Suchergebnisse

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article is an analysis of Witold Gombrowicz's position in reference to the archetype of Polish political culture. THE RESEARCH PROBLEMS AND METHODS: The main problem undertaken in the article is an analysis of Witold Gombrowicz's position in reference to the question of Polishness, its components, and its relationship to Latin civilization. The article is based on an analysis of Gombrowicz's Diary. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The article begins with a synthetic outline of two fundamental issues: the Latinness of European civilization and the debate surrounding the archetype of Polish political culture. This is followed by what constitutes the main body of the article: an analysis of Gombrowicz's views on Polishness. RESEARCH RESULTS: The most important result of the scientific analysis conducted here is the indication of the main theses of Gombrowicz's understanding of Polishness and of the relationship between Polishness and Latin civilization. Gombrowicz's conception is presented as an innovative approach to the problem, transcending traditional takes on Polishness as a specific type of realism. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: In his conclusions, the author indicates interpretative possibilities resulting from the perspective taken in the article, as well as areas that require further study, concerning such issues as the relationship between the Sonland and the Fatherland, and the culture of the Polish nobility during the "Saxon Era."

Nasheeds outpace the era of Internet and Youtube. Jihadist poetry in the Islamist hymns can be seen as an extension of the 19th-century anticolonial style of poetry called qaseeda. Presented article shows that nasheeds were not always a significant element in the jihadi culture. The increase of their role was observed quite recently, after the outbreak of the "Arab Spring". This article is a case study. It attempts to fill a gap in research on the IS's propaganda materials. The major objective of this article is to investigate the phenomenon of jihadist naseeds, including their role in the 'jihadi culture'. The author seeks to answer to the question whether the presented facts may indicate the increase in their role occurred with the transfer of IS' activities to cyberspace and whether it will be intensified in the future. The article takes into account historical conditions, briefly describing the genesis of the naseeds and their proliferation after the events of the "Arab Spring". Then, using systemic analysis, the author presents their role in the activities of the Islamic State. In addition, theoretical and empirical research methods, such as: scientific literature analysis, case analysis, content analysis, classification, generalization were taken to solve the research problem.

Celem artykułu jest charakterystyka dwóch kultur prawnych, tj. kultury władzy oraz kultury uzasadniania, sformułowanych przez Davida Dyzenhausa. Powyższa dystynkcja kultur zaproponowana przez kanadyjskiego teoretyka prawa stanowi interesujący głos w dyskusji nad tym, w jaki sposób wybrnąć z problemu wyznaczenia granic sprawowania władzy publicznej, a w konsekwencji również problemu bezkonfliktowego realizowania zasady podziału władzy. Najogólniej rzecz ujmując, w kulturze władzy uzasadnianie dla działania władzy jest konieczne na etapie jej ustanawiania, w momencie zaś jej ustanowienia władza nie widzi potrzeby uzasadniania swoich decyzji. W kulturze uzasadniania w sytuacji, gdy władza już została ustanowiona, reguły kultury uzasadniania nakazują władzy uzasadniać swoje wszystkie decyzje. Rekonstrukcja powyższych idei kultur prawnych została zilustrowana ostatnimi propozycjami zmian w ustawie o Sądzie Najwyższym. W konkluzji artykułu wskazano, że zaproponowane zmiany funkcjonowania Sądu Najwyższego są oczywistymi przykładami działań władzy ustawodawczej opartych na dyrektywach kultury władzy, co prowadzić może do naruszeń zasad państwa prawa. ; The aim of this article is to describe two legal cultures, namely the culture of authority and the culture of justification, as formulated by David Dyzenhaus. This distinction between legal cultures proposed by the Canadian theorist of law makes an interesting contribution to the discussion on how to make headway with the problem of determining the limits of public authority and, consequently, the problem of implementing the principle of the separation of powers in such a way that conflicts do not arise. In general, with the culture of authority, justification of the actions of an authority is necessary only when it is being established, and once its authority has been established, the authority sees no further need to justify its decisions. Whereas in the cultureof justification, after an authority has already been established, the rules of the culture of justification require that the authority continue to justify all its decisions. The reconstruction of these conceptions of legal cultures are illustrated by the recently proposed Act on the Supreme Court in Poland. The conclusion of the paper indicates that the proposed changes to the functioning of the Supreme Court are clear examples of legislative action based on the directives of a culture of authority, which may lead to violations of the rule of law.

The article starts with a series of questions concerning the relations between particular levels of adjustment and the forms and contents of the youths' participation in culture. Having commented on basic dilemmas of contemporary adjustment, the author distinguished and discussed five basic types of the youths' participation in culture, determined according to the criterion of the level of social adjustment. The first (the lowest) level consists in participation in massand pop-culture in institutional frames, with the elements of revolt and individualism. A characteristic feature of the second level of adjustment is the past association with local cultural institutions and the present participation in cultural institutions of more universal character. A determinant of the third level of adjustment is cultural superficiality and syncretism. The essence of the fourth level of adjustment is the continuity of interests and the past participation in school extracurricular activities. Finaly, a characteristic symptom of the fifth (the highest) level of adjustment is the autotelic (in the past) and pragmatic (at present) character of the reading habit. The article ends with the confrontation of the adjustment levels with the character of the youths' participation in culture. In that part the author synthetically discusses the stages and periods of adjustment in relation to the types of participation in culture. Here, the author distinguished eight types of participation in culture, starting from the simplest one (habitual), characterized by the mere participation in mass culture, and ending with the fullest and comprehensive participation, characterized i.a. by one's own creative activity. 10

Polityka zagraniczna UE w dziedzinie kultury jest stosunkowo nowym i mało zbadanym obszarem działalności UE. Jej funkcjonowanie określił traktat z Lizbony, nakładając nań kompetencje programująco-inicjatywne oraz reprezentacyjne Wysokiego Przedstawiciela Unii do spraw zagranicznych i bezpieczeństwa (WP), ESDZ oraz delegatur UE. Dyplomację kulturalną UE prowadzą również – na zasadzie partnerstwa z Unią – instytuty kultury państw członkowskich, zarejestrowane w Stowarzyszeniu Narodowych Instytutów Kultury Unii Europejskiej (EUNIC) oraz ich klastry regionalne. Artykuł ma za zadanie prześledzić w trybie analiz ewolucji priorytetów zawartych w relacjach zewnętrznych UE w dziedzinie kultury (a także analiz instytucjonalnych) oraz zweryfikować, czy instrumenty polityczne zastosowane wobec soft power UE są wystarczające dla efektywnego kształtowania wizerunku kulturowego Europy w świecie. Tezą niniejszego artykułu jest twierdzenie, że relacje zewnętrzne UE w sektorze kultury odznaczają się słabą polityką, dlatego nie mają szans osiągnąć fazy dojrzałości, tym samym tworzyć trwałych podstaw do cywilizacyjnego oddziaływania kultury europejskiej, rozumianej w sposób integracyjny, czyli jako realizacja paradygmatu "jedności w różnorodności". ; The EU's foreign policy in the field of culture is a relatively new and under-explored area of the EU activity. Its operation was defined by the Treaty of Lisbon, imposing on it programming and initiative and representation powers of the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security (HR), the EEAS and EU Delegations. The EU cultural diplomacy is also conducted – on a partnership basis with the European Union – by the institutes of culture of the member states registered in the Association of National Institutes of European Union (EUNIC) and their regional Clusters. The article aims to follow in the evolution analysis mode the priorities contained in the EU's external relations in the field of culture (as well as institutional analysis) and verify whether the political instruments applied to the EU 'soft power' are sufficient to effectively shape Europe's cultural image in the world. The thesis of this article is that EU external relations in the cultural sector are characterized by poor politics, and therefore have no chance of reaching the maturity phase, thus creating a solid basis for the civilizational impact of European culture, understood in an integrative way, i.e. as the implementation of the "unity in diversity" paradigm.