Suchergebnisse

The research project described in this article starts out with the hypothesis that new forms of bureaucracy have arisen within public administration as a consequence New Public Management-related reforms which have swept through the West in recent decades. The main goal of these reforms is to make public administrations more business-like and therefore more effective and customer-oriented. Administrations are thereby coming more to resemble businesses and are becoming decentralized while retaining central management and control. Herein lies the danger that NPM reforms will have the effect of creating bureaucratic expansion within these administrations. This situation is paradoxical since the NPM wave builds on the very economic research which has been critical of the phenomenon of bureaucratization within public administration. Within the framework of ongoing efforts to incorporate public activity, a series of new organizational forms has been created, all with a need to justify their activities upward and outward. The bureaucratization of these secondary functions within the decentralized level of the state is the focus of the research project to be undertaken. The project will involve three case studies of NPM-influenced forms of management in a municipality, a hospital, and a college. Adapted from the source document.

The important role played by the army in the pol'al life of Latin America is revealed by the history of these nations. To begin with, the military conquistadors were quickly replaced by a civil bureaucracy which was under the complete control of the Spanish crown. The financiers were constantly seeking to sell military titles while the need for a defense against Indians & pirates called for the creation of a militia. The wars of liberation brought the generals to the fore, though Spanish customs had already given the military the benefits of a privileged class. These soldiers now found that they had no outlet for their military prowess because South America was far removed from the area of major conflicts. The generals entered into an alliance with the large landowners to form a pol'al system resembling the Spanish one, a type of caudillism, that is to say a dictatorship depending upon the army. Toward the end of the 19th cent, modifications in the recruitment of soldiers & in the formation of officer corps tended to do away with the influence of the military on pol'al life. It was the crisis that followed WW1 that brought back the influence of the military, but this time in a diff fashion. The officer corps had become much less conservative & had been seriously affected by doctrines inspired by Fascism & Communism. The army also tended to intervene indirectly to support particular pol'al views by allowing the leaders who had the army's support to maintain order. In several states, then, the police, frequently organized with the help of the US, began to play a role formerly held by the army. The Gov's therefore began to depend for their existence on an equilibrium between the army, police, & militia. Frequently, also, the various armed forces were at odds, with the navy & the Air Force generally being more liberal than the Army. Military careers appeared to be instruments of soc promotion & made it possible, in nations where marked diff's in class existed, for individuals to achieve a fair degree of success. Tr by J. A. Broussard from IPSA.