Security and safety is gaining importance among the various stakeholders. The status of the "Autho- rised Economic Operator" AEO is one of the greatest safety initiatives worldwide and at-tracts more and more attention. Cooperation with other relevant bodies and adjusting the programs have been identified and recognised as a key element for further development of a robust AEO program. This is to ensure a global security of the supply chain and to avoid duplication of efforts and costs for authorities and economic entities.
The article investigates the main features of the essence of the implementation of the customs policy of the state, finds its etymological nature and reflects the main theoretical and methodological positions of interpretation. The key aspects of the importance of customs policy in ensuring customs security and protecting customs interests are highlighted. The emphasis is placed on the need for a systematic and holistic approach to its implementation, taking into account the volatility of economic trends in the external and internal environment. The main problem aspects that influence its realization from the standpoint of both state authorities and the scientific community are singled out. The corresponding format has formed blocks of tasks, the implementation of which will contribute to an adequate and modern reflection of the role of the state customs service in the modern socio–economic discourse of Ukraine, and will allow fully and effectively respond to global challenges in protecting the customs interests of the state.
The purpose of the article was to study the elements of the legal regulatory mechanism in the field of customs policy and its impact on the development of export potential, to clarify the essence of export potential and to study effective financial and non-financial measures to support exports. The research methods used were: monographic analysis, analysis and synthesis, systemic, comparative and legal, generalization and forecasting methods. The need to develop effective measures aimed at the development of export potential has been substantiated. It has been shown that the rapid reorientation of Ukrainian exporters to Western markets is possible only in terms of establishing an effective customs policy and well-chosen financial measures of export support. It is concluded that improvement of customs policy tools and implementation of European law standards into the national legal system are the only possible ways to develop Ukraine's export potential and increase overall exports. It is emphasized that the formation of modern customs policy of Ukraine should be based on modernization, attraction of investments and integration of information technologies.
Following the Russian conquest of the territories of Azerbaijani khanates in the first decades of the 19th century, a stong need to create custom posts on the southern borders of the Russian Empire arose. The Chief of the Russian troops in the Caucasus P.D. Tsitsianov initiated the establishment of customs posts in the South Caucasus in 1803. The article states that shortly after the conquest of the territory of the Baku Khanate (October 1806), the official document, which provided for the creation of new customs offices, was submitted for approval by the Russian Emperor Alexander I (1801-1825). Therefore, an implementation of the Russian customs policy in the mentioned territory begins with this historic moment.
Foreign trade is an important mechanism for economic integration with other countries, and plays a significant role in economic growth. The possible impacts of EU membership on Estonian foreign trade have been discussed for years without reaching a clear conclusion. Although the current paper does not purport to offer definitive results, it does shed light on the matter by presenting the main arguments raised by the debate. Using economic theory as a framework for analysis, the paper first discusses the effects of EU membership on the volume and structure of trade, followed by an evaluation of the likely impact on Estonia's trading partners. The majority of the studies surveyed here find that, overall, the trade-creation effect will dominate following EU membership, although trade diversion will occur in sensitive sectors of the economy. However, the magnitude of trade diversion is smaller, the more candidate countries join the EU in the first enlargement wave. The paper also reports that specialization in trade is expected to increase and considers the effect of maintaining trade restrictions on the exports of sensitive sectors to the EU.
The article is devoted to the study of the influence of customs policy on the economic development of Russia in the first half of the 19th century. If we do not take into account the demands of the coalition allies, then this policy was mainly determined by the struggle of two forces with opposing economic interests. One of the forces was "agrarians", landowners-nobles, interested in free trade, that is, in the free export of agricultural products and the duty-free receipt of manufactured goods from industrial countries. Another force, whose role is still downplayed by historians, was the absolutist state, personified by the monarch and the central bureaucracy. The state was interested in maintaining military and financial power, and in economic independence. This implied an industry that had to be protected from foreign competition by high customs duties. The interests of these forces were reflected in the ideological confrontation. On the one hand, the ideas of Adam Smith's "political economy" proclaiming freedom of trade were popular among the nobility. On the other hand, the bureaucracy used in its practice the ideas of traditional mercantilism. After the end of the Napoleonic wars, duties were significantly reduced (tariff of 1819), but the relative freedom of trade led to the massive ruin of Russian manufactories. As a result, the tariff of 1822 marked a decisive turn towards mercantilist politics. Although Treasury Secretary Kankrin was lip service to protectionism, he retained the most important mercantilist ban on metal imports by sea. In the absence of competition, the Ural industrialists were not interested in introducing new technology, and the industrial revolution passed by the Russian metallurgy. Thus, while the thoughtless transition to free trade in 1819 caused the ruin of a large part of the manufactures, the mercantelist policy carried to the extreme caused technical stagnation in the most important branches of the economy. This predetermined the further economic lag in the process of "great divergence".
It was determined that the Ukrainian economy is much more exposed to sharp fluctuations in economic activity, while the development of the economies of the EU countries is more stable and predictable without rapid jumps in economic development. The main factors influencing the cyclical development of the Ukrainian economy were analyzed in the article. The significant influence of the political situation on the economic development of Ukraine is determined. The substantive influence of foreign economic factors on the development of economic processes in Ukraine is substantiated. It is determined that effective and balanced customs policy of Ukraine can promote the rapid development of foreign trade, which will help to overcome the negative consequences of cyclical economic development. The creation of a free trade zone between Ukraine and EU countries in the context of cyclical economic development is considered. The main advantages and probable risks of reducing tariff and nontariff barriers in trade between Ukraine and the EU countries are revealed. Considered the volume of trade flows between Ukraine and the EU, it is substantiated that Ukraine has a rather weak position in trade relations with EU countries, this is reflected in the negative balance of foreign trade with the EU countries, as well as in the attraction of exports of goods with low value added.The volume of tax revenues for international trade to the State Budget of Ukraine is analyzed, on the basis of which it is determined that the liberalization of trade relations with the EU in the first periods of the creation of the free trade zone has led to a significant reduction of customs duties to the State Budget of Ukraine. It is substantiated that the establishment of a free trade zone with the EU would be less threatening in terms of the interests of the Ukrainian economy, in the event that it took place during the period of stable economic growth. ; Визначено, що економічний розвиток України протягом усього періоду її функціонування був дуже нестабільним. У результаті порівняння тенденцій економічного розвитку України і країн ЄС було визначено, що українська економіка набагато більше схильна до різких коливань економічної активності, тоді як розвиток економік країн ЄС є більш стабільним і передбачуваним без стрімких стрибків економічного розвитку.Проведено аналіз основних факторів, що впливають на циклічність розвитку економіки України. Визначено значний вплив політичної ситуації на економічний розвиток України. Обґрунтовано істотний вплив зовнішньоекономічних факторів на розвиток економічних процесів в Україні. Визначено, що ефективна і виважена митна політика України може сприяти стрімкому розвиткові зовнішньої торгівлі, що допоможе подоланню негативних наслідків циклічності економічного розвитку. Розглянуто створення зони вільної торгівлі між Україною і країнами ЄС у контексті циклічності економічного розвитку. Виявлено основні переваги і вірогідні ризики зменшення тарифних і нетарифних бар'єрів при торгівлі України з країнами ЄС. Розглянуто обсяги торгових потоків між Україною та ЄС, обґрунтовано, що Україна має досить слабку позицію в торговельних відносинах із країнами ЄС, це проявляється у від'ємному сальдо зовнішньої торгівлі з країнами ЄС, а також у превалюванні експорту товарів із низькою доданою вартістю.Проаналізовано обсяги надходжень податків на міжнародну торгівлю до Державного бюджету України, на основі чого визначено, що лібералізація торговельних відноси з ЄС уже в перші періоди створення зони вільної торгівлі привела до досить істотного зниження надходжень мита до Державного бюджету України. Обґрунтовано, що створення зони вільної торгівлі з ЄС було б менш загрозливим з позиції інтересів економіки України, у тому разі якщо б воно відбувалося в період сталого економічно зростання.
