Autorzy zadają pytania o formy i rodzaje działalności publicznej Kurdów w Polsce w ciągu ostatniego półwiecza, o wpływ transformacji ustrojowej na tą działalność, a także o różnice i podobieństwa między działalnością diaspory kurdyjskiej w Polsce i w krajach zachodnich. Posługując się analizą dokumentów i literatury naukowej oraz obserwacją działalności opisywanych przez siebie organizacji, autorzy zwracają uwagę na różnice demograficzne między diasporą polską a diasporami zachodnimi, postępujące integrowanie się działalności publicznej Kurdów w Polsce z polskim życiem publicznym oraz na problem braku umiejętności wykorzystania kapitału społecznego członków diaspory do osiągania wspólnych, długofalowych celów. ; The authors raise questions about the forms and types of public activity of Kurds in Poland during the last half-century, the impact of the political transformation on this activity, and the similarities and differences between the activities of Kurdish minorities in Poland and in Western countries. On the basis of an analysis of documents and academic studies, as well as examining the organizations described, the authors point to the demographic differences between Kurdish minorities in Poland and in the West, the advancing integration of Kurdish public activity with Polish public life and, finally, the inability to use the social capital of members of this minority for achieving common, long-term goals.
Abstract. The Institute for Scientifi c-Analytical Study of Eastern Europe in Wilno existed from 1930 to 1939. An important part of its activities consisted of publications. The Institute published two periodicals; the "Year Book of the Institute for Scientifi c-Analytical Study of Eastern Europe in Wilno" and the "Balticoslavica" publication, along with various books. A wide variety of important works concerning various aspects of life in the Soviet Union appeared on the pages of these publications. Contemporary Polish Sovietologists hold in great regard the works of Institute scholars Stanislaw Swianiewicz, Boleslaw Cyrulinski and Witold Staniewicz, among others, on economic questions, as well as the studies of Wiktor Sukiennicki and Grzegorz Wirszubski on the legal and government systems of the USSR. In its fi nal years the Institute began to focus more attention on Soviet education and culture. During World War II the Institute was closed, and its research work suspended. However, in a relative short period of time, the scholars associated with the Institute managed to make a signifi cant contribution to the discovery of the political, economic and cultural life of the Soviet Union and neighboring countries.
Abstract. The Institute for Scientifi c-Analytical Study of Eastern Europe in Wilno existed from 1930 to 1939. An important part of its activities consisted of publications. The Institute published two periodicals; the "Year Book of the Institute for Scientifi c-Analytical Study of Eastern Europe in Wilno" and the "Balticoslavica" publication, along with various books. A wide variety of important works concerning various aspects of life in the Soviet Union appeared on the pages of these publications. Contemporary Polish Sovietologists hold in great regard the works of Institute scholars Stanislaw Swianiewicz, Boleslaw Cyrulinski and Witold Staniewicz, among others, on economic questions, as well as the studies of Wiktor Sukiennicki and Grzegorz Wirszubski on the legal and government systems of the USSR. In its fi nal years the Institute began to focus more attention on Soviet education and culture. During World War II the Institute was closed, and its research work suspended. However, in a relative short period of time, the scholars associated with the Institute managed to make a signifi cant contribution to the discovery of the political, economic and cultural life of the Soviet Union and neighboring countries.
In March 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, local elections were held in Bavaria: the first round of voting took place on 15.03.2020 (traditional and postal voting) followed by the run-off ballot on 29.03.2020 (postal voting alone). The political decision to rely solely on postal voting in the second ballot was made unanimously by all the political fractions represented in the Bavarian parliament in the sense of responsibility for public health. The run-off ballot was held in constituencies where voting in the first round did not yield a winner. There were 34 such constituencies out of a total of 96. In this way, a research sample was created embracing the above-mentioned 34 constituencies, randomly and evenly dispersed throughout the entire Bundesland, and a control sample comprising the remaining constituencies. The purpose of this paper is to test the hypothesis according to which the postal voting held in Bavaria in March 2020, amidst the pandemic, led to an increase in the number of COVID-19 cases. The results of this study may be relevant for the discussion that in April and May of 2020 was going on in Poland - and never eventually settled - where public health concerns were raised. The Bavarian example was invoked by both supporters and opponents of postal voting as the sole form of voting in the Polish presidential elections originally scheduled for May of 2020. The Bavarian precedent was instrumentalized as an argument made - respectively in favor or against - sticking to the originally adopted electoral timeline.
Evolution of European political sytems in Zygmunt Cybichowski's works (1879-1946)The article presents briefly constitutional reflection of Zygmunt Cybichowski (1879-1946), a world-famous expert in law who became a radical Polish nationalist in 1930s and unsuccessfully tried to collaborate with the Third Reich during WW II. His thought concentrated particularly on two types of democratic system: liberał democracy and so-called 'nationalist democracy'.As a scholar, Cybichowski was following the 'national method' in law studies. According to his method, every legał system, including constitution, rose from a specific, particular culture of its own nation. The same rule or institution could have different meaning in various cultures of law - there were no two similar constitutions among the nations of the world. Understanding legał and political system of any country depended entirely on profound knowledge of local history and traditions.Cybichowski was considered that during interwar period political systems of all European countries underwenta process of totalizing - a rapid expansion of government power and functions. This phenomenon was the most advanced in 'national democracies': fascist Italy and the Third Reich. Cybichowski maintained thatthese two states were truły democratic (but not liberał) because, in his opinion, democracy existed in every political system in which authorities were accepted by their peo- ple and followed the people's will. For Cybichowski democracy and dictatorship were not contradictory to each other - a dictatorial government could have democratic base. According to him, pre-war Poland had an intermediate regime which contained elements of the both types of democracy. This regime formally retained liberał institutions, but in political practice it started to create institutions typical for 'nationalist democracy' such as 'national political organization' and a 'national chieftain'.
Evolution of European political sytems in Zygmunt Cybichowski's works (1879-1946)The article presents briefly constitutional reflection of Zygmunt Cybichowski (1879-1946), a world-famous expert in law who became a radical Polish nationalist in 1930s and unsuccessfully tried to collaborate with the Third Reich during WW II. His thought concentrated particularly on two types of democratic system: liberał democracy and so-called 'nationalist democracy'.As a scholar, Cybichowski was following the 'national method' in law studies. According to his method, every legał system, including constitution, rose from a specific, particular culture of its own nation. The same rule or institution could have different meaning in various cultures of law - there were no two similar constitutions among the nations of the world. Understanding legał and political system of any country depended entirely on profound knowledge of local history and traditions.Cybichowski was considered that during interwar period political systems of all European countries underwenta process of totalizing - a rapid expansion of government power and functions. This phenomenon was the most advanced in 'national democracies': fascist Italy and the Third Reich. Cybichowski maintained thatthese two states were truły democratic (but not liberał) because, in his opinion, democracy existed in every political system in which authorities were accepted by their peo- ple and followed the people's will. For Cybichowski democracy and dictatorship were not contradictory to each other - a dictatorial government could have democratic base. According to him, pre-war Poland had an intermediate regime which contained elements of the both types of democracy. This regime formally retained liberał institutions, but in political practice it started to create institutions typical for 'nationalist democracy' such as 'national political organization' and a 'national chieftain'.
The author claims that the development of the discipline of policy analysis and the professionalization of state activities in policymaking (from public education, public administration or political activities) takes the high quality policy studies. The policy analysis craft has plays many public role. Generally, its main task is to achieve the maximum of rational judgments relating to the key components in policymaking. It helps to diagnose the policy problems which affect the society and must be resolved, including capturing their dynamics before the damages are done. It supports as well the agenda setting which is to reflect the hierarchy of public problems. It helps to crystallize the evidence base which are to prove the effectiveness of policy intervention which has been planned. The author describes the historical circumstances in Poland shaping the cultural bias in policy analysis. He points to some public life practices which limit the inclination for analyzing policies or affect their quality. At the same time he emphasizes the significance of the professional policy analysis to make sure the decision making process is effective. It enables to detect many sorts of risks hidden on the stage of policy formulation and policy implementation. The public administration, political class, and many analytical institutions like think tanks have troubles in policy analysis. ; Autor dowodzi, że rozwój dyscypliny wiedzy o polityce publicznej wymaga silnie rozwiniętej kultury analizy w państwie i społeczeństwie. Stawia tezę mówiącą o istnieniu wielu trudności w kształtowaniu wysokiej kultury analizy w Polsce. Wskazuje na uwarunkowania kulturowe i niektóre praktyki w życiu zbiorowym, które ograniczają skłonność do analizy. Problemy z jakością kultury analizy widoczne są w administracji publicznej i klasie politycznej, a także we wciąż niedorozwiniętej sieci instytucji analitycznych typu think tanki. Jednocześnie autor podkreśla znaczenie profesjonalnej i nowoczesnej analizy dla uzyskania wysokiej jakości procesu decyzyjnego w państwie. Umożliwia ona ograniczenie wielu rodzajów ryzyka, które kryją się w procesie formułowania i wdrażania polityki publicznej, głębsze diagnozowanie problemów, jakie społeczeństwo chce i musi rozwiązywać. Ma za zadanie uchwycenie ich dynamiki, nim zacznie ona mieć niszczące skutki. Proces analizy wspiera również zadanie tworzenia właściwej agendy problemów, czyli takiej, która odzwierciedla hierarchię ważności problemów. Analiza może pomóc również udowodnić trafność zaplanowanej interwencji publicznej.
Badając, jak wzajemne postrzeganie Europy Środkowej i Rosji zmieniało się na tle złożonych relacji między Wschodem a Zachodem, artykuł czerpie z elementów teorii komunikacji i studiów międzykulturowych (C. Gullién, H. Dyserinck, D. H. Pageaux, D. Ďurišin, etc.) znanych jako imagologia. Jako obszar geograficzny kulturowych przecięć, gdzie weszły ze sobą w kontakt niesłowiański Zachód i słowiański Wschód, Europa Środkowa zawsze wyróżniała sięzmienną pozycją przejściowych centrów i peryferii ze specyficzną mieszanką grup etnicznych, kultur, religii i ideologii. Fakt, że leży ona pomiędzy dwoma tak potężnymi narodami, jak Niemcy i Rosja, wywarł fundamentalny wpływ nie tylko na polityczną, ale i estetyczną komunikację pomiędzy narodami słowiańskimi i Zachodem, który często ujmowany był za pomocą mitów, tzn. fikcjonalnych i subiektywnych obrazów służących do interpretowania rzeczywistości. Wzajemne schodzenie się i rozchodzenie Rosji i Zachodu wynikało z różnic religijnych i "rozdarcia" narodów słowiańskich (przede wszystkim Słowian zachodnich), którzy oprócz trzymania się zachodniej religii i reguł politycznych, pielęgnowali niechęć w stosunku do plemiennej wspólnoty z Rosją. Najsilniejsze więzy z Rosją demonstrowały więc małe narody słowiańskie, żyjące w imperium habsburskim, podczas gdy rosyjskie interesy w Europie skierowane były raczej na Niemcy, Francję lub Anglię, a obszar środkowoeuropejski uznano za strefęprzejściową, traktowaną przez carską Rosję lub Związek Radziecki jako siłę polityczną do prowadzenia własnej polityki względem Zachodu. W przeciwieństwie do tego stanowiska, narody środkowoeuropejskie, nie wyłączając z nich Czechów, nawiązywały relacje z Rosją jako inspirującym liderem i symbolem słowiańskiej niezależności, szczególnie w czasach kłopotów, zagrożenia narodowego i politycznej niestabilności. Ich oczekiwania opierały się na powszechnym przekonaniu, że "nieeuropejska" Rosja i jej inność zdemokratyzuje się poprzez podążanie drogąlokalnej tradycji i popieranie czeskich interesów w geopolitycznej konfrontacji z niesłowiańskim Zachodem. Jak się wydaje, relacja pomiędzy Europą Środkową i Rosją pozostanie centrum permanentnej refleksji metakrytycznej nawet na początku XXI wieku i pozostaje mieć nadzieję, że będzie to model harmonijnej współegzystencji, wzajemnego zrozumienia i szacunku. ; While examining mutual perception of Central Europe and Russia as it has changed against the background of the complex East-West relation, the paper employs the motives of the theory of communication and intercultural studies (C. Guillén, H. Dyserinck, D. H. Pageaux, D. Ďurišin, etc.) known as imagology. As a cultural crossroads and geographicalarea where the non-Slavonic West and the Slavonic East come into contact, Central Europe has always featured a changeable position of transitional centres and peripheries with the specific mingling of ethnics, cultures, religions and ideologies. The fact that it is situated between two powerful nations, such as Germany and Russia, has fundamentally influenced not only political but also aesthetical communication between the Slavonic peoples and the West, which has often been maintained through myths, i.e. fictional and subjective images to interpret the reality. The mutual converging or diverging of Russia and the West has resulted from the religious oscillation and "splitting" of Slavonic peoples (namely the West Slavs) who, despite adhering to Western religion and policies, have fostered awareness of tribal affinity with Russia. The strongest ties with Russia were thus maintained by small Slavonic nations living in the Hapsburg Empire, whereas the Russian interest in Europe was rather aimed at Germany, France or England, andCentral European area was deemed to be a zone of transition employed by Tsarist Russia or the Soviet Union as political powers to pursue their goals in the West. In contrast to it, Central European nations, the Czechs not excluding, forged ties with Russia as the inspiring leader and symbol of Slavonic independence, the more so in times of troubles, national danger and political instability. Their expectations were based on the common belief that "non-European" Russia and its otherness would become democratised through following the local tradition and supporting Czech interests in the geopolitical confrontation with the non-Slavonic West. As it seems, the relation between Central Europe and Russia will remain the focus of permanent metacritical discourse even in the early 21st century and one can only cherish hope that it will be a model of harmonious coexistence, mutual understanding and respect.
This article is the voice of Etnolingwityka's editor-in-chief on the current tasks of ethnolinguistics as a scholarly subdiscipline, as well as of the journal. According to the author, of the two foundations of Slavic ethnolinguistics mentioned by Nikita Tolstoy (i.e., its pan-Slavic character and the unity of language and culture) it is mainly the latter that has preserved its topicality: language is the source of knowledge about people and human communities, as well as the basis for building one's identity (individual, national, regional, professional). The agenda of cultural linguistics has been followed by the contributors to the present journal and its editorial team with a focus on various genres of folkore, the problems of the linguistic worldview, and in recent issues with studies on the semantics of selected cultural concepts (family, democracy, equality, otvetstvennost', etc.). Ethnolinguistic research of this sort, seeking "culture in language" (i.e. in the semantic layer of linguistic forms), render ethnolinguistics (especially in its cognitive variant) close to Western cultural or anthropological linguistics. When Slavic ethnolinguistics, being treated as a cultural linguistics, focuses on the semantics of value terms, it stands a good chance of engaging in a dialogue with Western anthropological linguistics and contributing original insights to the common body of research on values. A specific proposal in this direction is the international project EUROJOS. ; O aktualnych zadaniach etnolingwistyki jako subdyscypliny badawczej i rocznika o tej nazwie ("Etnolingwistyka" 1988–2015) wypowiada się redaktor naczelny pisma. Uważa, że z dwóch zasad, które u podstaw etnolingwistyki słowiańskiej stawiał Nikita Tołstoj – wymiar ogólnosłowiański i jedność języka i kultury – aktualność zachowała głównie ta druga zasada, tj. traktowanie języka jako źródła wiedzy o człowieku i społeczności i podstawy budowania własnej tożsamości (indywidualnej, narodowej, regionalnej, zawodowej). Program lingwistyki kulturowej był realizowany przez redakcję rocznika i autorów piszących na jego łamach w latach 1988–2015 z nastawieniem na różne gatunki folkloru, na problemy językowego obrazu świata, w ostatnich numerach pisma – na studia szczegółowe dotyczące semantyki wybranych konceptów kulturowych (rodzina, demokracja, równość, otvetstvennost' itp.). Tak uprawiane badania etnoligwistyczne – szukające "kultury w języku", w semantycznej warstwie form językowych – zbliżają etnolingwistykę (zwłaszcza w jej wariancie kognitywnym) do zachodniej lingwistyki kulturowej. Etnolingwistyka słowiańska traktowana jako lingwistyka kulturowa, obierając za wyróżniony przedmiot swoich zainteresowań semantykę nazw wartości, ma szanse wejść w partnerski dialog z zachodnią lingwistyką antropologiczną i wnieść do wspólnych badań nad wartościami swój oryginalny wkład. Propozycją ram dla takiego dialogu jest międzynarodowe konwersatorium etnolingwistyczne EUROJOS.
Owing to the Internet the concept of a 'free marketplace of ideas' is thriving. Although even today it is difficult to decide unanimously whether the Miltonian principle of the self-righting process is a theory reflected in real life, or rather a 'rhetoric myth', it is beyond any doubt that the conviction that under the conditions of free exchange of information and opinion truth is able to triumph over falsehood still intrigues people, who feel compelled to verify this conviction over and over again. How much the ideas referred to at the beginning of this text, namely the free marketplace of ideas and self-righting process, have taken possession of the imagination of a contemporary information recipient is demonstrated by the fact that they are echoed both in the academic studies devoted to the issue of freedom of speech and in introductory, journalistic or educational publications. It seems that in the future it will be the Internet that remains one of the main instruments to verify the rightness of the self-righting process. One should not doubt that it will be a never-ending process, as predicted by Milton. One can assume though that the concept of a 'free marketplace of ideas' will continue to exert a significant impact on the development of international standards of free speech both in Western culture and elsewhere. ; Owing to the Internet the concept of a 'free marketplace of ideas' is thriving. Although even today it is difficult to decide unanimously whether the Miltonian principle of the self-righting process is a theory reflected in real life, or rather a 'rhetoric myth', it is beyond any doubt that the conviction that under the conditions of free exchange of information and opinion truth is able to triumph over falsehood still intrigues people, who feel compelled to verify this conviction over and over again. How much the ideas referred to at the beginning of this text, namely the free marketplace of ideas and self-righting process, have taken possession of the imagination of a contemporary information recipient is demonstrated by the fact that they are echoed both in the academic studies devoted to the issue of freedom of speech and in introductory, journalistic or educational publications. It seems that in the future it will be the Internet that remains one of the main instruments to verify the rightness of the self-righting process. One should not doubt that it will be a never-ending process, as predicted by Milton. One can assume though that the concept of a 'free marketplace of ideas' will continue to exert a significant impact on the development of international standards of free speech both in Western culture and elsewhere.
Monografia jest rezultatem wysiłku intelektualnego, którego podjęli się wspólnie naukowcy z Mołdawii, Niemiec, Polski, Rumunii, Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki i Ukrainy podczas Międzynarodowej Konferencji Naukowej "Wspólne dziedzictwo kulturowe i językowe" w Jastrowiu w czerwcu 2019 roku. Na publikację składają się poszerzone wersje wypowiedzi zaprezentowanych podczas tego spotkania. Tom, który oddajemy do rąk Czytelnika, pomyślany jest jako zbiór zróżnicowanych spojrzeń na problematykę dziedzictwa. Języki i kultury Bukowiny stały się inspiracją dla analiz wychodzących poza tematykę tego regionu. Autorzy tekstów reprezentują różne perspektywy i dyscypliny naukowe: językoznawstwo, kulturoznawstwo, literaturoznawstwo, historię, politologię, socjologię, etnologię i historię sztuki. Do tomu zaproszono doświadczonych naukowców i młodych badaczy zajmujących się bogactwem językowym i kulturowym historycznej Bukowiny, obszaru karpackiego oraz Europy Środkowej. Książka składa się z trzech części. Część pierwsza obejmuje teksty poświęcone językowi rozumianemu jako dziedzictwo kulturowe. Część druga poświęcona jest pamięci dziedzictwa. Kolejna część prezentuje dziedzictwo kulturowe w działaniach społecznych i aktywności twórczej. ; This collective monograph comes as a result of intellectual work undertaken jointly by the American, German, Moldovan, Polish, Romanian and Ukrainian scholars who participated in the international conference entitled "Bukowina: Wspólne dziedzictwo kulturowe i językowe" (Bukovina: Common Cultural and Linguistic Heritage), held in Jastrowie, Poland, in June 2019. The present volume, which contains extended versions of their papers, is conceived as a collection providing different perspectives on the issue of cultural heritage. The cultures and languages of Bukovina have also inspired contributions which go beyond the issues of the region but are related to it in the geographical or cultural sense. The invited authors represent various perspectives and fields of study: linguistics, cultural studies, literary studies, history, political studies, sociology, ethnology and art history. The list of contributors includes experienced scholars and young promising researchers studying the cultural and linguistic richness of the historical Bukovina, the Carpathian region and Central Europe. The volume consists of three parts. The first one includes contributions on language as cultural heritage. The second part is devoted to the memory of heritage. Part three presents cultural heritage in social and creative activity. ; Publikacja przygotowana w ramach zadania: "Międzynarodowa konferencja naukowa Wspólne dziedzictwo kulturowe i językowe" – zadanie finansowane w ramach umowy 570/P-DUN/2019 ze środków Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę. ; The work has been prepared in fulfilment of the task "Common Cultural and Linguistic Heritage – an international conference", financed under contract no. 570/P-DUN/2019 from the funds of the Minister of Science and Higher Education allocated for the dissemination of science.
This article presents the results of an experimental research carried out in Poland on selected aspects of social capital. These aspects were trust and trustworthiness. Our research was conducted on a total of 1540 students at universities in 16 Polish cities, capitals of 16 administrative regions, and was based on a commonly used experimental game termed the 'Trust Game'. These results were compared with the results of studies performed in many other countries all over the world. It has been found that with regard to the proportion of money returned by Player B (a measure of trustworthiness), Poles (and more generally, those from Central and Eastern Europe) do not significantly differ from other countries belonging to Western culture (Oceania, Western Europe, North America). Based on the proportion of the money transferred by Player A (a measure of generalised trust), there is only a weak indication that Poles are less trusting than other Europeans. ; Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań eksperymentalnych nad wybranymi aspektami kapitału społecznego w Polsce na tle innych państw. Analizowane są w nim aspekty: zaufania i wiarygodności. W artykule porównano wyniki badań opartych na typowej grę eksperymentalną (grę "zaufanie"), w tym polskie badania autorów przeprowadzone na grupie 1540 studentów w 16 miastach – stolicach regionów Polski. Wyniki badań wskazują, że względem proporcji pieniędzy oddanych przez gracza B (miara wiarygodności), Polacy (oraz ogólnie mieszkańcy Europy Centralnej/Wschodniej) nie różnią od osób z kultury zachodniej (Oceania, Europa Zachodnia, Ameryka Północna). Biorąc pod uwagę proporcję pieniędzy przekazanych przez gracza A (miara zaufania), istnieją słabe tylko dowody, że Polacy przekazują mniejszą część (czyli są mniej ufni) niż pozostali Europejczycy.
The article studies cross-border cooperation of local self-governments as an instrument of local public policies. The article is based on an analysis of all identified cases of real cooperation projects of communes and poviats of Małopolska, Podkarpacie and the eastern part of Silesia from the period of 2004-2015. The research suggests that an intensive cross-border cooperation correlates with a strategic approach to international cooperation on the part of communes and those local governments that are able to use international projects to achieve their policy goals have more projects, versatile partners, and different areas of cooperation. Other local governments perceive international cooperation as beneficial but marginal to their core activities which presses them to focus on projects from the area of culture and to choose geographically close partners. Human and institutional resources seem to be crucial for the cross-border cooperation and, as a consequence, urban local governments are much more eager to cooperate than rural communes. ; Artykuł jest próbą spojrzenia na współpracę międzynarodową samorządów lokalnych jako na narzędzie realizacji lokalnych polityk publicznych. Analiza wszystkich zidentyfikowanych przypadków realnej współpracy gmin i powiatów Małopolski, Podkarpacia i wschodnich powiatów Śląska z okresu 2004-2015 dowodzi, że intensywną współpracę transgraniczną prowadzą te gminy, które potrafią używać projektów międzynarodowych strategicznie, jako narzędzia osiągania celów politycznych. Poza tą grupą samorządów postrzeganie współpracy międzynarodowej jako aktywności przynoszącej korzyści, ale całkowicie marginalnej w stosunku do codziennej pracy gmin i powiatów popycha w kierunku skupienia się na współpracy w dziedzinie kultury. Ograniczone zasoby własne samorządów powodują, że podstawowym kryterium atrakcyjności partnera jest bliskość geograficzna. Kluczowe znaczenie w prowadzeniu współpracy międzynarodowej mają zasoby instytucjonalne i kadrowe, co powoduje, że miasta dużo chętniej podejmują współpracę niż gminy wiejskie.
Studies on the patterns of marital selection began in the 1920s, and since then researchers have identified a set of variables that should be taken into account in marriage selection research. In this study the following variables are considered: age, nationality, race, social class, environmental background, attitude to faith, religion, attitude to religious practices, education, current employment status, previous marital status, number of marriages, number of children from previous marriages, and financial situation before the present marriage. One hundred and twelve Polish women who married foreigners from non-European cultures took part in the study. Their husbands were representatives of African, Asian and Australian countries; none of them came from Europe or the Americas.The aim of the study is to examine marital selection among intercultural marriages and to provide new knowledge on the subject. In connection with the adopted topic, the purpose of the research and the analysis of the literature on the subject, the main problem of the research was formulated as follows: what are the similarities and differences in marital selection in intercultural marriages?The study revealed that, in most cases, marital selection among the couples who participated in the study followed a similar social biography: the spouses were of a similar age (79.5%) and shared race (90.1%), social class (74.1%), environmental background (61.6%), education (56.2%), attitude to faith (92.8%), and their financial situation before the present marriage (65.2%). The results obtained confirmed Farle's theory, in which he distinguished three main factors influencing the frequency of intercultural marriages: military service, higher education and place of residence. The analysis of the data indicates that the majority of the respondents lived in big cities (57.1%), and higher education was the most common level of education among both the respondents (60.7%) and their husbands (41.1%).
Studies on the patterns of marital selection began in the 1920s, and since then researchers have identified a set of variables that should be taken into account in marriage selection research. In this study the following variables are considered: age, nationality, race, social class, environmental background, attitude to faith, religion, attitude to religious practices, education, current employment status, previous marital status, number of marriages, number of children from previous marriages, and financial situation before the present marriage. One hundred and twelve Polish women who married foreigners from non-European cultures took part in the study. Their husbands were representatives of African, Asian and Australian countries; none of them came from Europe or the Americas.The aim of the study is to examine marital selection among intercultural marriages and to provide new knowledge on the subject. In connection with the adopted topic, the purpose of the research and the analysis of the literature on the subject, the main problem of the research was formulated as follows: what are the similarities and differences in marital selection in intercultural marriages?The study revealed that, in most cases, marital selection among the couples who participated in the study followed a similar social biography: the spouses were of a similar age (79.5%) and shared race (90.1%), social class (74.1%), environmental background (61.6%), education (56.2%), attitude to faith (92.8%), and their financial situation before the present marriage (65.2%). The results obtained confirmed Farle's theory, in which he distinguished three main factors influencing the frequency of intercultural marriages: military service, higher education and place of residence. The analysis of the data indicates that the majority of the respondents lived in big cities (57.1%), and higher education was the most common level of education among both the respondents (60.7%) and their husbands (41.1%).
