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Abstract: This literature study researched Adbusters, the anti-commercial organization, and described the organization's activities and media usage, mainly in the period of 2007-2010, which critized the populer culture. Adbusters is an organization which performs "Culture Jammingâ€; a rebellious act reacting towards commercialism domination in many aspects including popular culture. Compared to other similar organizations, Adbusters has been executing more various activisms using several media which other organizations do not use. This study used the Adbusters' official website and blogs as main data sources. The data of Adbusters' activities and media usage were categorized and analyzed, thus the tendency of its development can be described. This study also analyzed Adbusters' activity using Media Hegemony Theory and Political Economy Media Theory. The media has been dominated by a certain group that owns politic and economic power, so the information flow has been dominated by them. Media and its contents have been commercialized, thus capitalism and commercialism have been considered as a common system that should run the world. Adbusters has been trying to stop the domination and change the society's way of thinking into a more critical way of thinking. Abstrak: Studi literatur ini meneliti tentang Adbusters, sebuah organisasi anti komersial, dengan mendeskripsikan aktivitas serta penggunaan media organisasi tersebut dari tahun 2007-2010 dalam mengkritisi budaya populer. Adbusters adalah organisasi yang melakukan Culture Jamming, aksi perlawanan terhadap dominasi komersialisme di segala aspek termasuk popular culture. Dibandingkan dengan organisasi lain yang serupa, aktivitas Adbusters lebih bervariasi dan menggunakan media-media yang tidak biasa digunakan organisasi lain. Penelitian ini menggunakan situs online resmi Adbusters sebagai sumber data utama. Data mengenai aktivitas dan penggunaan media Adbusters dikategorisasi dan dianalisis sehingga kecenderungan perkembangan organisasi ini dapat dideskripsikan. Penelitian ini juga menganalisis kegiatan Adbusters menggunakan Teori Hegemoni Media dan Teori Media Ekonomi Politik. Media telah didominasi oleh kelompok tertentu yang memiliki kekuasaan ekonomi serta politik, sehingga alur informasi juga didominasi kelompok tersebut. Media dan kontennya telah menjadi produk komersial, sehingga kapitalisme dan komersialisme itu sendiri dianggap sebagai sistem yang memang sudah seharusnya dijalankan di dunia. Adbusters berusaha menghentikan dominasi tersebut dan mengubah cara pikir masyarakat menjadi lebih kritis.

Public space is a physical spot where public activities occur. By comparing the theatre of Dionysus in Athens polis and courtyard theatre in ancestral hall in Ming and Qing dynasty, in view of the component of the space, the activities in the space and sense of time and space on the stage, this article describes how the civic culture and subordinate culture occurred in the theatres, analyses the effects that theatre spaces and senses of the time and space made on the political culture. In the last part, the article in view of environmental psychology reveals the connection between the space and culture, which are the persistent vitality in the two political cultures.

This article discusses the development of cultural figures in Uzbek history, their situation in the Soviet era, as well as the attention paid to the cultural sphere in independent Uzbekistan.

Purpose – The article indicates how companies may prepare for and deal with cultural differences. Because the research base is still rather limited an overall perspective may not be realised.Approach – After discussing definitions and concepts of culture, as well as values, cultural differences between states are discussed, illustrated by a practical example how to prepare for these differences. The focus on states may be explained from the recognition that states still are the source of political, economic and legal frameworks and hence, also the framework for doing business.Originality – The idea of a cultural competence has hardly been developed but at the same time both business and the multicultural society are asking for it. This cultural competence is an integral combination of knowledge, skills and attitudes for dealing with cultural differences between people.Implications – Globalising business needs to develop the cultural competence of its managers. Within the EU this applies to nearly all production facilities and quite a few service providers.Further research – Business needs practical approaches between simple sets of rules for behaviour and scientific approach.

Purpose – The article indicates how companies may prepare for and deal with cultural differences. Because the research base is still rather limited an overall perspective may not be realised.Approach – After discussing definitions and concepts of culture, as well as values, cultural differences between states are discussed, illustrated by a practical example how to prepare for these differences. The focus on states may be explained from the recognition that states still are the source of political, economic and legal frameworks and hence, also the framework for doing business.Originality – The idea of a cultural competence has hardly been developed but at the same time both business and the multicultural society are asking for it. This cultural competence is an integral combination of knowledge, skills and attitudes for dealing with cultural differences between people.Implications – Globalising business needs to develop the cultural competence of its managers. Within the EU this applies to nearly all production facilities and quite a few service providers.Further research – Business needs practical approaches between simple sets of rules for behaviour and scientific approach.

Political culture refers to the values and political conduct of individual or collective agents. As a concept it is as old as the analysis of politics itself. Aristotle wrote about a "state of mind" that could inspire either political change or stability; Machiavelli stressed the role of the values and feelings of identity and commitment; Burke praised the "cake of custom" that enabled political institutions to fulfil their aims; Tocqueville emphasized moeurs as the key determinants of the character of a particular society. But the contemporary understanding of political culture has been uniquely influenced by Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba's classic behaviorist formulation in the Civic Culture (1963), leading up to today's multicausal, relational, and mixed methods approaches to the study of the concept (Thompson, Ellis, & Wildavsky, 1990). As a result of this methodological diversity, political culture has ceased to be narrowly identified with the attitudes toward government of political agents, to be measured in the aggregate and then compared across political systems, or even more broadly conceived as a process in which political meaning is constructed in the interplay between the attitudes of individual citizens and the language and symbolic systems in which they are embedded. Contemporary analysis of political culture is a broad church, taking in everything from data collection on political opinions, attitudes, and values conducted by means of structured interviews with representative samples of citizens (e.g., Inglehart, 1997), to interpretive approaches that use a range of qualitative methods to clarify how political identities are generated, or how symbols and rhetoric can generate compliance or conflict, to discussions of why some ethnic identities become radicalized and others do not. The field has become so broad, that it is hard to pinpoint what is political culture and what is not.

This collection includes eighteen essays that introduce the concept of unpopular culture and explore its critical possibilities and ramifications from a large variety of perspectives. Proposing a third term that operates beyond the dichotomy of high culture and mass culture and yet offers a fresh approach to both, these essays address a multitude of different topics that can all be classified as unpopular culture. From David Foster Wallace and Ernest Hemingway to Zane Grey and fan fiction, from Christian Rock and Country to Black Metal, from Steven Seagal to Genesis (Breyer) P-Orridge, fromThe Simpsons to The Real Housewives, from natural disasters to 9/11, from thesis hatements to professional sports, these essays find the unpopular across media and genres, and they analyze the politics and the aesthetics of an unpopular culture (and the unpopular in culture) that has not been duly recognized as such by the theories and methods of cultural studies.

Organization is characterized by the different senses of culture and uniqueness that distinguish one's entity from others. Culture plays an important role in organization as a good culture can provide organization support to achieve goals. Organizational culture acts as a guideline for an individual's daily behavior that will influence the decision-making process and provide direction for leaders and members to achieve organizational goals. In its creation, organizational culture was built according to organization circumstances. Organizational culture has important roles in the maintenance and development of the organization's vision and mission. Organizational culture is an essential tool in the improvement of organizational performance and member capability. Therefore, there is an need for the Karawitan Dance Activity Unit (UKTK) of Universitas Airlangga to project the state of the existing and expected culture of the organization. By conducting cultural mapping, existing visions and missions of an organization can be transformed. Organizational culture was measured by the Organizational Culture Assessment (OCA) method. The measurement is held by distributing instruments and contains 20 questions. The questionnaire was distributed to both leaders and members of the UKTK Airlangga University and its aim was to identify the expected culture of the university relative to the reality of culture. The results of the questionnaire showed that respondents felt the culture at the UKTK is of a mechanistic nature. Similarly, the expected culture of the UKTK is of a mechanistic nature. The compatibility between cultural reality and expectations in the UKTK supports organizational goals. This situation can generate good relationships between the leaders and members of the UKTK Airlangga University which results in harmony throughout the organization. The existing mechanistic organizational culture can be seen as a strategy by which to achieve the objectives of the UKTK in Airlangga University. The results of the study can also strengthen the organizational culture as it can be a powerful means by which to control and increase the consistent behavior of members of the organization. In addition, the awareness of the existing organizational culture can facilitate the implementation of work programs agreed upon by the UKTK organization of Airlangga University.

International audience ; This article argues that, instead of assuming that we know what 'cultural citizenship' involves, we should investigate more closely the uncertainties about what constitutes the 'culture' (or cultures) of citizenship. The article argues for the distinctive contribution of cultural studies to the problem of democratic engagement, as usually framed within political science. It then reports some preliminary findings from the recently completed 'Media Consumption and the Future of Public Connection' project, which focus on the importance of social opportunities for talk about public issues, the possibilities of withdrawal from news because it presents issues which people can do nothing about, and alternative forms of collective connection through media (such as celebrity culture) which exhibit no effective link to public issues.

This research was motivated by a general concern to enlarge the debate on the cultural sector's role in development, recognizing that the current economic and monetary debate is inadequate to understanding the externalities attached to culture and the arts and to formulate policies accordingly. In order to broaden the debate into other social and intangible dimensions, a thorough literature review on social impact assessment studies inside the cultural sector was conducted. The review proved that these studies have been more oriented towards understanding the individual extrinsic impacts of engagement in cultural practices rather than its collective capacity. By acknowledging that the tendentiously ignored impacts and mechanisms of collective transformation are those most capable of leading to social and economic development, this research tries to propose a new theoretical framework and empirical approaches to interpret the mechanisms through which culture builds community‐level social impacts. First, a theoretical chain of cultural activities' community‐level social impacts was proposed, which aligned a set of social capacities based on identified categories of collective level impacts. Second, borrowing analysis models from the field of economics, two case studies were developed to provide new measurement perspectives to meet the methodological challenges of social impact assessment and to identify new mechanisms and drivers of social capacities. This study concludes that culture and the arts can have a strategic function in sustainable community development beyond the expected ability to produce economic externalities. In particular, by inducing a transversal on‐going process of social learning which results in specific social capacities, culture can stimulate a system of networks needed to forge a bottom‐up process of collective action and to sustain cross‐boundary dynamics. ; Cette recherche a été motivée par l'intérêt général porté à l'élargissement du débat concernant le rôle du secteur culturel dans le développement, une fois étant reconnu que l'actuel débat économique et monétaire n'est pas adapté à la compréhension des externalités liées à la culture et les arts, et de formuler des politiques en conséquence. Afin d'élargir le débat à d'autres dimensions sociales et intangibles, une revue de la littérature des études d'évaluation d'impact social au sein du secteur culturel a été conduit. Cet examen a prouvé que ces études ont été plus orientées vers la compréhension de l'impact individuel extrinsèque du développement des pratiques culturelles plutôt que vers leur disposition collective. En reconnaissant que les impacts et mécanismes de transformation collective, tendancieusement ignorés, sont les plus adaptés à la conduite du développement social et économique, cette recherche essaye de proposer un nouveau cadre théorique et des approches empiriques pour l'interprétation des mécanismes à travers lesquels la culture construit un impact social à un niveau communautaire. Premièrement, une chaîne théorique des impacts sociaux communautaire d'activités culturelles a été proposée, en alignant un ensemble de capacités sociales, basées en catégories identifiées des impacts à niveau collectif. Deuxièmement, en empruntant des modèles d'analyse du domaine de l'économie, deux études de cas ont été développées afin de fournir de nouvelles perspectives de mesure à l'encontre des défis méthodologiques des études d'impact social et d'identifier de nouveaux mécanismes et moteurs de capacités sociale. Cette étude conclut que les arts et la culture peuvent avoir une fonction stratégique dans le développement communautaire durable qui dépasse les capacités attendues dans la production d'externalités économiques. D'une façon spécifique, en entraînant un processus continu et transversal d'apprentissage social qui conduit à des capacités sociales spécifiques, la culture peut stimuler des systèmes de réseaux nécessaires à la création d'un processus ascendant d'action collective et à l'entretien de dynamiques transfrontières.

Our intention in this paper is to shortly address some of the basic categories that determine the paradigm of sport culture as we know it. We do believe that by understanding these basic categories the changes of prevailing sport paradigm, which is without any shame revealing all the pathologies of modern man, can be made. The call for active reflection and indirect careful intervention into sport is loud enough to recognize the stormy times that the presence has put in front of sport. Such active reflection demands from us to travel into the field which was for long time neglected by sport theoreticians, and only a couple of mochicans has shown courage to step beyond usual. Above all, as long as sport is trapped by quasi-academics, politics, economics and other ideologists nothing much will happen. Therefore we are calling upon those who value human being above the sport, learner above the curriculum, and are setting liveliness of life before depressing statistics. We are calling upon those who care for the child within and the children in front of us.

In 1959, the British scientist C. P. Snow gave the prestigious Rede lecture with the thesis of a breakdown of communication between the "two cultures" of modern society- the sciences and the humanities-which was a major hindrance to solving the world's problems (Wikipedia). In the 21st century, a more serious breakdown has occurred between the two cultures of politicians and scientists, especially concerning the five critical, global problems:(1) climate, (2) acidification of the oceans, (3) overpopulaition, (4) ecological overshoot, (5) damage, possiblu irreversible, to the biospheric life support system. All these global problems require a holistic approach and will only be solved by exemplary collaboration among the world's nations, using a "top-down" global-system perspective. Special interest views are importatnt, but should not dominate. However, in the United States, and most other countries, special interest groups and lobbyists do dominate. The global system, Earth, has no well financed, politically powerful lobby. The result is that two, global, ecological tipping points have been passed and the damage is irresversible in timeframes of interest to humans. Can this alienation between scientists and politicians be resolved? It must be quickly resolved if civilization is to be saved.

Our intention in this paper is to shortly address some of the basic categories that determine the paradigm of sport culture as we know it. We do believe that by understanding these basic categories the changes of prevailing sport paradigm, which is without any shame revealing all the pathologies of modern man, can be made. The call for active reflection and indirect careful intervention into sport is loud enough to recognize the stormy times that the presence has put in front of sport. Such active reflection demands from us to travel into the field which was for long time neglected by sport theoreticians, and only a couple of mochicans has shown courage to step beyond usual. Above all, as long as sport is trapped by quasi-academics, politics, economics and other ideologists nothing much will happen. Therefore we are calling upon those who value human being above the sport, learner above the curriculum, and are setting liveliness of life before depressing statistics. We are calling upon those who care for the child within and the children in front of us.

This text reports the proceedings of the UNIMED - SYMPOSIUM, which is one of the projects of EUROMED HERITAGE PROGRAMME. This project is financed by the MEDIA Programme of the European Union. ; Today we can't understand culture in the same manner as anthropologists did in the last century: something static, immutable, a supra-subjective entity. We should see it as something always variant, which is continuely adapting to new circumstances. That is, culture as a continuous negotiation, as something which isn't given by nature but built every day by persons. This fact has two implications ofinterest regarding ourwished culture of peace: 1. The need of abandoning an idea of culture bounded too much to the ethnicist ideologies and which has been a further cause for struggle and intransigent attitudes. 2. The need of recognizing the high versatility of culture. Evidently, it is not too easy to change culture. We can't change cultural traits in the way we can change our shirt or necktie; but we also need don't to carry the burden of cultural traits which are clearly negative for current society. Since culture was not given by nature, we can also try to modify very consciously the cultural e1ements which are causes of struggle. ; Peer reviewed

Within the field of Security Studies, strategic culture is no longer the sole domain of major powers as smaller and middle powers are receiving increasing attention and entering the debate on this important phenomenon. Although acknowledged as a difficult topic within the field of Security Studies and its interface with Strategic Studies, theoretical progress on strategic culture nonetheless comprises three distinct waves. These waves are buffeted between ideas on little (if any) scope for change and viewpoints of more scope for change than depicted by earlier thought. Nonetheless, no real consensus exists and the theoretical landscape is characterised by a multitude of different opinions. Although literature on this topic extends into the 21st century, strategic culture remains unexplored in South African academic literature on security and strategy. However, drawing upon third-generation theory, shifts in the practice of South African strategic culture come into focus. These shifts offer some insights into particular South African practices, but these preferences remain vulnerable to the declaratory-operational void posited by second-generation theory. It appears that progress in cultivating or even imposing a different South African strategic culture through changes in political culture, foreign policy and defence, is hampered by the operation of inconsistency and norm stretching.