‐running PBS series focusing on contemporary religion in the United States and abroad. Episodes are available online and often have relevance to the study of religious organizations. In addition, teachers can find other resources in the 'For Educators' section.Focus questions
How are religious organizations unique from other types of organizations, if at all? What are common forms of religious organizations? What research methods do sociologists use to study religious organizations? What are the major forces that influence the success or failure of a religious organization?
Sample syllabus DESCRIPTION A sociological approach to religion emphasizes the collective, social nature of religion. Consequently, religious organizations are an important area of investigation for sociologists. The quantity and quality of research in this area have improved dramatically in recent decades. This course is an introduction to this burgeoning area of research. It explores organizational aspects of religion, including organizational forms, common methodologies, and prominent theories. OBJECTIVES At the completion of this course, students should be able to:
Describe common forms of religious organizations. Identify methodological strategies for studying religious organizations. Explain the relevance of prominent organizational theories to religious organizations.
SCHEDULE 1. Defining Religious Organizations Ross P. Scherer, American Denominational Organization: A Sociological View (Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library, 1980).Thomas H. Jeavons, 'Identifying Characteristics of "Religious" Organizations: An Exploratory Proposal.' 79–95 in Sacred Companies: Organizational Aspects of Religion and Religious Aspects of Organizations, eds. N.J. Demerath III, Peter Dobkin Hall, Terry Schmitt, and Rhys H. Williams (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1998).Margaret Harris, 'Religious Congregations as Nonprofit Organizations: Four English Case Studies.' 307–320 in Sacred Companies: Organizational Aspects of Religion and Religious Aspects of Organizations, eds. N.J. Demerath III, Peter Dobkin Hall, Terry Schmitt, and Rhys H. Williams (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1998).Mark Chaves, 'Religious Organizations: Data Resources and Research Opportunities', American Behavioral Scientist 45 (2002): 1523–1549. 2. Religious Economies Theory Laurence R. Iannaccone, 'Why Strict Churches are Strong', American Journal of Sociology 99 (1988): 1180–1211. (Reprinted in Demerath et al.'s Sacred Companies, pp. 269–291.)R. Stephen Warner, 'Work in Progress toward a New Paradigm for the Sociological Study of Religion in the United States', American Journal of Sociology 98 (1993): 1044–1093.Rodney Stark and Roger Finke, 'A Theoretical Model of Religious Economies.' 193–217 in Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000).Roger Finke and Rodney Stark, The Churching of America, 1776–2005: Winners and Loses in Our Religious Economy (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005). 3. New Institutionalism Theory John W. Meyer and Brian Rowan, 'Institutional Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony', American Journal of Sociology 83 (1977): 340–363.Paul DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, 'The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and the Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields', American Sociological Review 48 (1983): 147–160.Philip Selznick, 'Institutionalism "Old" and "New'' ', Administrative Science Quarterly 41 (1996): 270–277.Mark Chaves, Ordaining Women: Culture and Conflict in Religious Organizations (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997). 4. Organizational Ecology Theory Michael T. Hannan and John Freeman, 'The Population Ecology of Organizations', American Journal of Sociology 83 (1977): 929–984.J. Miller McPherson, 'An Ecology of Affiliation', American Sociological Review 48 (1983): 519–532.Pamela A. Popielarz and J. Miller McPherson, 'On the Edge or In Between: Niche Position, Niche Overlap, and the Duration of Voluntary Association Memberships', American Journal of Sociology 101 (1995): 698–721.Nancy Tatom Ammerman, Congregation and Community (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997). 5. Resource Dependence Theory Richard Emerson, 'Power‐Dependence Relations', American Sociological Review 27 (1962): 31–41.Howard E. Aldrich and Jeffrey Pfeffer, 'Environments of Organizations', Annual Review of Sociology 2 (1976): 79–105.John P. Kotter, 'Managing External Dependence', The Academy of Management Review 4 (1979): 87–92.Roger Finke and Christopher P. Scheitle, 'Understanding Schisms: Theoretical Explanations for their Origins', 11–33 in Sacred Schisms: How Religions Divide, eds. James R. Lewis and Sarah M. Lewis (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2009).Seminar/project ideaAn Organizational Study of a CongregationMany religious studies courses have students visit a local congregation with the intent of learning about the theology or culture of a group. Such observational learning is valuable for students and likewise can be directed toward the organizational aspects of a congregation. Groups of students (either self‐selected or assembled by the professor) will study a local congregation for the semester. The study has two parts:
Congregational profile. Each group must describe the purpose, participants, and performance of their congregation. Purpose, participants, and performance represent core features of all organizations. In congregations, purpose/goals/mission often is shaped by denominational heritage. What is the purpose or mission of the congregation? Is it widely understood and agreed upon? Participants include leaders and laity. Who are they? Where did they come from? Why are they there? What do they do for the congregation? Performance involves what the congregation does and the outcome of such activity. What happens at worship services? What other programs does the congregation operate? And, most notably, is the congregation growing or declining? Theoretical evaluation of current performance. Growth and decline in religious organizations are important outcomes for investigation. The final step of the group project is for students to apply one of the theories discussed in class to explain the growth or decline experienced in the congregation.
Answering these questions will require intensive investigative work. Group members should plan to attend the congregation's services and meetings, review relevant on‐line or print media from the congregation, and interview members and leaders.The semester‐long project will culminate with an oral presentation made in class and a written report submitted to the professor.(Final note to faculty: If possible, allow a day or two after all presentations have been made to discuss what groups' research overall says about the religious ecology of the local community. What types of religious groups are most prevalent in the area (Evangelical Protestant, Mainline Protestant, Catholic, Jewish, Mormon, other)? Which are growing? Which are declining? How does this compare to national trends? And, of course, return to the question of why.)Note * Correspondence address: Pennsylvania State University. Email: cps153@psu.edu and Kevin_Dougherty@baylor.edu.
In: Siim , B & Fiig , C 2007 ' Democratisation of Denmark - the Inclusion of Women in Political Citizenship ' Department of History, International and Social Studies, Aalborg University , Aalborg . https://doi.org/10.5278/freia.13901239
Introduction By obtaining the right to parliamentary enfranchisement in 1915, women in Denmark strengthened their political citizenship. On Constitution Day, June 5 th 1915, the Danish suffragettes dressed in white, marched through the streets of Copenhagen to the royal palaces and to the King to mark the occasion of the parliamentary vote. The march completed the struggle for the enfranchisement, which women obtained some 66 years after the 1849 Danish Constitution, the latter granting the vote to men with their own household who had not received public poor people's relief or could not dispose of their own estate. It did not include "women, poor people, criminals and fools" and as a result only about a quarter of the male population was enabled to vote. The parliamentary vote symbolized women's new societal status and initiated a range of structural changes to gender relations throughout the 20 th century. Women's suffrage formed a central part of the struggle for democracy between the different strata of society: between the Right and the Left and between the urban and rural political forces. The struggle went on in several arenas: in the Parliamentary debates, where the male parliamentarians debated women's political citizenship (Bach 2003), in the suffragette organisations among the female members (Dahlerup 1977; Hansen 1992; Højgaard 1977) and throughout the country where local citizens - especially women - organised in networks contributing to political empowerment and social capital (Rambusch 1990). It was never a mass movement and never as militant as it was the case in Great Britain (Dahlerup 1978). From a historical and comparative perspective it is important to differentiate between suffrage for the parliament and for the local municipality and between different types of rights: civil, political and social rights (Marshall 1950). In a gender perspective, the Danish debate on suffrage has changed across the 20 th century. Around 1900, the debate focused on questions related to gender and class as it dealt with an extension of citizenship to women and the poor. Today, the debate deals with the intersection of gender and ethnicity. The Danish political culture and political system gradually came to include the farmers' and worker's movements. After a severe constitutional fight between the Conservatives and the democratic forces from the Liberal Left and the Social Democratic Party, the political institutions opened up for demands from the farmers' and working class movements. The struggle for women's vote was based upon a democratic alliance and it was part of the general political transformation after the take over of government by the Liberal Left in 1901. Compared to Western democratic countries like France and Britain there was a relatively short period between women and men's general and equal right to vote. Nordic women obtained relatively early political rights compared to other western European countries with strong republican traditions like France, and the process was relatively non-dramatic compared to the English Suffragettes fight for the vote (Siim 2000). The purpose of this chapter is to analyse the history of female suffrage in Denmark by examining some of the main actors and organisations from a historical as well as from a comparative Nordic perspective.
This book investigates the penal culture in France and Germany - how it is shaped in politics, media, and public opinion. Although compared with the US or the UK, France and Germany seem to place a strong emphasis on the ideal of rehabilitation that would block excessive punishment and other outcomes of punitive developments in society, there is a steady increase in punitiveness over time for which the term strained restraint is proposed. The book shows that the idea of penal moderation is deeply rooted in public opinion, politics, and the media and that it is renegotiated every day in a dynamic interplay between these spheres. Punishment and society research has traditionally focused on the US and the UK. In comparative research, both are considered extreme in punitive developments with high rates of imprisonment and large groups of the population under penal control. The other extreme in comparative research would be Scandinavia with the famous Nordic Exceptionalism marked by low prison population rates. Germany and France are often considered to be the same when compared with each other, and the other with reference to both of these extremes. However, this book shows that France and Germany are far from being the same when it comes to state organization (centralistic vs. federal), criminal justice and the criminal law, political traditions, and the media. Also, research from both countries has looked at whether developments such as the punitive turn have occurred in Germany and France. Research focused on the domestic situation concludes that punitiveness is on the rise, and that both countries are indeed experiencing their own punitive turn. How do we reconcile these contradictory findings? Why do these two seem to follow the path of penal moderation in the overall outcome of punishment in society when we look at comparative research? And how is it that from a domestic perspective, punitive attitudes and desires are leading to more punitiveness? By focusing on the meso level, with a comparative perspective on the two countries and a dynamic analytical approach, this book reconciles the fluidity of individual attitudes and opinions with the relative stability of societal discourse. The authors posit that penal moderation comes at a price: overall and in an internationally comparative perspective, there is penal moderation, but a closer look at the domestic situation and development reveals that it is nonetheless challenged by a slowly rising tide of punitiveness. Going beyond the main tenets of punishment and society research with a dynamic analysis of two large societies in Europe, this book is ideal reading for scholars and students of penology, criminal justice, and European studies.
